DLD LAB IITDMK

EXPERIMENT - 3
Aim: Introduction to digital electronics lab- nomenclature of digital ICs,
specifications, study of the data sheet, concept of Vcc and ground, verification of the
truth tables of logic gates using TTL ICs. Also to realize all logic gates using NAND and
NOR gates.

Apparatus Required:-
Digital lab kit, single strand wires, breadboard, TTL IC’s

Gates IC NO.

AND 7408

OR 7432

NAND 7400

NOR 7402

NOT 7404

XOR 74136

Digital Trainer Kit

Bread Board

Theory:-
Logic gates are idealized or physical devices implementing a Boolean function, which it
performs a logical operation on one or more logical inputs and produce a single output.
Depending on the context, the term may refer to an ideal logic gate, one that has for instance
zero rise time and unlimited fan out or it may refer to anon-ideal physical device.

The main hierarchy is as follows:-

1. Basic Gates

2. Universal Gates

3. Advanced Gates

4. Realization of gates using Universal gates

DLD LAB IITDMK

Basic Gates
1. AND gate: - Function of AND gate is to give the output true when both the inputsare
true. In all the other remaining cases output becomes false. Following table justifies
the statement:-

Input A Input B Output

1 1
1 0
0 1
0 0

IC 7408

2. OR gate: - Function of OR gate is to give output true when one of the either inputsare
true .In the remaining case output becomes false. Following table justify the
statement:-
Input A Input B Output
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
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NOT gate: -Function of NOR gate is to reverse the nature of the input .It converts true input to
false and vice versa. Following table justifies the statement :-

Input Output
1
0

Vcc 6A 6Y 5A 5Y 4A 4Y
14 13 12 11 10 9 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1A 1Y 2A 2Y 3A 3Y GND
7404:Y = A
Hex inverters

Universal Gates
1. NAND gate: -Function of NAND gate is to give true output when one of the two
provided input are false. In the remaining output is true case .Following table justifies
the statement :-

Input A Input B Output

1 1
1 0
0 1
0 0

IC 7400
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2. NOR gate: - NOR gate gives the output true when both the two provided inputare
false. In all the other cases output remains false. Following table justifies the statement
:-

Input A Input B Output

1 1
1 0
0 1
0 0

IC 7402

Advanced Gates
1. XOR gate: - The function of XOR gate is to give output true only when both the
inputs are true. Following table explain this:-

Input A Input B Output

1 1
1 0
0 1
0 0

IC 74136
DLD LAB IITDMK

2. XNOR: The XNOR gate (sometimes ENOR, EXNOR, NXOR, XAND

and pronounced as Exclusive NOR) is a digital logic gate whose function

is the logical complement of the Exclusive OR (XOR) gate. It is

equivalent to the logical connective (.) from mathematical logic, also

known as the material biconditional.

Input A Input B Output
1 1
1 0
0 1
0 0

Realization of gates using Universal gates:

Circuit Diagram:

I. Implementation using NAND gate:

(a) NOT gate: 𝑌 = 𝐴'

A Y
0
1

(b) AND gate: 𝑌 =𝐴·𝐵

A B Y
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
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(c) OR gate: 𝑌 =𝐴+𝐵

A B Y
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

(d) NOR gate: 𝑌 = (𝐴 + 𝐵)′

A B Y
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

(e) Ex-OR gate: 𝑌 = 𝐴⊕ 𝐵

A B Y
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

II. Implementation using NOR gate:

(a) NOT gate: 𝑌 = 𝐴'

A Y
0
1

(b) AND gate: 𝑌 =𝐴·𝐵

A B Y
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
DLD LAB IITDMK

(c) OR gate: 𝑌 =𝐴+𝐵

A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
(d) NAND gate: 𝑌 = (𝐴𝐵)′

A B Y
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

(e) Ex-NOR gate: 𝑌 = 𝐴 ⊙ 𝐵 = (𝐴 ⊕ 𝐵)′

A B Y
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

Procedure:-
 Place the breadboard gently on the observation table.
 Fix the IC which is under observation between the half shadow line of
breadboard, so there is no shortage of voltage.
 Connect the wire to the main voltage source (Vcc) whose other end is connectedto
last pin of the IC (14 place from the notch).
 Connect the ground of IC (7th place from the notch) to the ground terminal
provided on the digital lab kit.
 Give the input at any one of the gate of the ICs i.e. 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th gate by using
connecting wires.(In accordance to IC provided).

