ENGINEERING SURVEY

LEVELING REPORT

DCC20063 – ENGINEERING SURVEY

LECTURER NAME : PUAN SAEDATUL FIRDAUS BINTI SA’ARANI

NAME : MOHAMAD AZEELAN BIN MOHAMAD ZAINI

CLASS : DKA1D
Content

No Content Pages

1. Introduction 1-3

2. Leveling Method 4

3. Purpose & Objective 5

4. Apparatus/Equipment 6-8

5. Procedure 9

6. Two-Peg Test 10

7. Data Collection/Result 11-12

8. Calculation/Analysis 13

9. Discussion 14

10. Conclusion 15
INTRODUCTION

DEFINITION OF LEVELING

Leveling is define as the art of determining and representing the relative heights or elevations of
different points on the earth’s surfaces. The process of leveling is to find the elevation at a specified
location relative to another known elevations. It is basically an instrument to measure the relative
height of the elevation in a different respective point that have been set. Leveling rod is also and
instrument to use with automatic level to get the reading of every respective points.

Leveling

Leveling results can be used for the design highways, railways, sewers and more. Besides that, it
can also use to calculate the volume of earthwork and develop maps showing general ground
configurations. It can use as a site layout for a new foundations, contouring drainage as well as
estimating the fall of pipe.

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 DEFINITION OF TERM USED IN LEVELING

Level Surface:

It is any surface parallel to the mean spheroidal surface if the earth. Since the earth is and oblate
spheroid, a level surface may be regarded as a curved surface, every point on which is equidistant from
the center of the earth. It is also a surface that that is everywhere at right angles to the direction of
gravity of the earth.

Vertical Line:

It is any line lying vertically on the level surface.

Horizontal Line:

It is any line lying in the horizontal plane. It is a straight line tangential to a level line.

Vertical Plane:

It is a plane containing a vertical line.

Horizontal Plane:

It is a plane tangential to the level surface at a point. It is perpendicular to direction of gravity.

Datum:

It is any surface or line from which vertical distances are measured. It can be two types of datum which
is Ordinance Datum (O.D) and Assume Datum (A.D)

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Bench-Mark (B.M.):

It is a diced reference point of known elevation.

Temporary Bench-Mark (T.B.M):

A bench-mark which is set up by the surveyor for his own particular task temporary.

Reduced Level (R.L):

It is a vertical distance of a point above or below the datum. The elevation of a point is either plus or
minus according to the point above or below the datum.

The line of Collimation (H.L):

It is the line intersects with the cross hairs of the optical center of the object glass.

Backsight (BS):

The instrument set up at the first point and get the first reading.

Intermediate Sight (IS):

Reading between the backsight and foresight.

Foresight:

The final reading of the instrument.

Change point (C.P):

It is a transfer point of the leveling. It is a new point in which the previous point backsight and foresight
are taken.

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LEVELING METHOD
Rise and Fall Method:

Height of Collimation Method:

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OBJECTIVE

 To enable students have a hands-on experience in setting up and working with the automatic
level, tripod stand, leveling rod as well as other instruments and collect the data of the relevant
fieldwork.
 To enhance the student’s knowledge in leveling procedure.
 To allow students to learn the correct method in doing leveling measurements.
 To allow students to apply the theories that had been taught in classes to hands-on situation.
 To experience the measurement of vertical distances by leveling.
 To determine the difference in height of discrete points and identify the spot of relative height.
 To identify the reduced level of each staff station.
 To determine the error of misclosure in order to determine if the leveling is acceptable.
 To let students have and opportunities to learn how to record the site measurement and
calculations by using the proper equation table.

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OUTLINE OF APPARATUS
Automatic Level

Automatic level is a professional leveling tool used by contractors, builders and land surveying
professionals, or engineer who demands accurate leveling every time. It is a self-leveling optical
instrument for accurately measuring horizontal planes and angles at long or short distances. Automatic
Level is easy to set up and easy to use. Before we use the Automatic Level, we must set up and make
sure the spirit bubble is in the center of the black circle. Besides that, Automatic Level compensator
takes over and precisely levels itself.

Tripod Stand

A tripod stand is a three-legged support platform for the level. The main function of the tripod stand is
to ensure a stable instrument setup for reliable measurements. The legs of the tripod can be adjust to
get the vertical height that required. Once the instrument is moved, then it must has a flat up again
which is to loosen the screw and adjust again and lock it back tight. It usually has a flat tip and a
mounting screw for instrument attachment. It is also to make sure the leveling tripod placed
horizontally.

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Optical Plummet

Optical Plummer is a device that used to center the instrument over a ground station . It is used in place
of a plumb bob to center transits and theodolites over a given point., preferred for its steadiness in
strong winds. The procedure speeds up the setting up process as well as protect the instrument from
accident, because it has a lock below the optical plummet to lock the devices that used in fieldwork.
Sometimes, the optical plummet can be used to perform angular or distance measurements from the
survey point.

