Bases de Datos
1.1 Introducción a las Bases de Datos
Learning Objectives
Understand basic definitions of data, metabase,
metadata, database management system and other
terms associated with the database enviroment.
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Basic Concepts and Definitions
Database
Organized collection of logically related data.
Salesperson Small database of Few megabytes of data
customer data
Small Company Large database for Several terabytes of data
decision support
application
Large Company Large data warehouse Petabytes of data
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Data
Data
Stored representations
of objects and events
that have meaning and
importance in the user’s
enviroment.
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Data vs Information
Information
Data that have been
processed in such way
as to increase the
knowledge of the
person who uses it.
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Data
Data vs Information
Information
Data that have been
processed in such way
as to increase the
Information
knowledge of the
person who uses it.
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Data about Data!
Metadata
Data that describe the properties or characteristics of
end-user data and the context of those data.
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Traditional File Processing Systems
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Disadvantages of File Processing Systems
• Duplication of Data
• Limited Data Sharing
• Lengthy Development Times
• Excessive Program Maintenance
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The Database Approach
Data Model
Graphical system used to capture the
nature and relationships among data.
It is made up of:
• Entities
• Attributes
• Relationships.
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Data Models
Entity
A person, place, object, event or
concept in the user enviroment
about which the organization
wishes to maintain data.
Attribute
Data you are interested in
capturing about the entity.
Entity CUSTOMER
Attribute Customer Name
Instance Each customer’s
information.
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Data Models
Relationships
Relationships between entitites
that exist in organiational data so
desired information can be
retrieved.
1:M One-to-Many
M:N Many-to-many
Segment of an enterprise data model
Data Models
Enterprise-level only includes the
higher-level relationships of
customer, orders and productos.
Project-level diagram includes
additional levels of details. Segment of a project data model
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Relational Databases
Relational Databases
A database that represents
data as a collection of
tables in which all data
relationships are
represented by common
values in related tables.
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Relational Databases
Database Management
System
A software system that is
used to create, maintain,
and provide controlled
access to user databases.
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Wake up!
Try to create an enterprise model for the previous example where a file processing system was given.
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Advantages of Database Approach
• Program-data independence
• Planned data redundancy
• Improved data consistency
• Improved data sharing
• Increased productivity of application development
• Enforcement of standars
• Improved data quality
• Improved data accesibility and responsiveness
• Reduced program maintenance
• Improved decision support
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Advantages of Database Approach
• Program-data independence
• Planned data redundancy
• Improved data consistency
• Improved data sharing
• Increased productivity of application development
• Enforcement of standars
• Improved data quality
• Improved data accesibility and responsiveness
• Reduced program maintenance
• Improved decision support
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Costs and Risks of the Database Approach
• New, specialized personnel
• Installation and management cost and complexity
• Conversion costs
• Need for explicit backup and recovery
• Organization conflict
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Components of the Database Enviroment
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Components of the Database Enviroment
• Data modeling and design tools. Software tools that provide
automated support for creating data models.
• Repository. Centralized knowledge base for all data
definitions, data relationships, screen and report formats,
and other system components.
• DBMS. Software system that is used to create, maintain, and
provide controlled access to use databases.
• Database. Organized collection of logically related data,
usually designed to meet the information needs of multiple
uses in an organization.
• Application Programs. Computer-based application
programs are used to create and maintain the database and
to provide information to users.
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Components of the Database Enviroment
• User interface. The user interface includes languages, menus, and
other facilities by which users interact with various system
components, such as data model- ing and design tools,
application programs, the DBMS, and the repository.
• Data and database administrators. Data administrators are
persons who are responsible for the overall management of data
resources in an organization. Database administrators are
responsible for physical database design and for managing
technical issues in the database environment.
• System developers. System developers are persons such as
systems analysts and programmers who design new application
programs.
• End users. End users are persons throughout the organization
who add, delete, and modify data in the database and who
request or receive information from it. All user interactions with
the database must be routed through the DBMS.
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Summary
• Data, Database, Metadata and Information
• Tradicional File Processing System vs Database
Management System
• Data Models: Entity, Attribute, Instances and
Relationships
• Relational Databases and Database Managements
Systems
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Database Approach
• Components of the Database Environment
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References
• Hoffer, J., Venkataraman, R., & Topi, H. (2018). Modern
Database Management (13th ed.). Pearson.
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