Building Technology

School Based Assessment

Candidate name: Aderiel Persaud

Candidate no.: 090045
Centre Name: St. Joseph High
Centre No.: 090045
Territory: Guyana
Year of Exam: 2023
Teacher: Ms. Karen Bradford
Subject: Building Technology
Topic: Safety
 Introduction
First aid is the first and immediate assistance given to any person with either a minor or
serious illness or injury, with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from
worsening, or to promote recovery. It includes initial intervention in a serious condition prior to
professional medical help being available, such as performing cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR) while waiting for an ambulance, as well as the complete treatment of minor
conditions, such as applying a plaster to a cut. First aid is generally performed by someone with
basic medical training. Mental health first aid is an extension of the concept of first aid to cover
mental health, while psychological first aid is used as early treatment of people who are at risk
for developing PTSD.
There are many situations that may require first aid, and many countries have
legislation, regulation, or guidance, which specifies a minimum level of first aid provision in
certain circumstances. This can include specific training or equipment to be available in the
workplace (such as an automated external defibrillator), the provision of specialist first aid
cover at public gatherings, or mandatory first aid training within schools. First aid, however,
does not necessarily require any particular equipment or prior knowledge, and can involve
improvisation with materials available at the time, often by untrained people.
 Acknowledgement
The researcher extends his gratitude to God almighty for his guidance and giving
him the strength to carry out his research. He also wishes to thank his teacher for
guiding and helping him. He would also like to thank his family and friends for
offering their knowledge and inspiring him to do his work.
Different types of first aid
There are different types of first aid. Some may include:
 First aid for sprain
 First aid for asthma attack
 First aid for fainting spells
 First aid for nosebleed
 First aid for drowning
 First aid for fracture
 First aid for animal bite

Principles of first aid

 Assessing the situation for any possible danger and quickly remove the
victim from the root of the injury.
 After reaching a safe environment, provide the victim with fresh air.
 If the victim is unconscious, resuscitate them and seek medical help.
 Release all tight clothing or materials around victim’s neck, waist or wrist.
 Cover all wounds, cuts and burns, and immobilize the fracture.
 Arrest the bleeding by tightly tying a cloth near the wound so that it acts as
a tourniquet.
 Do not attempt anything unnecessary and rush the victim properly to a
hospital.

The aim of first aid

The aim of first aid is to provide immediate care for an illness or injury to
prevent the condition from worsening. They are commonly known as the three
“P’s”.
 Preserve life- The main responsibility of a bystander is to assess the
situation and preserve the life of the injured person by rendering first
aid treatment. The process of first aid treatment would start with CAB
 (Circulation Airway Breathing) rule of first aid. The first aid provider
might have to provide Cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR) if the victim
is not breathing.
 Prevent harm- The idea of first aid is not only to perform life saving
procedures but to also ensure that the victim isplaced in a comfortable
and safe place preventing further injury. Hazards such as fire or
electrical blasts are needed to be controlled while managing the victims
conditions to prevent it from worsening.

 Promote recovery- First aid can help with the recovery of an injury and
stop things from becoming worse. It is one of the responsibilities of the
first aid provider to encourage the victim to think positively.

Different levels of first aid training

There are several different levels of first aid training, ranging from the most basic
skills, like cleaning a wound and applying a bandage, to more advanced forms,
such as using an Automatic Electronic Defibrillator (AED) to help someone who is
having a heart attack.

Basic First aid

The most basic skill set of first aid is taught in introductory level courses. This
includes training on how to properly assess and respond to a first aid situation,
and typically consist of techniques on how to assess a situation calmly and
rationally in order to determine the best course of action.

Higher level first aid

More advanced first aid includes a deeper understanding of basic life support
skills, familiarization with emergency medical equipment such as an AED, and a
much more advanced and in-depth knowledge of potential conditions and
appropriate responses or treatments. Participants in higher level first aid training
are taught how to deal with situations like burns, eye injuries, poisoning, and
open wounds. They are taught how to assess and look for the signs of various
illnesses, both major and minor, how to assess injuries, fractures, dislocation,
head injuries, and how to handle epileptic and diabetic episodes.

Setting the priorities for first aid

 Catastrophic bleeding (massive external bleeding)
 Airway (clearing airways)
 Breathing (ensuring respiration)
 Circulation (internal bleeding)
 Disability (neurological condition)
 Environment (overall examination, environment)

A major benefit of these protocols is that they require minimum resources, time
and skills with a great degree of success in saving lives under conditions
unfavorable for applying first aid.

