Web Technology
Web Technology
TECHNOLOG
Y
Web Technology refers to a range of methods and tools that are
used in the process of communication between different
devices over the Internet. To access web pages, a web browser
is utilized. A web browser is a software application that enables
the display of text, data, images, animation, and videos on the
Internet. The field of web technology is rapidly increasing with
new frameworks, standards, and languages.
Web technology is a term used to describe all the different things
people use to make websites and web-based applications. This
includes software and hardware tools, programming languages, and
standards needed to create and run web apps on the internet. Web
technology comprises many areas, including web design, web
development, web servers, web browsers, e-commerce, and content
management systems.
The goal of web technology is to make web-based applications work
better, faster, and more enjoyable for people to use. It's always
changing and improving, so we can make the most out of the
internet and all the great things it offers.
Web Development Strategies
1. Responsive Web Design: makes websites that work well on various devices. it's easier and cheaper
to maintain because you don't need separate websites for computers and mobiles. benefits of a responsive
website design, Better User-experience; Cost-effective; Improves Search Engine Optimisation;
Allows updating the website instantly; The website becomes highly accessible; Management
becomes easier; Actively supports link sharing on various devices; More Mobile Traffic;
Lower Maintenance Needs; Lower Bounce Rates; Higher Conversion Rates.
2. Performance Optimization: A slow-loading site can lead to high bounce rates, negatively
impacting user experience—a critical consideration in web design strategies. To facilitate
performance optimization, a wealth of tools and resources are available to develop a web
strategy. Google PageSpeed Insights, GTmetrix, and Pingdom are recognized tools that aid in
developing web strategy by analyzing website performance and offering actionable insights
3. User-centred Design: creating websites or applications with the needs, preferences, and
limitations of end-users as the central priority. Conduct interviews, surveys, and observations
to gather insights into user needs and behaviors. Create detailed personas representing your
target audience to guide design decisions. Develop scenarios to understand how users
will interact with the website or application.
7. Content Management and SEO: The process of creating, managing, and updating
digital content on a website or application, often facilitated by a Content
Management System (CMS). It involves organizing content in a structured manner to
meet user needs and business objectives.
RIP is a distance-vector routing protocol used in local and wide area networks.
It employs hop count as a routing metric to find the best path between the
source and the destination network.
1. Statelessness:
HTTP is a stateless protocol, meaning each request from a client to a server is
treated as an independent transaction that is unrelated to any previous
request. This simplifies the protocol because the server does not need to
retain session information or the state of each request, making HTTP highly
scalable.
3. Extensibility:
HTTP is designed to be extensible, allowing for additional functionalities
through headers and status codes. New methods (like PUT, DELETE, PATCH)
and headers can be introduced without affecting the core protocol, enabling
it to evolve and support new features over time.
Architecture of HTTP
The architecture of HTTP involves clients sending requests and servers
responding with the requested resources or appropriate status messages .
1. Front-End Development:
HTML (HyperText Markup Language): The standard markup language used
to create the structure and content of web pages.
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): Used for styling and designing the layout,
colors, fonts, and overall visual appearance of web pages.
JavaScript: A programming language that enables interactive elements, such
as forms, animations, and dynamic content updates, on web pages.
Frameworks and Libraries: Tools like React, Angular, Vue.js, Bootstrap, and
jQuery that streamline and enhance front-end development.
2. Back-End Development:
Server-Side Languages: Programming languages like Node.js, Python, Ruby,
PHP, Java, and C# used to create the logic and functionality of web
applications.
Databases: Systems like MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, and SQLite used to
store, manage, and retrieve data for web applications.
APIs (Application Programming Interfaces): Interfaces that allow different
software systems to communicate and exchange data.
3. Full-Stack Development:
Combining both front-end and back-end development to build a complete
web application. Full-stack developers handle both client-side and server-side
aspects.
