Calculus/Calculus and Complex Variable RIT

Unit No.5: Partial Differentiation

Partial Derivative of first order:
Let 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is a function of two independent variable 𝑥, 𝑦.Partial derivative of
𝑧 w.r.t. 𝑥 is ordinary derivative of 𝑧 w.r.t. 𝑥 keeping another variable 𝑦 constants and it is
denoted as or or𝑓 .
Similarly, Partial derivative of 𝑧 w.r.t. 𝑦 is ordinary derivative of 𝑧 w.r.t. 𝑦 keeping
another variable 𝑥 constants and it is denoted as or or𝑓 .
Partial Derivative of higher order:
Let 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) then & being functions of 𝑥 & 𝑦 can further be differentiated partially
w.r.t. 𝑥 & 𝑦.
Symbolically, =

= or =
Composite function:
Definition: Let𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) and𝑥 = ∅(𝑡) &𝑦 = 𝜑(𝑡) so that 𝑧 is a function 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑥, 𝑦 are
themselves functions of a third variable. These three relations define 𝑧 as a function of 𝑡.In such
case 𝑧 is called a composite function of 𝑡.
Type1) 𝑧 → 𝑥, 𝑦 → 𝑡 ∴ exists. Type2) 𝑧 → 𝑥, 𝑦 → 𝑢, 𝑣 ∴ , exists.
∴ = + Total Derivative ∴ = + &

= +
Homogeneous Functions:
A function is said to be homogeneous function of degree 𝑛 if by putting 𝑥 =
𝑥𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑡, 𝑧 = 𝑧𝑡 the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) becomes 𝑡 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
i.e. 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑡 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧).
Euler’s theorem on Homogeneous Functions:
Statement: If 𝑢 is a homogeneous function of two variable 𝑥, 𝑦 of degree 𝑛, then
(1) 𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑛𝑢

(2) 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑢

.
Euler’s deduction:
Statement: If 𝑧 is a homogeneous functions of two variable 𝑥, 𝑦 of degree 𝑛 & 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑢),(where
𝑢 is not homogeneous) then
( )
(1) 𝑥 +𝑦 =𝑛
′( )
( )
(2) 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑢)[𝑔′(𝑢) − 1] where 𝑔(𝑢) = 𝑛
. ′( )
 Calculus/Calculus and Complex Variable RIT
Implicit Function
Implicit function is a function with multiple variables, and one of the variables is a function of
the other set of variables. A function f(x, y) = 0 such that it is a function of x, y, expressed as an
equation with the variables on one side, and equalized to zero.

If 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) then =−

Jacobian :

If 𝑢, 𝑣 are functions of independent variables 𝑥, 𝑦 then determinant is called

, ( , )
Jacobian of 𝑢, 𝑣 with respect to 𝑥, 𝑦 and denoted as 𝐽 or .
, ( , )

( , )
Thus, 𝐽 = =
( , )

Similarly if 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 are functions of independent variables 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 then the Jacobian of 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 with

( , , )
respect to 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 is, 𝐽 = = =
( , , )

Properties Of Jocobian:
( , ) ( , )
1) If 𝑢, 𝑣 are functions of independent variables 𝑥, 𝑦 then 𝐽𝐽′ = 1 where 𝐽= & 𝐽′ =
( , ) ( , )
( , ) ( , )
i.e =1
( , ) ( , )

( , , )
Note: If 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 are functions of independent variables 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 then 𝐽𝐽′ = 1 where 𝐽 = ( , , )
&
( , , )
𝐽′ = ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , )
i.e. ( , , ) ( , , )
=1

( , ) ( , ) ( , )
2) If 𝑢, 𝑣 are functions of 𝑟, 𝑠 and 𝑟, 𝑠 are functions of 𝑥, 𝑦 then = ( , ) ( , )
( , )
i.e 𝑢, 𝑣 → 𝑟, 𝑠 → 𝑥, 𝑦 ∴ 𝑢, 𝑣 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦

Note: If 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 are functions of 𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑡 and 𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑡 are functions of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 then

𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) 𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤) 𝜕(𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑡)
=
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝜕(𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑡) 𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)

Jacobian of Implicit Functions:

 Calculus/Calculus and Complex Variable RIT
If 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 are three implicit functions of the variables 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 connected by 𝑓 , 𝑓 , 𝑓 such
that 𝑓 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 0, 𝑓 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 0, 𝑓 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 0 then it can be proved
that
( , , ) ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , ) ( , , )
( , , )
= (−1) ( , , ) and ( , , )
= (−1) ( , , )
( , , ) ( , , )

Note: If 𝑢, 𝑣 are three implicit functions of the variables 𝑥, 𝑦 connected by 𝑓 , 𝑓 such that
𝑓 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑥, 𝑦) = 0, 𝑓 (𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 then it can be proved that
𝜕(𝑓 , 𝑓 )
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣) 𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦)
= (−1)
𝜕(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕(𝑓 , 𝑓 )
𝜕(𝑢, 𝑣)
Maxima and Minima of Functions of Two Variables:
Definition:
A function 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) of two independent variable 𝑥, 𝑦 is said to have a maximum value for
= 𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑏 , if there exist small neighborhood of 𝑎, 𝑏 such that
𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) < 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ, 𝑏 + 𝑘)

Definition:
A function 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) of two independent variable 𝑥, 𝑦 is said to have a minimum
value for = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑏 , if there exist small neighborhood of 𝑎, 𝑏 such that
𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) > 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ, 𝑏 + 𝑘)

Note: A maximum or minimum value of a function is called extreme (stationary) value.