ABC Method
 Airway (clearing airways): If the patient responds in a normal voice, then
the airway is patent. Airway obstruction can be partial or complete. Signs of
a partially obstructed airway include a changed voice, noisy breathing (e.g.,
stridor), and an increased breathing effort. With a completely obstructed
airway, there is no respiration despite great effort (i.e., paradox respiration,
or "see-saw" sign). A reduced level of consciousness is a common cause of
airway obstruction, partial or complete. A common sign of partial airway
obstruction in the unconscious state is snoring. Untreated airway
obstruction can rapidly lead to cardiac arrest. All health care professionals,
regardless of the setting, can assess the airway as described and use a
head-tilt and chin-lift maneuver to open the airway. With the proper
equipment, suction of the airways to remove obstructions, for example,
blood or vomit, is recommended. If possible, foreign bodies causing airway
obstruction should be removed.
  Breathing (ensuring respiration): In all settings, it is possible to determine
the respiratory rate, inspect movements of the thoracic wall for symmetry
and use of auxiliary respiratory muscles, and percuss the chest for
unilateral dullness or resonance. Cyanosis, distended neck veins, and
lateralization of the trachea can be identified. If a stethoscope is available,
lung auscultation should be performed and, if possible, a pulse oximeter
should be applied. Tension pneumothorax must be relieved immediately by
inserting a cannula where the second intercostal space crosses the
midclavicular line (needle thoracocentesis). Bronchospasm should be
treated with inhalations. If breathing is insufficient, assisted ventilation
must be performed by giving rescue breaths with or without a barrier
device. Trained personnel should use a bag mask if available.

 Circulation (internal bleeding): The capillary refill time and pulse rate can
be assessed in any setting. Inspection of the skin gives clues to circulatory
problems. Color changes, sweating, and a decreased level of consciousness
are signs of decreased perfusion. If a stethoscope is available, heart
auscultation should be performed. Electrocardiography monitoring and
blood pressure measurements should also be performed as soon as
possible. Hypotension is an important adverse clinical sign. The effects of
hypovolemia can be alleviated by placing the patient in the supine position
and elevating the patient's legs. An intravenous access should be obtained
as soon as possible and saline should be infused.

Supplies in a first aid kit

 2 pairs sterile gloves
 Sanitizing agent
 Adhesive tape and gauze
 Antibiotic ointment
 Adhesive bandages
 Scissors and tweezers
 Elastic wrap
 Triangular bandages
 Pain relievers
 Cold pack
Importance of first aid equipment
 Sterile gloves- Gloves offer protection for both the victim and the
rescuer while treating open wounds, providing a germ-free barrier
between the two. Be sure to use nonlatex gloves if you or family
members have a latex allergy.

 Sanitizing agent- This can be used to clean a cut or sterilize your hands
before eating, applying first aid, or changing lantern mantles. This can be
used for a jammed or broken finger to be held together with a splint or
the attach gauze to a wound. This ace bandage can be used for a sprain
for a sling if needed.

 Adhesive tape and gauze- This duo works together to stop bleeding.
Apply sterile gauze to a bleeding wound, using firm but gentle pressure.
Once bleeding has stopped you can use the tape to hold the gauze in
place.

 Antibiotic ointment- Using ointment on a cut or scrape after cleaning the

wound helps defend against infection. It can also help speed up healing
and lessen scarring.

 Adhesive bandages- Cuts and scrapes come in all shapes and sizes--so
too should your adhesive bandages. Use these to protect wounds from
getting dirty or irritated.

 Scissors and tweezers- Scissors with rounded edges protect the victim
from further injury. Use these shears to cut tape or gauze or to remove
clothing if necessary. The tweezers can be used for detailed work like
removing particulate debris, dirt, or splinters. But don't use tweezers to
remove an insect stinger because you could end up squeezing more
venom into the skin. Instead, brush the injured area with the edge of a
credit card.
 Elastic wrap- Not all accidents result in cuts or scrapes. Use elastic wraps
to stabilize wrist, elbow, ankle, and knee injuries and to keep swelling
down.

 Triangular bandages- These larger bandages can also be used to wrap

injuries and are especially helpful as slings for broken or dislocated arms
and shoulders. Don't forget safety pins to help keep the bandages in
place.

 Pain relievers- Acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and aspirin can all help

soothe minor aches and pains. With a doctor's approval, it's a good idea
to keep at least two aspirin on hand in case of a heart attack. Use these
medications only as directed.

 Cold packs- Use an instant cold compress to help soothe and treat burns
and other injuries, including insect stings, sprains, and strains.
Pictures of some first aid equipment