Staff

A Staff is a tool used to measure the elevation measurements in fieldwork. Staff can be a lot of types.
The common one is Grade Rod. The rod can be made by wood, metal and fiberglass. The features of the
staff is it can be extend up to 5 meters. It allow us. It allow us to measure a large elevation vertical
distances. It is also used to determine the relative heights of the different points in the area under
survey.

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Spirit Bubble

The spirit bubble for maintaining both level rods and sighting poles in a vertical position. An out of
adjustment of spirit bubble level will cause accumulative error in level lines. It can used in traversing and
leveling measurements in fieldwork. In order to get an accurate measurement for both, the spirit bubble
level must be inside the middle of the black circle. It is located on the optical plummet and staff.

Measuring Tape

Used to measure size or distance. It consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, fibre glass, or metal
strip with liner measurement markings. It is a common measuring tape.

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LEVELING PROCEDURES

SETTING UP

Backsight and foresight distances should be approximately equal to avoid any errors due to collimation,
refraction or earth curvature.

Distances must not be so great as to not be able to read the graduations accurately.

The points to be observed must be below the level of the instrument, but not lower than the height of
the staff.

ELIMINATION OF PARALLAX

Parallax is the apparent movement of the image produced by movement of the observer's eye at the
eyepiece.

It is eliminated by focusing the telescope on infinity and then adjusting the eyepiece until the cross-hairs
appear in sharp focus. The setting will remain constant for a particular observer's eye.

BOOKING

Level books or loose-leaf leveling sheets shall be numbered and indexed in a register.

Details of the site, work, date, observer, chainman, booker, weather, wind, instrument and any other
relevant items shall be entered.

Enter the first observation (which is on a known point) in the backsight column, and sufficient detail in
the Remarks column to identify it. Enter the point's R.L. zero from the site register or plate on the BM,
etc.

Enter all other points on subsequent lines as intermediates except the point chosen as the foresight.
Identify them in the Remarks column as above. Enter the foresight on a further line in the Foresight
column.

Change the instrument to the next setup. Enter the following backsight on the same line as the previous
foresight but in the backsight column.

Repeat the above procedure at each setup on the outward run then reverse it to work back to the
starting point on the return run. The furthest point out is treated as for all other change points.

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Two-Peg Test: Method for checking and recalibrating a level or transit
This method is either for an optical or digital level, or a transit being used as a level. If this error is
corrected with a transit, it also improves the accuracy of its vertical angle readings. The two-peg test is
very simple, but provides a way to test the accuracy of a level, and if you know which screw to turn (for
analog instruments) or menu to follow (for the digital level), you can adjust it to remove the error. See
specific instrument instructions for making adjustments.

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 LEVEL SURVEY ADJUSTMENT (RISE AND FALL METHOD)

BACK INTERME FORE RISE FALL REDUCE CORRECTION REDUCE DISTANCE REMARKS
SIGHT DIATE SIGHT (+) (-) LEVEL LEVEL
SIGHT

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2.001 100.000 BM=100.000
1.563 0.438 100.438 0.038 100.476 10
3.016 1.223 0.340 100.778 0.038 100.816 10
1.766 1.250 102.028 0.076 102.104 10
1.954 1.475 0.291 102.319 0.076 102.395 10
1.615 0.339 102.658 0.114 102.772 10
1.882 1.275 0.340 102.998 0.114 103.112 10
1.543 0.339 103.337 0.152 103.489 10
2.450 1.155 0.388 103.725 0.152 103.877 10
2.165 0.285 104.010 0.190 104.200 10
2.287 1.761 0.404 104.414 0.190 104.604 10
1.876 0.411 104.825 0.228 105.053 10
1.945 1.469 0.407 105.232 0.228 105.460 10
1.535 0.410 105.642 0.266 105.868 10
2.202 1.145 0.390 106.032 0.266 106.298 10
1.864 0.338 106.370 0.304 106.674 10
1.859 1.488 0.376 106.746 0.304 107.050 10
1.580 0.279 107.025 0.342 107.367 10
1.551 1.264 0.316 107.341 0.342 107.683 10
1.867 0.316 107.025 0.380 107.405 10
1.410 2.165 0.298 106.727 0.380 107.107 10
1.791 0.381 106.346 0.418 106.764 10
1.033 2.161 0.370 105.976 0.418 106.394 10
1.404 0.371 105.605 0.456 106.061 10
1.174 1.842 0.438 105.167 0.456 105.623 10
1.523 0.349 104.818 0.494 105.312 10
1.654 1.935 0.412 104.406 0.494 104.900 10
2.185 0.531 103.875 0.532 104.407 10
0.943 2.516 0.331 103.544 0.532 104.076 10
1.338 0.395 103.149 0.570 103.719 10
1.059 1.644 0.306 102.843 0.570 103.413 10
1.467 0.408 102.435 0.608 103.043 10
1.358 1.730 0.263 102.172 0.608 102.780 10
1.703 0.345 101.827 0.646 102.473 10
0.895 2.037 0.334 101.493 0.646 102.139 10
1.244 0.349 101.144 0.684 101.828 10
1.700 0.456 100.688 0.684 101.372 10
100.688 0.688 100.000 BM=100.000
LEVEL SURVEY ADJUSTMENT (HEIGHT OF COLLIMATION METHOD)

BACK INTERMED FORE COLLIMATION REDUCE CORRECTION REDUCE DISTANCE REMARKS

SIGHT IATE SIGHT METHOD LEVEL LEVEL
SIGHT
2.001 102.001 100.000 100.000 10 BM=100.000

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 1.563 100.438 0.038 100.476 10
3.016 1.223 103.794 100.778 0.038 100.816 10
1.766 102.028 0.076 102.104 10
1.954 1.475 104.273 102.319 0.076 102.395 10
1.615 102.658 0.114 102.772 10
1.882 1.275 104.880 102.998 0.114 103.112 10
1.543 103.337 0.152 103.489 10
2.450 1.155 106.175 103.725 0.152 103.877 10
2.165 104.010 0.190 104.200 10
2.287 1.761 106.701 104.414 0.190 104.604 10
1.876 104.825 0.228 105.053 10
1.945 1.469 107.177 105.232 0.228 105.460 10
1.535 105.642 0.266 105.868 10
2.202 1.145 108.234 106.032 0.266 106.298 10
1.864 106.370 0.304 106.674 10
1.859 1.488 108.605 106.746 0.304 107.050 10
1.580 107.025 0.342 107.367 10
1.551 1.264 107.341 107.341 0.342 107.683 10
1.867 107.025 0.380 107.405 10
1.410 2.165 108.137 106.727 0.380 107.107 10
1.791 106.346 0.418 106.764 10
1.033 2.161 107.009 105.976 0.418 106.394 10
1.404 105.605 0.456 106.061 10
1.174 1.842 106.341 105.167 0.456 105.623 10
1.523 104.818 0.494 105.312 10
1.654 1.935 102.752 104.406 0.494 104.900 10
2.185 103.875 0.532 104.407 10
0.943 2.516 102.601 103.544 0.532 104.076 10
1.338 103.149 0.570 103.719 10
1.059 1.644 103.902 102.843 0.570 103.413 10
1.467 102.435 0.608 103.043 10
1.358 1.730 103.530 102.172 0.608 102.780 10
1.703 101.827 0.646 102.473 10
0.895 2.037 100.598 101.493 0.646 102.139 10
1.244 101.144 0.684 101.828 10
1.700 100.688 0.684 101.372 10
100.688 0.688 100.000 BM=100.000

Calculation/Analysis
Arithmetic checking: Rise and Fall Method

∑ back sight – ∑ fore sight ∑ rise – ∑ fall 0.688 / 18

= 30.673 – 29.985 = 7.341 – 6.653 = 0.038
= 0.688 = 0.688

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Arithmetic checking: Height of Collimation Method

∑ back sight – ∑ fore sight ∑ rise – ∑ fall 0.688 / 18

= 30.673 – 29.985 = 7.341 – 6.653 = 0.038
= 0.688 = 0.688

DISCUSSION
The benchmark (BM1) is fixed at a reduced level (R.L) of 100.000. For each turning point (TP) or
changing point (CP), the reading of the backsight (BS) and foresight (FS) must be collected and record
down. The auto level will be shifted to another point by following the checkpoint set on the plan of the

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concrete workshop. After shifting 30 point, we will get back to the beginning which is benchmark (BM1)
point.

The reduced level is being calculated through the two method, which is Rise and Fall method
and Height of Collimation Method. To be more accurate, we must do two method in a row. The Final
Reduced Level (F.R.L) is to make sure that the value is equal or close to initial R.L.

In this report, the data we collected, the Final Reduced Level is lightly more than the initial
Reduced Level. Therefore, we know that there is some misclosure error during our leveling fieldwork
process. If error occurred, we must adjust the reduced level by using the loop misclosure method that
had been taught in class, which

CONCLUSION

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 In conclusion, we had a great experienced in hands on during our fieldwork in leveling. We can
able to measure the vertical distances through the usage of leveling equipment during the leveling
fieldwork.

We able to done the calculation by using Rise and Fall Method and Height of Collimation
Method. After the table and data collected is recorded down, we found that we have a +(_) of error.
Thus, there must be a loop misclosure error. Although we had some loop misclosure mistakes during our
calculations, we are able to correct it by using method that been taught in class. The loop miscclosure
error we got is (_) mm. After we got out loop misclosure error, we calculate the correction per set up
and adjust the initial reduced level to get the final reduced level.

In a nutshell, we thanks our lecturer Mrs. Saedatul for giving us an opportunities to learn and
hands on in leveling. We hope that next time we can have a chance to conduct a survey like this again.

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