Procedure to find Stationary Value :

1. Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) be given function of two independent variable 𝑥, 𝑦.
2. Solve = 0 and = 0 simultaneously to find stationary points (𝑎, 𝑏).

3. Also, calculator 𝑟 = , 𝑠= ,𝑡= ,

4. Condition for Maxima and Minima:
For each stationary point
A) If 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 > 0 then function is either maximum or minimum
a) If 𝑟 < 0 then function is maximum.
b) If 𝑟 > 0 then function is minimum.
B) If 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 < 0 then function is neither maximum nor minimum at (𝑎, 𝑏) and point
(𝑎, 𝑏) is called Saddle point.
C) If 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 = 0 then no conclusion and further investigation is required.
 Calculus/Calculus and Complex Variable RIT
Assignment 5

1. If 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = , find the value of + + Ans. ( )

2. If u ( x, y )  log  x  y  x y  xy  , Prove that 𝑥

3 3 2 2
+ 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 = −3
.

3. If 𝑢 = , prove that 𝑢 + 𝑢 + 𝑢 = 2𝑢.

4. If 𝑧 = log(𝑒 + 𝑒 ), show that 𝑟𝑡 − 𝑠 = 0 where 𝑟 = ,𝑠= , 𝑡=

.
5. If 𝑢 = 𝐴𝑒 sin(𝑛𝑡 − 𝑔𝑥) , where 𝐴, 𝑔, 𝑛 are positive constants satisfies the equation

=𝜇 . Show that 𝜇𝑔 =

6. If 𝑧 = tan , 𝑥 = 2𝑡, 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑡 Prove that =

7. If 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 Show that, + = +

8. If 𝑢 = 𝑓 , , Show that,𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 =0

9. If 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑟) and 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃. Prove that + = 𝑓 (𝑟) + 𝑓 (𝑟)

10. State and prove Euler’s theorem.
11. Verify Euler’s Theorem for 𝑢 = 𝑥 tan − 𝑦 tan & also prove that =
.

12. If 𝑢 = + sin ,find the value of 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 + 𝑥 +

√ .

𝑦 at 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2 .
 x3  y 3  u u
13. u  tan 1   , show that i) x  y  sin 2u
 x y  x y

ii)𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 = 2cos3𝑢. sin𝑢

14. If 𝑣 = log sin , prove that 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 = 𝑒 √1 − 𝑒 sin (𝑒 )

( )

x1/3  y1/3 1/ 2  2u  2u  2u tan u

15. if u  sin 1 ( ) find value of x 2 2  2 xy  y 2 2 Ans. (13  tan 2 u )
x y x xy y 144
16. Find when (cos 𝑥) = (sin 𝑦) Ans.

17. If 𝑢 = 𝑥 log 𝑥𝑦 where 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 = 1. Find Ans.1 + log 𝑥𝑦 − .

( , , )
18. If 𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧, 𝑣 = 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧, 𝑤 = 𝑥(𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧) find Ans: 0
( , , )
19. If = 𝑎 tan 𝑢 , 𝑦 = 𝑎 sec 𝑣 Prove that JJ’=1.
( , , )
20. If 𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑤 , 𝑦 = 𝑤 + 𝑢 , 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑣 Show that = 16𝑢𝑣𝑤
( , , )
21. If 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 , 𝑣 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 and 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 Show that
 Calculus/Calculus and Complex Variable RIT
( , )
( , )
= 6𝑟 sin 2𝜃.
( , )
22. If 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑢 + 𝑣), 𝑦 = 𝑏(𝑢 − 𝑣) and 𝑢 = 𝑟 cos 2𝜃, 𝑣 = 𝑟 sin 2𝜃 Find
( , )
Ans: −8𝑎𝑏𝑟
( , )
23. Find the value of where 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 , 𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑦 and 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
( , )
Ans: 4𝑟
24. If 𝑢 + 𝑣 + 𝑤 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 , 𝑢 + 𝑣 + 𝑤 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 , 𝑢 + 𝑣 + 𝑤 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 +
( , , ) ( )( )( )
𝑧 Then prove that =( )( )(
( , , ) )
( , , )
25. If 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑢, 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑢𝑣, 𝑧 = 𝑢𝑣𝑤 Prove that =𝑢 𝑣
( , , )
26. Find the maximum and minimum values of 𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 4𝑥.
Ans: fmax(0,0)=4, fmin(2,0)=0
27. Verify whether (−1,0) is a stationary value of 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥
28. Find the maximum and minimum values of 𝑥 𝑦 (1 − 𝑥 − 𝑦)
Ans: f(0,0)=No Conclusion, fmax(1/2,1/3)=1/432
( , , )
29. If 𝑥 = ,𝑦= ,𝑧 = Prove that =4
( , , )