5. Project Management:
Planning and Scheduling: Defining the scope, goals, timeline, and
milestones of the project.
Collaboration and Communication: Ensuring effective communication and
collaboration among team members and stakeholders.
Agile Methodologies: Using frameworks like Scrum or Kanban to manage
and iterate on development tasks efficiently.
3. Development:
Front-End Development: Coding the visual and interactive aspects of the
website using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
Back-End Development: Building the server-side logic, database interactions,
and APIs.
Integration: Connecting the front-end and back-end components to ensure
seamless interaction.
4. Testing:
Functional Testing: Ensuring all features and functionalities work as intended.
Performance Testing: Checking the website's speed, scalability, and load
handling.
Security Testing: Identifying and mitigating security vulnerabilities.
Usability Testing: Gathering feedback from users to improve the user
experience.
5. Deployment:
Setting up the production environment and deploying the website or
application to a web server.
Configuring domain names, SSL certificates, and other necessary settings.
Conducting final testing and quality assurance before the official launch.
Scripting languages like JavaScript play a crucial role in web design by enabling interactive and
dynamic elements on web pages. Here are key roles of scripting languages in web design:
1. Interactivity: Scripting languages allow for interactive elements such as dropdown menus,
sliders, forms validation, and user interface enhancements.
2. Dynamic Content: They enable dynamic content loading, real-time updates, and
asynchronous communication with servers using AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) or
modern APIs like Fetch API.
3. User Experience Enhancement: Scripting languages contribute to a richer user experience
through animations, transitions, carousels, modal dialogs, and interactive maps.
4. Form Validation: They facilitate client-side form validation to improve data accuracy and user
feedback without requiring server-side processing for every form submission.
5. AJAX and API Integration: Scripting languages handle asynchronous requests to fetch data
from servers, update content without page reloads, and integrate with external APIs for data
exchange.
In summary, scripting languages enhance web design by adding interactivity, dynamic content, and
improved user experiences to websites and web applications. They work alongside HTML and CSS to
create engaging and functional web experiences.
WEB TEAM
A web team is a group of professionals with diverse skills and roles who
collaborate to plan, design, develop, and maintain websites and web
applications. The team can vary in size and composition depending on
the project's scope, complexity, and requirements. Here’s an overview of
the key roles typically found in a web team:
Key Roles in a Web Team
1. Project Manager:
Responsibilities: Overseeing the entire project, managing
timelines, budgets, and resources, coordinating between team
members and stakeholders, and ensuring the project meets its goals
and deadlines.
Skills: Strong organizational skills, leadership, communication,
problem-solving, and familiarity with project management
methodologies (e.g., Agile, Scrum).
2. Product Owner/Client:
Responsibilities: Providing the vision and requirements for the
project, making critical decisions, and ensuring the final product
aligns with business goals and user needs.
Skills: Deep understanding of the business and user needs,
decision-making, communication, and prioritization.
3. UX/UI Designer:
Responsibilities: Creating the user interface (UI) design and user
experience (UX) strategy, including wireframes, mockups, and
prototypes, ensuring the website is intuitive, visually appealing,
and user-friendly.
Skills: Graphic design, user research, wireframing, prototyping,
knowledge of design tools (e.g., Adobe XD, Sketch, Figma), and
an understanding of usability and accessibility principles.
4. Front-End Developer:
Responsibilities: Translating the design into code using HTML,
CSS, and JavaScript, creating responsive layouts, and ensuring
cross-browser compatibility.
Skills: Proficiency in HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and
frameworks/libraries (e.g., React, Angular, Vue.js), knowledge of
responsive design, and familiarity with version control systems
(e.g., Git).
5. Back-End Developer:
Responsibilities: Developing server-side logic, managing
databases, and creating APIs to support the website's functionality
and ensure secure data handling.
Skills: Proficiency in server-side languages (e.g., Node.js, Python,
Ruby, PHP, Java, C#), database management (e.g., MySQL,
PostgreSQL, MongoDB), API development, and server
management.
