Purdue University

ME
ME 587
587
Engineering
Engineering Optics
Optics
Lecture
Lecture 5:
5: Matrix
Matrix Methods
Methods IIII

Prof. Robert P. Lucht

Room 86, Mechanical Engineering Building
School of Mechanical Engineering
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana

[email protected], 765-494-5623 (Phone)

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September 5, 2005
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Matrix
Matrix Methods
Methods
Last lecture: Matrix methods in paraxial optics,
translation, refraction, and reflection matrices, thick
and thin lenses

This lecture
• Matrices for optical systems
• Meaning of the matrix elements for the optical
system matrix
• Focal planes (points), principal planes (points), and
nodal planes (points) for optical systems
• Matrix analysis of optical systems
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System
System Ray-Transfer
Ray-Transfer Matrix
Matrix

 y1   y2 n + 2 
α  α 
 1  2n+2 

Introduction to
Matrix Methods
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Gerrard and J.
M. Burch

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System
System Ray-Transfer
Ray-Transfer Matrix
Matrix
Any paraxial optical system, no matter how complicated, can be
represented by a 2x2 optical matrix. This matrix M is usually denoted

A B
M = 
 C D 
A useful property of this matrix is that

n0
Det M = AD − BC =
nf
where n0 and nf are the refractive indices of the initial and final media of
the optical system. Usually, the medium will be air on both sides of the
optical system and

n0
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Det M = AD − BC = =1
nf
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Summary
Summary of
of Matrix
Matrix Methods
Methods

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Summary
Summary of
of Matrix
Matrix Methods
Methods

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System
System Ray-Transfer
Ray-Transfer Matrix
Matrix
The matrix elements of the system matrix can be analyzed to determine
the cardinal points and planes of an optical system.

 y f   A B   y0 
α  =   α  ⇒
 f  C D  0

y f = Ay0 + Bα 0
α f = Cy0 + Dα 0

Let’s examine the implications when any of the four elements of the
system matrix is equal to zero.
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System
System Ray-Transfer
Ray-Transfer Matrix
Matrix
Let’s see what happens when D = 0.

 y f   A B   y0 
α  =   α  ⇒
 f  C 0  0

y f = Ay0 + Bα 0
α f = Cy0

When D = 0, the input plane for the optical system is the input focal
plane.
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Two-Lens
Two-Lens System
System
Input f1 = +50 mm f2 = +30 mm Output
Plane Plane

F1 F1 F2 F2

r q = 100 mm s

T1 R1 T2 R2 T3
 1 0  1 0
 yf   y0   1 s   1 q   1 r 
α  = M α  M = T3 R2 T2 R1 T1 =   − 1 1  0 1   −
1
1  0 1
 f  0  0 1 
 f 2   f1 
 q qr
 1 0  1 r   1 0  1 − r+q−
 1 s    1 q  Patterned   1 s    f1 f1 
M =  − 1 1 r =
Border Template 1 9  
 0 1  1 0 1   − − + 1 0 1  − 1  1 r 
 f 2   f1 f1   f 2   − f − +1 
f1
 1 
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Two-Lens
Two-Lens System
System
Input f1 = +50 mm f2 = +30 mm Output
Plane Plane

F1 F1 F2 F2

r q = 100 mm s

T1 R1 T2 R2 T3
 q qr 
 1− r+q− 
1 s   f1 f1
M = T3 R2 T2 R1 T1 = =  

 0 1  − 1  1 − q 1 1 qr  r 
  − − r + q −  − + 1
 f 2  f1  f1 f2  f1  f1 
 q+s s  q qr  r + q qr r 
 1 − −  1 −  r + q − − s  − − 1 + 
f f 2  f 1 f  2 f f f f 1 
=
1 1 2 1

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1  q 1 1 qr  r
 − 1 −  − − r + q −  − +1 
 f2  f1  f1 f2  f1  f1 
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Two-Lens
Two-Lens System:
System: Input
Input Focal
Focal Plane
Plane
Input f1 = +50 mm f2 = +30 mm Output
Plane Plane

F1 F1 F2 F2

r q = 100 mm s
T1 R1 T2 R2 T3

1 qr  r − f 2 f1 + q f1
D=− r + q −  − +1 = 0 ⇒ r=
f2  f1  f1 q − f1 − f 2
− ( 30 )( 50 ) + (100 )( 50 )
r= = 175 mm check :
100 − 50 − 30

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System
System Ray-Transfer
Ray-Transfer Matrix
Matrix
Let’s see what happens when A = 0.

 yf  0 B   y0 
α  =  ⇒
 f  C D  α 0 

y f = Bα 0
α f = Cy0 + Dα 0

When A = 0, the output plane for the optical system is the output focal
plane.
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Two-Lens
Two-Lens System:
System: Output
Output Focal
Focal Plane
Plane
Input f1 = +50 mm f2 = +30 mm Output
Plane Plane

F1 F1 F2 F2

r q = 100 mm s
T1 R1 T2 R2 T3

q s  q s
A = 1 − − 1 −  − = 0 ⇒
f1 f 2  f1  f1

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System
System Ray-Transfer
Ray-Transfer Matrix
Matrix
Let’s see what happens when C = 0.