 Connect output pins to the led on digital lab kit.

 Switch on the power supply.

 If led glows red then output is true, if it glows green output is false, which is
numerically denoted as 1 and 0 respectively. The Color can change based on the IC
manufacturer it’s just verification of the Truth Table not the color change.

 Connections are made as per the circuit diagrams.

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 By applying the inputs, the outputs are observed and the operation is verified with
the help of truth table.
Precautions:-
 All connections should be made neat and tight.
 Digital lab kits and ICs should be handled with utmost care.
 While making connections main voltage should be kept switched off.
 Never touch live and naked wires

Result:

Viva Questions:-
1. What is a logic gate?
DLD LAB IITDMK

Ans: Logic gate is a physical device implementing a Boolean function an performsLogical

operation on one or more logic inputs and produces a single logic output.

2. What are universal gates?

Ans: NAND and NOR gates are called universal gates as any type of logic gates or logic

Functions can be implemented by these gates.

3. What are basic gates?

Ans: AND, OR, Not are called basic gates.

4. State De-Morgan’s theorem.

Ans: (x+y)l = xlyl(xy)l = xl + yl

5. What is the primary motivation for using Boolean algebra to simplify logicexpressions?

Ans: (1) Boolean algebra reduces the number of inputs required.

It will reduce number of gates

It makes easier to understand the overall function of the circuit.

6. Which of the logical operations is represented by the + sign in Boolean algebra?

Ans: OR gate

7. Which of the two input logic gate can be used to implement an inverter circuit?

Ans: Ex-NOR gate

8. Which are the logic gates whose all output entries are logic 1 except for one entrythere is logic
0?

Ans: NAND and NOR gate

9. TTL operates from a 5 volt supply.

10. When the output of a NOR gate is high?

Ans : If all the inputs are low

DLD LAB IITDMK

Experiment-4: De-Morgan's Laws

OBJECTIVES:
 To Verify De-Morgan's laws
Required Components and Equipment:
 IC numbers 7400, 7402, 7404, 7408,7432
 Bread Board.
 Connecting Wires
De-Morgan's Laws

Boolean algebra has postulates and identities. We can often use these laws to reduce
expressions or put expressions into a more desirable form. One of these laws is the De-
Morgan's law.

De-Morgan's law has two conditions, or conversely, there are two laws called De-
Morgan's Laws.
First Condition or First law:
The complement of the product of two variables is equal to the sum of thecomplement of each
variable.
Thus, according to De-Morgan's laws or De-Morgan's theorem if A and Bare the two
variables or Boolean numbers. Then accordingly

𝐴. 𝐵 =A̅+B̅
Second Condition or Second law:
The complement of the sum of two variables is equal to the product of the complement of
each variable.
Thus, according to De Morgan’s theorem if A and B are the two variables then.

𝐴 + 𝐵 =A̅.B̅
Logic Diagram:
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First Condition:
Left Hand Side:

Right Hand Side:

Truth table for the first condition:

A B 𝐘 =𝐴. 𝐵 𝒀 =A̅+B̅

0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1
Second Condition:
Left Hand Side:

Right Hand Side:

Truth table for the second condition:

A B 𝑌 =𝐴+𝐵 𝒀 = A̅ .B̅
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

PROCEDURE:
1. Patch the left-hand side circuit for the first condition of De-
Morgan's Law on the Digital electronics trainer. Connect the
inputs to the input switches and output to the LED and verify the
DLD LAB IITDMK

truth table for all the combinations.

2. Similarly, patch the right-hand side circuit for the first condition
of De-Morgan's Law on the Digital electronics trainer. Connect
the inputs to the input switches and output to the LED and verify
the truth table for all the combinations. Both the truth tables should
be similar.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for the second condition of De-Morgan's Law.
4. Get it checked by the instructor.
Precautions:
 All connections should be made neat and tight.
 Digital lab kits and ICs should be handled with utmost care.
 While making connections the main voltage should be kept switched off.
 Never touch live and naked wires

Result: