EEE-353

Presentation on Energy & Power signal, Deterministic & Non-

deterministic signal and Complex exponential signal

Presented by-
2002208 Rakib Hasan
Presented to 2002209 Arpita Paul
Professor Dr . Md Zamil Sultan 2002212 Md. Abdul Kaium
2002219 Zakaria Adnan Zibon
2002242 Md Maharab Hossain

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

 2

OUTLINE
➢ Energy signal
➢ Power signal
➢ Deterministic signal
➢ Non deterministic signal
➢ Complex exponential signal
➢ Q&A Session
 3

ENERGY SIGNAL

Definition
An energy signal, in the realm of signal processing, refers
to a signal whose energy is finite over a specified time
interval. i.e. 0 < E< ∞
E = σ∞
𝒕=−∞ |𝒙 𝒕 |𝟐
 4

ENERGY SIGNAL
Example

Fig- Energy Signal

x(t) = A finite duration Signal
∞ 𝟐 𝒅𝒕
E =‫׬‬−∞ 𝑥 𝑡
𝟎 𝟐 ∞
= ‫׬‬−∞ 𝟎 𝒅𝒕 + ‫ 𝒕𝒅 𝟐]𝟒[ 𝟎׬‬+‫𝒅 𝟎 𝟐׬‬t

E =[𝟏𝟔𝒕]𝟐𝟎
= 32J
 5

ENERGY SIGNAL
Question- what is the power of energy signal??
Answer: We Know,
The average value of finite duration signal = 0
So, The average power of finite duration signal = 0
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
Average power =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆
∞
Total power = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝒑 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 Total Time= ∞
= Finite value.
𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
Average Power = =0
∞
So the power is zero.
If we compare Average power and energy, we will get.
𝑬
P = lim
𝒕→∞ 𝑻
 6

ENERGY SIGNAL
❖ The properties of energy signal
I. Energy Signals are absolutely integrable signal.
∞
න |𝒙(𝒕)| 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 < ∞
−∞
II. The total energy of a signal E = Area under |𝒙(𝒕)|𝟐

and the previous example.

𝑬
III. P = lim
𝑻→∞ 𝑻
 7

ENERGY SIGNAL
❖ Energy & power for discrete-time signal

Compute the signal energy and signal power for the discrete-time signal
𝟏 𝒏
𝒙 𝒏 = 𝒖 𝒏 .
𝟒

We apply relationship
∞ 𝟏
E=σ∞ 𝟐 𝒏
−∞ |𝒙(𝒕)| = σ𝒏=𝟎( ) . 𝟏𝟔

The expression on the right hand side is a geometric series; hence, we have
𝟏 𝟏𝟓
E= 𝟏 =
𝟏− 𝟏𝟔
𝟏𝟔

Since, 0 < E < ∞ , signal x(n )is an energy signal, consequently, P= 0 .

 8

POWER SIGNAL

Definition
An power signal, in the realm of digital signal processing,
refers to a signal whose power is finite over a specified time
interval. i.e 0 < P < ∞
The power of discrete time signal is defined as,
𝟏
lim σ𝑵
𝒏=−𝑵 𝒙 𝒏
𝟐
𝑵→∞ 𝟐𝑵+𝟏
 9

POWER SIGNAL
Example
x(t)= a periodic signal
𝑻𝟎 = 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒅
The formula of average power ,
𝑻𝒐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
P= ‫׬‬ 𝑻𝒐 |𝒙(𝒕)| 𝒅𝒕
𝑻𝒐 −
𝟐
𝑻𝒐
𝟏 𝟎 ൗ𝟐
P= [‫׬‬−𝑻𝒐ൗ 𝟎𝒅𝒕 + ‫𝟎׬‬ 𝑨𝟐𝒐 𝒅𝒕]
𝑻𝒐 𝟐
𝑻𝒐
𝟏
P= [𝑨𝟐𝒕 𝟐
𝒐 ]𝒐
𝑻𝒐
𝟏 𝑻𝒐
P= ∗ 𝑨𝟐𝒕
𝒐
𝑻𝒐 𝟐