 y f   A B   y0 
α  =   α  ⇒
 f  0 D   0

y f = Ay0 + Bα 0
α f = Dα 0

When C = 0, collimated light at the input plane is collimated light at the

exit plane but the angle with the optical axis is different. This is a
Patterned
telescopic arrangement, with a magnification of D = αf/α14
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Telescopic
Telescopic Two-Lens
Two-Lens System
System
Input f1 = +50 mm f2 = +30 mm Output
Plane Plane

F1 F1 F2 F2

r q = 80 mm s

T1 R1 T2 R2 T3

1 q 1
C=−  1 − − =0 ⇒ q = f1 + f 2
f2  f1  f1
1
D = − r + q −
qr  r 1  ( f1 + f 2 ) r  r
 − + 1 = −  r + f1 + f 2 −  − +1
f2  f1  f1 f2  f1  f1
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f + f2 f
=− 1 +1= − 1
f2 f2
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System
System Ray-Transfer
Ray-Transfer Matrix
Matrix
Let’s see what happens when B = 0.

 y f   A 0   y0 
α  =   α  ⇒
 f  C D   0

y f = Ay0
α f = Cy0 + Dα 0

When B = 0, the input and output planes are object and image planes,
respectively, and the transverse magnification of the system m = A.
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Two-Lens
Two-Lens System:
System: Imaging
Imaging Planes
Planes
Object f1 = +50 mm f2 = +30 mm Image
Plane Plane

F1 F1 F2 F2

r q = 100 mm s
T1 R1 T2 R2 T3

qr
r+q−
qr  r + q qr r  f1
B = r+q− −s − −1 +  = 0 ⇒ s=
f1  f2 f 2 f1 f1  r + q qr r
− −1 +
f2 f 2 f1 f1
f1 f 2 ( r + q ) − f 2 qr r ( f1 f 2 − f 2 q ) + f1 f 2 q
= =
f1 ( r + q ) − q r + f1 f 2 − f 2 r r ( f1 − q + f 2 ) + f1 q − f1 f 2

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q+s s  q
m = A = 1− − 1 − 
f1 f2  f1 

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Cardinal
Cardinal Points
Points (Planes)
(Planes) of
of an
an Optical
Optical System
System

Distances measured to the right of the respective reference plane are

positive, distances measured to the left are negative. As shown:

p<0 q>0
f1 < 0 f2 > 0 Template 18
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r>0 s<0
v>0 w<0
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Cardinal
Cardinal Points
Points (Planes)
(Planes) of
of an
an Optical
Optical System
System

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Thick
Thick Lens
Lens Analysis
Analysis

RP1 RP2 Find for the lens:

(a) Principal Points

(b) Focal Points
n0 = 1.0 nL = 1.8 n0 = 1.0 (c) Focal Length
(d) Nodal Points
V1 V2

R1 = +30 mm R2 = +45 mm

t = 50 mm
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Thick
Thick Lens
Lens Analysis
Analysis
In Lecture 4 we found the matrix for a thick lens with the same refractive
index on either side of the lens

Thick lens matrix, assuming n = n′ :

 t ( n − nL ) tn 
 1 + 
 A B  nL R1 nL 
M =  = =
C D   n − n  t (n − n )  n − n nL − n 
 L 1 + + t + 1
L L

 n R2  nL R1  n R1 nL R2 
 50* ( −0.8 ) 50*1.0 
 1 + 
1.8*30 1.8
= =
 0.8  50* ( −0.8 )  −0.8 0.8*50 
 1 + + + 1
 45  1.8*30  30 1.8* 45 

Check : det M = AD − BC =

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Thick
Thick Lens
Lens Analysis
Analysis
A = 0.2593 B = 27.77 mm C = − 0.02206 mm −1 D = 1.494
1.494
p= = − 67.72 mm
−0.02206
0.2593
q=− = + 11.75 mm
−0.02206
1.494 − 1
r= = − 22.39 mm
−0.02206
1 − 0.2593
s= = − 33.58 mm
−0.02206
1.494 − 1
v= = − 22.39 mm
−0.02206
1 − 0.2593
w= = − 33.58 mm
−0.02206

f1 = p − r = − 45.33 mm
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f 2 = q − s = + 45.33 mm

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Thick
Thick Lens
Lens Analysis
Analysis

PP1 RP1 PP2 RP2

n0 = 1.0
n0 =
1.0
nL = 1.8
F1 V1 V2
H1 H2 F2

R2 = +45
R1 = +30
mm
mm
t = 50 mm
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Thick
Thick Lens
Lens Analysis
Analysis
In general, f1 f n si
+ 2 =1 m=
for any s0 si n′ s0
optical 1 1 1 si
system: for n = n′ : − f1 = f 2 = f − + = m=−
s0 si f s0

PP1 RP1 PP2 RP2

F1
H1 H2 F2

R1 = t = 50 mm R2 =
+30 +45
mm mm
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so = -95 mm si = +86.7 mm

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