6. Full-Stack Developer:
Responsibilities: Handling both front-end and back-end
development, bridging the gap between user experience and server-
side functionality.
Skills: A combination of front-end and back-end development
skills, knowledge of various web development frameworks, and the
ability to work on all aspects of the web application.
7. Database Administrator (DBA):
Responsibilities: Designing, implementing, and maintaining the
database systems, ensuring data integrity, performance, and
security.
Skills: Proficiency in database management systems (e.g., MySQL,
PostgreSQL, MongoDB), database design, performance tuning,
and backup/recovery procedures.
8. DevOps Engineer:
Responsibilities: Managing the deployment, scaling, and
monitoring of the web application, ensuring a seamless integration
and delivery pipeline.
Skills: Knowledge of cloud platforms (e.g., AWS, Azure, Google
Cloud), containerization tools (e.g., Docker, Kubernetes), CI/CD
pipelines, and automation tools.
9. Quality Assurance (QA) Engineer/Tester:
Responsibilities: Testing the website for bugs, usability issues,
performance, and security vulnerabilities, ensuring it meets the
required standards and functions as expected.
Skills: Experience with testing methodologies, tools (e.g.,
Selenium, JUnit), creating test plans and cases, and a keen eye for
detail.
10.Content Strategist/Writer:
Responsibilities: Creating, managing, and optimizing content for
the website, ensuring it is engaging, accurate, and aligned with
SEO best practices.
Skills: Strong writing and editing skills, knowledge of SEO,
content management systems (e.g., WordPress), and an
understanding of user behavior and content marketing strategies.
11.SEO Specialist:
Responsibilities: Optimizing the website for search engines to
improve visibility and rankings, conducting keyword research, and
implementing SEO best practices.
Skills: Knowledge of SEO techniques, tools (e.g., Google
Analytics, SEMrush), on-page and off-page optimization, and an
understanding of search engine algorithms.
12.Security Specialist:
Responsibilities: Ensuring the website is secure from threats and
vulnerabilities, conducting security audits, and implementing
protective measures.
Skills: Knowledge of web security protocols, ethical hacking,
vulnerability assessment, and familiarity with security tools and
best practices.
Navigation Considerations
1. Simple and Intuitive Navigation:
Clear Structure: Organizing navigation menus logically with clear
labels that describe the content they link to.
Consistency: Keeping navigation elements consistent across all
pages to avoid user confusion.
2. Breadcrumbs:
Path Indication: Providing breadcrumbs to show users their location
within the website and allowing easy navigation back to previous
sections.
3. Search Functionality:
Accessibility: Including a search bar in a prominent location to
allow users to quickly find specific content.
Effectiveness: Ensuring the search function is accurate and provides
relevant results.
4. Navigation Bar and Menus:
Visibility: Placing the navigation bar in a standard location (usually
at the top or side of the page) where users expect to find it.
Dropdown Menus: Using dropdown menus to organize subpages
without cluttering the main navigation bar.
5. Footer Navigation:
Additional Links: Including a secondary navigation area in the
footer with links to important but less frequently accessed pages,
such as contact information, privacy policy, and terms of service.
6. Interactive Elements:
Hover Effects: Providing visual feedback, such as hover effects, to
indicate clickable elements and improve the user experience.
Clickable Areas: Ensuring clickable areas, such as buttons and
links, are large enough to be easily tapped or clicked, especially on
mobile devices.
7. Internal Linking:
Connectivity: Using internal links within content to guide users to
related pages and keep them engaged with the site.
8. Minimalism:
Avoiding Clutter: Keeping navigation simple and avoiding
excessive links or complicated menus that can overwhelm users.
INTERNET
The internet is a vast global network of interconnected computers and other
devices that communicate using standardized protocols. Here are some key
concepts related to the internet:
1. Network
Definition: A network is a collection of computers and other devices
connected to share resources and information.
Types:
Local Area Network (LAN): Covers a small geographic area, like
a home or office.
Wide Area Network (WAN): Covers a larger geographic area,
often spanning cities, countries, or even continents.
2. Internet Protocol (IP)
IP Address: A unique numerical identifier assigned to each device
connected to the internet, allowing it to be located and communicate with
other devices.
IPv4: Uses a 32-bit address scheme (e.g., 192.168.0.1).
IPv6: Uses a 128-bit address scheme to accommodate the growing
number of devices (e.g.,
2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).
3. Domain Name System (DNS)
Function: Translates human-readable domain names (e.g.,
www.example.com) into IP addresses that computers use to identify each
other on the network.
Structure: Organized in a hierarchical manner with root, top-level
domains (TLDs, like .com, .org), and subdomains.
4. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Purpose: The protocol used for transmitting web pages over the internet.
HTTPS: Secure version of HTTP that encrypts data to ensure privacy and
security.
5. World Wide Web (WWW)
Definition: A system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the
internet.
Web Browser: Software application used to access and view websites
(e.g., Chrome, Firefox, Safari).
6. Internet Service Provider (ISP)
Role: A company that provides individuals and organizations access to
the internet.
Services: Includes broadband, fibre optics, satellite, and mobile internet.
7. Router
Function: A device that forwards data packets between computer
networks, directing traffic on the internet.
Home Router: Connects home networks to the internet and manages data
flow between devices within the network.
8. Protocol
Definition: A set of rules that determine how data is transmitted and
received over a network.
Examples:
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol):
Core protocols for internet communication.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring files between
computers on a network.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Used for sending emails.
9. Bandwidth
Definition: The maximum rate of data transfer across a network path.
Measurement: Usually measured in bits per second (bps), with common
higher units like Mbps (megabits per second) or Gbps (gigabits per
second).
10. Cloud Computing
Concept: Delivery of computing services (like storage, processing, and
applications) over the internet, allowing for on-demand access to
resources.
Examples: Services like Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud
Platform (GCP), and Microsoft Azure.
11. Firewall
Purpose: A security system that monitors and controls incoming and
outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.
Types: Hardware firewalls, software firewalls, and cloud-based firewalls.
12. Virtual Private Network (VPN)
Function: Extends a private network across a public network, allowing
users to send and receive data as if their devices were directly connected
to the private network.
Usage: Enhances security and privacy, especially on public Wi-Fi.
Internet services
Client-Server Computing
Client-server computing is a model of network architecture that separates
functions into two roles: clients and servers. This model is foundational for
many internet services and applications.
Key Components
1. Client:
Definition: A client is a computing device or software that requests
services or resources from a server.
Function: Initiates communication and sends requests to the
server, such as accessing a web page, querying a database, or
retrieving a file.
Examples: Web browsers, email clients, and desktop applications.
2. Server:
Definition: A server is a computing device or software that
provides services or resources to clients.
Function: Responds to client requests by providing the requested
services or resources. This can include serving web pages,
managing databases, or storing files.
Examples: Web servers, database servers, and file servers.
How It Works
1. Request-Response Cycle:
The client sends a request to the server over the network.
The server processes the request and returns the appropriate
response to the client.
This interaction is typically facilitated by standard communication
protocols, such as HTTP for web services or SQL for database
queries.
2. Communication Protocols:
HTTP/HTTPS: Used by web browsers to request web pages from
web servers.
FTP: Used for transferring files between clients and servers.
SMTP/IMAP/POP3: Used for sending and receiving emails.
SQL: Used by clients to query and update databases on a database
server.
Advantages of Client-Server Computing
1. Centralized Management:
Servers manage resources and services centrally, making it easier
to update, secure, and maintain the system.
2. Scalability:
Servers can handle multiple clients simultaneously, and resources
can be scaled up or down to meet demand.
3. Resource Sharing:
Clients can share resources provided by the server, such as files,
applications, and processing power.
4. Security:
Centralized control allows for better implementation of security
measures, such as authentication, authorization, and data
encryption.
Disadvantages of Client-Server Computing
1. Server Dependence:
If the server goes down, clients may lose access to services and
resources.
2. Network Dependence:
The performance of client-server interactions depends on network
reliability and speed.
3. Cost:
Servers can be expensive to maintain and require specialized
knowledge for setup and administration.
Examples of Client-Server Architecture
1. Web Browsing:
Client: Web browser (e.g., Chrome, Firefox).
Server: Web server hosting the website (e.g., Apache, Nginx).
2. Email Services:
Client: Email client (e.g., Outlook, Thunderbird).
Server: Mail server (e.g., Microsoft Exchange, Gmail servers).
3. Online Gaming:
Client: Game client software.
Server: Game server hosting the game environment.
4. Database Access:
Client: Database management tool or application (e.g., MySQL
Workbench).
Server: Database server (e.g., MySQL, Oracle).
Therefore, rather than creating completely new classes from scratch, we can take advantage of
inheritance and reduce software complexity.
Types of inheritance: a. Single inheritance: It is the inheritance hierarchy wherein one derived class
inherits from one base class. b. Multiple inheritance: It is the inheritance hierarchy wherein one
derived class inherits from multiple base classes. c. Hierarchical inheritance: It is the inheritance
hierarchy wherein multiple subclasses inherit from one base class. d. Multilevel inheritance: It is the
inheritance hierarchy wherein subclass acts as a base class for other classes. e. Hybrid inheritance:
The inheritance hierarchy that reflects any legal combination of other four types of inheritance.
Object-oriented programming (OOP) languages support several key features that enable developers
to create modular, reusable, and maintainable code. The main features of OOP include:
Class: A blueprint for creating objects. It defines a data structure and the methods
that can operate on that data.
2. Encapsulation:
The bundling of data (attributes) and methods (functions) that operate on the data
into a single unit called a class. Encapsulation helps in hiding the internal state of the
object from the outside world, only allowing access through public methods. This
ensures data integrity and prevents external interference and misuse.
3. Inheritance:
The mechanism by which one class (the child or subclass) can inherit properties and
methods from another class (the parent or superclass). Inheritance promotes code
reuse and establishes a natural hierarchy between classes.
4. Polymorphism:
The ability of different objects to respond to the same message (method call) in
different ways. Polymorphism is typically achieved through method overriding
(inherited methods can be redefined in subclasses) and method overloading
(methods with the same name but different parameters within the same class).
5. Abstraction:
6. Modularity:
The design principle that divides a program into separate sub-programs (modules or
classes). Each module is responsible for a specific functionality, making the system
more manageable, scalable, and easier to debug.
7. Composition:
The principle of creating complex types by combining objects of other types. This
allows for building more complex behaviours and hierarchies by combining simpler,
reusable components.
8. Dynamic Binding:
The process of resolving method calls at runtime rather than at compile time. This
allows for more flexible and extensible code, enabling polymorphism and dynamic
method dispatch.
These features collectively support the development of robust, flexible, and maintainable software
systems, promoting better organization and management of complex software projects.
Package
In Java, a package is a namespace that organizes a set of related classes and interfaces. Conceptually,
you can think of packages as similar to directories on your computer, where you organize files to keep
things neat and avoid conflicts.
Benefits of Using Packages
1. Namespace Management: Packages help avoid class name conflicts. For example, two
classes with the same name can coexist in different packages.
2. Modularity: Packages group related classes and interfaces together, making it easier to
manage large software projects.
3. Access Protection: Packages can control access to classes, interfaces, and members using
access modifiers (public, protected, private, default).
4. Reusability: Classes in packages can be reused in different programs by importing the
package.
Creating a Package
To create a package, you use the package keyword at the beginning of your Java source file, followed
by the package name. The package name typically follows a hierarchical naming convention, which is
usually the reversed domain name of the organization followed by subpackage names.
For example, if your domain name is` example.com`, a package for utility classes might be named
`com.example.util`.
Here's how you define a package:
package com.example.util;
public class MyClass {
// class contents
}
Using Packages
To use classes from a package, you need to import the package. This can be done using the import
keyword. You can import a specific class or the entire package.
Importing a Specific Class:
import com.example.util.MyClass;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyClass obj = new MyClass();
// use obj
}
}
Importing an Entire Package:
import com.example.util.*;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyClass obj = new MyClass();
// use obj
}
}
Package Naming Conventions
Use lowercase letters for package names to avoid conflicts with class names.
Start with the reversed domain name of your organization.
Follow with subpackage names, separated by dots, to organize your classes logically.
For example:
`com.example.project.model`
`com.example.project.controller`
`com.example.project.service`
Interfaces in Java
An interface in Java is a reference type, similar to a class, that can contain only constants, method
signatures, default methods, static methods, and nested types. Interfaces cannot contain instance fields
or constructors. They are used to specify what a class must do, but not how it does it. Interfaces
provide a way to achieve abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java.
Key Features of Interfaces
1. Abstract Methods: Interfaces primarily contain abstract methods (methods without a body)
that must be implemented by any class that implements the interface.
2. Default Methods: Java 8 introduced default methods in interfaces. These are methods with a
default implementation.
3. Static Methods: Interfaces can also contain static methods, which belong to the interface
rather than instances of the implementing classes.
4. Constants: Interfaces can include constants (static final variables).
5. Multiple Inheritance: A class can implement multiple interfaces, providing a way to achieve
multiple inheritance in Java.
Syntax of an Interface
public interface MyInterface {
// abstract method
void abstractMethod();
// default method
default void defaultMethod() {
System.out.println("This is a default method.");
}
// static method
static void staticMethod() {
System.out.println("This is a static method.");
}
// constant
int CONSTANT_VALUE = 42;
}
Implementing an Interface
A class that implements an interface must provide implementations for all the abstract methods in the
interface.
public class MyClass implements MyInterface {
@Override
public void abstractMethod () {
System.out.println("Implementation of abstract method.");
}
Summary
Definition: An interface is a reference type in Java that can contain abstract methods, default
methods, static methods, and constants.
Purpose: Interfaces define a contract that implementing classes must follow.
Features: Abstract methods must be implemented by implementing classes, while default and
static methods provide optional functionality.
Multiple Inheritance: Interfaces allow a class to implement multiple interfaces, offering a
way to achieve multiple inheritance.
Using interfaces effectively helps to achieve abstraction and polymorphism in Java programs,
promoting flexibility and maintainability.
The `this` keyword in Java is used to refer to the current instance of the class. It
is often used in constructors to distinguish between instance variables and
parameters with the same name. Here's a Java program that demonstrates the
use of the `this` keyword in a constructor:
public class Student {
private String name;
private int age;
// Constructor using this keyword
public Student (String name, int age) {
this.name = name; // 'this.name' refers to the instance variable
this.age = age; // 'this.age' refers to the instance variable
}
// Method to display student details
public void displayDetails() {
System.out.println("Name: " + name);
System.out.println("Age: " + age);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Creating an object of the Student class
Student student = new Student("Alice", 20);
// Displaying the details of the student
student.displayDetails();
}
}
Explanation:
1. Class Definition: The Student class has two instance variables: name
and age.
2. Constructor: The constructor takes two parameters, name and age. The
this keyword is used to distinguish the instance variables (this.name and
this.age) from the parameters (name and age).
3. Method: displayDetails method is used to print the student's details.
4. Main Method: An instance of the Student class is created with the name
"Alice" and age 20, and the displayDetails method is called to print these
details.
When you run this program, it will output:
Name: Alice
Age: 20
This demonstrates how the `this` keyword is used in the constructor to
differentiate between instance variables and constructor parameters.
What Are Exceptions?
Exceptions in Java are events that disrupt the normal flow of the program's
instructions. They are objects representing an error or an unexpected event that
occurs during the execution of a program. Exceptions can be caused by various
reasons such as user input errors, hardware failures, or attempts to perform
illegal operations.
Handling Exceptions in Java
Java provides a robust mechanism to handle exceptions, ensuring the program
can manage errors gracefully and continue executing. The primary way to
handle exceptions is through the use of `try`, `catch`, `throw`, `throws`, and
`finally` keywords.
The mechanism suggests a separate error handling code that performs the
following tasks :
a. Find the problem (Hit the exception)
b. Inform that an error has occurred (Throw the exception)
c. Receive the error information (Catch the exception)
d. Take corrective actions (Handle the exception)
Keywords and Their Usage:
1. `try`
The `try` block contains the code that might throw an exception. It is followed
by one or more `catch` blocks or a `finally` block.
2. `catch`
The `catch` block is used to handle the exception. It must be associated with a
`try` block and can catch and process specific exceptions.
3. `throw`
The `throw` keyword is used to explicitly throw an exception. This can be used
to create an exception and pass it to the runtime system.
4. `finally`
The `finally` block contains code that will execute regardless of whether an
exception is thrown or not. It is typically used for cleanup activities, such as
closing files or releasing resources.
Example:
public class ExceptionExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
// Code that may throw an exception
int result = divide(10, 0);
System.out.println("Result: " + result);
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
// Handling the exception
System.out.println("Exception caught: Division by zero!");
} finally {
// This block will always execute
System.out.println("Finally block executed.");
}
try {
// Explicitly throwing an exception
checkAge(15);
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Exception caught: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
What is a Thread?
A thread in Java is a lightweight process. It is the smallest unit of processing
that can be performed in an OS. Java provides built-in support for
multithreading. Multithreading is a feature that allows concurrent execution of
two or more threads for maximum utilization of CPU.
Creating Threads in Java
There are two main ways to create a thread in Java:
1. By extending the `Thread` class
2. By implementing the `Runnable` interface
1. Creating a Thread by Extending the `Thread` Class
In this method, you create a new class that extends the `Thread` class and
override the `run` method. Then you create an instance of this class and call the
`start` method to begin execution.
class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getId() + " Value " + i);
try {
Thread.sleep(1000); // Sleep for 1 second
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println(e);
}
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
t1.start(); // Start the first thread
1. I/O Streams:
o Byte Streams: Handle raw binary data. They are used for low-level I/O operations.
o Character Streams: Handle character data and automatically perform character set
translation. These are more suitable for reading and writing text.
o Buffered Streams: Optimize I/O by reducing the number of calls to the native API.
They improve performance by buffering data.
o Scanning and Formatting: Allows reading and writing formatted text using classes
like Scanner and Formatter.
2. Data Streams:
o Reading, Writing, and Creating Files: Stream and channel methods for file I/O.
Applets are embedded in HTML pages using the <applet> or <object> tags and are hosted on
a web server.
All applets are subclasses (either directly or indirectly) of the java.applet.Applet class.
Unlike standalone programs, applets run within a web browser or an applet viewer.
Applet Characteristics
Dynamic Content: Applets generate dynamic content within a web page.
Client-Side Execution: They execute on the client-side (i.e., within the user’s browser).
Fast Response Time: Applets provide fast response times.
Viewing Applets: You can view applets using the standard applet viewer tool called Applet
Viewer.
Different Execution Flow: Unlike regular Java programs, applet execution doesn’t begin with
a main() method, and the output isn’t handled by System.out.println(). Instead, it uses
various Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) methods, such as drawString().
1.Initialization (init()):
When a new applet is created, it enters the new state.
This is where you set up any initial resources or perform necessary setup.
Example:
2.Starting (start()):
It’s executed when the browser is maximized or when the applet viewer starts.
Example:
You can create objects or components within the applet or directly write messages.
Example:
4.Stopping (stop()):
Executed when the browser is minimized or when the applet viewer stops.
Example:
5.Destroying (destroy()):
Example:
Implementation Options
1. Using HTML File:
Example:
<HTML>
<applet
code="MyApplet.class"
width="300" height="200">
</applet>
</HTML>
Remember that Java applets have declined in popularity due to security risks and the rise of more
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Java Applet to Display an Image</h1>
</applet>
</body>
</html>
1. Java is strongly associated with the internet because the first application program written in Java
was HotJava, a browser to run the applet on internet.
2. So, the internet users use the java to create the applet programs and run them locally using a
java-enabled browser’s like HotJava.
3. The users can use the java-enabled browsers to download the applet located on the computer
system anywhere in the internet and run it on their computer.
Advantage of Applet
There are many advantages of applet. They are as follows:
Drawback of Applet
o Plugin is required at client browser to execute applet.
Java applet for a calculator involves creating a user interface with buttons for digits and
operations, and handling events to perform the calculations.
import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class CalculatorApplet extends Applet implements ActionListener {
TextField display;
String operator;
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
add(display, BorderLayout.NORTH);
numberButtons[i].addActionListener(this);
addButton.addActionListener(this);
subButton.addActionListener(this);
mulButton.addActionListener(this);
divButton.addActionListener(this);
eqButton.addActionListener(this);
clrButton.addActionListener(this);
panel.add(numberButtons[1]);
panel.add(numberButtons[2]);
panel.add(numberButtons[3]);
panel.add(addButton);
panel.add(numberButtons[4]);
panel.add(numberButtons[5]);
panel.add(numberButtons[6]);
panel.add(subButton);
panel.add(numberButtons[7]);
panel.add(numberButtons[8]);
panel.add(numberButtons[9]);
panel.add(mulButton);
panel.add(clrButton);
panel.add(numberButtons[0]);
panel.add(eqButton);
panel.add(divButton);
add(panel, BorderLayout.CENTER);
display.setText(display.getText() + command);
} else if (command.equals("+")) {
num1 = Double.parseDouble(display.getText());
operator = "+";
display.setText("");
} else if (command.equals("-")) {
num1 = Double.parseDouble(display.getText());
operator = "-";
display.setText("");
} else if (command.equals("*")) {
num1 = Double.parseDouble(display.getText());
operator = "*";
display.setText("");
} else if (command.equals("/")) {
num1 = Double.parseDouble(display.getText());
operator = "/";
display.setText("");
} else if (command.equals("=")) {
num2 = Double.parseDouble(display.getText());
switch (operator) {
display.setText(String.valueOf(result));
} else if (command.equals("C")) {
display.setText("");
operator = "";
Explanation:
1. Import Statements: Necessary packages for applets, AWT components, and event handling are
imported.
2. Applet Class: `CalculatorApplet` extends `Applet` and implements `ActionListener`.
3. UI Components:
`Button` instances for the arithmetic operators, equals, and clear button.
Depending on the button pressed, appropriate actions are taken (number input, arithmetic
operations, evaluation, and clear).
String handling is a process of performing different operation such as concatenation, comparison on the string.
1. length()
2. toUpperCase() and toLowerCase()
3. indexOf(String str)
4. concat(String str)
5. charAt(int index)
6. compareTo(String anotherString)
7. equals(Object anObject)
8. replace(char oldChar, char newChar)
9. substring(int beginIndex)
10. substring(int beginIndex, int endIndex)
11. trim()
12. contains(CharSequence sequence)
13. getBytes()
14. toCharArray()
15. isEmpty()
16. hashCode()
Classification of Events
Foreground Events
Background Events