𝑨𝟐𝒕
𝒐
P= Fig: Power signal
𝟐
 10

POWER SIGNAL
What is the energy of power signals?
We know,
E=P*T P= average power= finite
= finite*∞ T= total time= ∞
=infinite
So, E= ∞
 11

POWER SIGNAL
Determine the power and energy of unit step sequence
Ans: The unit step signal is defined as,
𝟏, 𝒊𝒇 𝒕 ≥ 𝟎
u 𝒕 =ቊ
𝟎, 𝒊𝒇 𝒕 ≤ 𝟎
The power of a signal given as,
𝟏 𝑻
P=𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟐𝑻 ‫׬‬−𝑻 𝒙(𝒕)𝟐 𝒅𝒕
𝑻→∞
𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝑻
P=𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟐𝑻 ‫׬‬−𝑻 𝟎𝒅𝒕+ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝟐𝑻 ‫𝒕𝒅𝟏 𝟎׬‬
𝑻→∞ 𝑻→∞
𝟏
P=𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝑻
𝑻→∞ 𝟐𝑻
𝟏
P=𝟐

The energy of the signal can be defined as,

𝑻
E=𝒍𝒊𝒎 ‫׬‬−𝑻 𝒙(𝒕)𝟐 𝒅𝒕
𝑻→∞
𝟎 𝑻
E= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ‫׬‬−𝑻 𝟎𝒅𝒕+ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ‫𝒕𝒅𝟏 𝟎׬‬
𝑻→∞ 𝑻→∞

E= ∞.
 12

POWER SIGNAL
Properties of Power Signal
1) Periodic Signals are power signals but vice versa is not true
2) For periodic and non periodic signals the average power formula is different but avg
power of two signals are same. |x(t)|
x(t)

|y(t)|
y(t)
 13

DETERMINISTIC SIGNALS

Definition
A signal is said to be deterministic, if there is no
uncertainty with respect to its value at any instant of time.
 14

DETERMINISTIC SIGNALS

Example
Unit step, unit impulse, sinusoidal and square wave
signals.

x(t)=cos(t)
 15

DETERMINISTIC SIGNALS

Characteristic Of deterministic signals

▪ Behavior of these signals are predictable where each
sample value is precisely defined by mathematically
function or algorithm.
▪ They are fully predictable and repeatable.
▪ Deterministic signals have known mathematical
expression a specific pattern
 16

NON-DETERMINISTIC OR
RANDOM SIGNALS

Definition
A non deterministic signal is one where there is
uncertainty by defining values at any instant of time.
 17

NON-DETERMINISTIC OR
RANDOM SIGNALS

Example
White noise, Gaussian noise and random binary
sequence.
 18

NON-DETERMINISTIC OR
RANDOM SIGNALS

Characteristic of non-deterministic signal

▪ These signals exabit randomness or uncertainty in their values.
▪ Each sample is not precisely defined by a mathematical function.
▪ They have no mathematical expression or a specific pattern.
▪ It may follow a probabilistic distribution of influenced by external
factors.
▪ The may arise from natural phenomena or stochastic processes.
 19

COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL
SIGNAL

Definition
A discrete-time complex exponential is a
mathematical representation of a signal that oscillates with
discrete time indices and is characterized by complex
values.
It is defined as[x(n)]=A𝒆(𝒋𝝎)
The term (𝒆(𝒋𝝎) ) represents a complex exponential function
with angular frequency (𝝎) and discrete time index (n).
 20

COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL
SIGNAL
Real and imaginary parts of complex exponential:
The real and imaginary parts of a complex exponential can be
extracted using Euler's formula, which states that any complex number can be
expressed as:
𝑨𝒆𝒋𝝎𝒏 =𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝝎𝒏 + 𝒋(𝒔𝒊𝒏( 𝝎𝒏 )
Real part: Re{x[n]}=Acos(ωn)
Imaginary part: =Im{x[n]}=Asin(ωn)
 21

COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL
SIGNAL

Application of complex exponential signals:

1.Analysis and synthesis of discrete-time signals and systems.
2. Represent sinusoidal signals with both magnitude and phase components.
3. Modulation techniques.
4.Frequency analysis and Fourier transform
5.Filter design and analysis.
 22

QUESTION AND
ANSWERS.
THANK
YOU