Subnetting a, I Cabrillo College Rick Graziani Cabrillo College Note: These example use classless addressing. Instead of a default classful mask, a network mask is given.What is subnetting? ost [ Host | College (ae ae] oo | oO t Subnetting is the process of borrowing bits from the HOST bits, in order to divide the larger network into small subnets. Subnetting does NOT give you more hosts, but actually costs you hosts. You lose two host IP Addresses for each subnet, and perhaps one for the subnet IP address and one for the subnet broadcast IP address. You lose the last subnet and all of it’s hosts’ IP addresses as the broadcast for that subnet is the same as the broadcast for the network. In older networks, you would have lost the first subnet, as the subnet IP address is the same as the network IP address. (This subnet can be used in most networks.) ek Graciads gredieniibeniitiicedyAnalogy Cabrillo College Dividing the berea of apples into small barrels or baskets does not give us any more apples... 100 Apples Fick Graziani graziané@cabvilio.eduAnalogy 10 barrels x 10 apples = 100 apples Cabrillo College bai cd *° 100 Apples (10 * 10) 10 10 eee It is the same as taking a barrel of 100 apples and dividing it into 10 barrels of 10 apples each. Fick Graziani graziané@cabvilio.eduAnalogy 100 — 2 apples = 98 Usable Apples va q Cabrillo College Before subnetting: Se * In any network (or subnet) we can not use all the IP addresses for host 98 Apples addresses. (100 — 2) * We lose two addresses for every network or subnet. 1. Network Address - One address is reserved to that of the network. 2. Broadcast Address — One address is reserved to address all hosts in that network or subnet. ek Graciads gredieniibeniitiicedy10 barrels x 8 apples = = 80 apples mT 80 Apples —_— 8s 10 * (10 - 2) * In subnetting we will see that we continue to lose two apples per subnet, one for the address and one for the bi (less 2) (less 2) e (less 2) 8 (less 2) e (less 2) roadcast. (less 2) (less 2) 2ane ie x 8 apples = 80 apples rom cal — 8 8 & 2) (less 2) (less 2) | ccna — » |» |» | 8 * (10 - 2) (less 2) (less 2) (less 2) (less 2) | ~ . , (less 2) (less 2) ° We “might” also lose the last basket of apples, subnet, as it contains the broadcast address for the entire network. * In older networks, we “might” also lost the first basket, subnet, as it contained the address of the entire network, but this is usually no longer the case. -8-Subnet Example Network address 172.16.0.0 with /16 network mask (am fe] 0 | ff ek Graciads gredieniibeniitiicedySubnet Example Network address 172.16.0.0 with /16 network mask Host | Host (me 0 | Using Subnets: subnet mask 255.255.255.0 or /24 [Network [Network | Subnet | Host Network Mask: —— 255.255.0.0 or /16 erate 00000000 Subnet Mask: 255.285.256.0 or 24 Lilttaita) | dattattt)| 11111111 | 00000000 * Applying a mask which is larger than the default subnet mask, will divide your network into subnets. ° Subnet mask used here is 255.255.255.0 or /24 ek Graciads gredieniibeniitiicedySubnet Example Network address 172.16.0.0 with /16 network mask Using Subnets: subnet mask 255.255.255.0 or /24 0 1 7 S Etc. 254 ek Graciads gredieniibeniitiicedy Host Host Subnets Host | Host | 255 Host Subnets Host 2-1 Cannot use last subnet as it contains broadcast address 10Subnet Example | VT TT I Cabrillo College Network address 172.16.0.0 with /16 network mask Using Subnets: subnet mask 255.255.255.0 or /24 0 0 Subnets 1 al Addresses 2 — | 255 3 Subnets Etc. 2-1 254 Cannot use last subnet as it contains broadcast address o u ek Graciads gredieniibeniitiicedy WSubnet Example Class B address 172.16.0.0 with /16 network mask Using Subnets: subnet mask 255.255.255.0 or /24 0 1 2 3 Etc. 254 255 | 172 | 16 | 255 | ek Graciads gredieniibeniitiicedy | Hoste | Hosts nests Addresses 1 — 254 1 |— | 254 1 = 254 1 — 254 1 nd 254 1 — 254 Host Each subnet has 254 hosts, 28 - 2Subnet Example Nl Cabrillo College Network address 172.16.0.0 with /16 network mask Using Subnets: subnet mask 255.255.255.0 or /24 0 255 Broadcast 1 255 Addresses 2 255 255 3 255 Subnets Etc. 255 28-4 254 255 Cannot use last subnet as it contains broadcast address 43 O55 295 ek Graciads gredieniibeniitiicedySubnet Example SSS MMMM SSC riN'o College Network address 172.16.0.0 with /16 network mask Using Subnets: subnet mask 255.255.255.0 or /24 172.16.0.0/24 172.16.10.0/24 172.16.25.0/24 Network D 172.16.5.0/24 | Network C ek Graciads gredieniibeniitiicedy 14Important things to remember about Subnetting l I TTT Cabrillo College * You can only subnet the host portion, you do not have control of the network portion. * Subnetting does not give you more hosts, it only allows you to divide your larger network into smaller networks. * When subnetting, you will actually lose hosts: — For each subnet you lose the address of that subnet — For each subnet you lose the broadcast address of that subnet — You “may” lose the first and last last subnets (coming) * Analogy: Large barrel of 100 apples. * Why subnet? — Divide larger network into smaller network. — Limit layer 2 and layer 3 broadcasts to their subnet. — Better management of traffic. ek Graciads gredieniibeniitiicedy 1SSubnetting — Example #1 (on the board) vn * Host IP Address: 172.16.18.33 * Network Mask: 255.255.0.0 * Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 Ml Cabrillo College Given the following Host IP Address, Network Mask and Subnet mask find the following information: * Major Network Information — Major Network Address — Major Network Broadcast Address — Range of Hosts if not subnetted * Subnet Information — Subnet Address — Range of Host Addresses (first host and last host) — Broadcast Address * Other Subnet Information — Total number of subnets — Number of hosts per subnet ek Graciads gredieniibeniitiicedySubnetting — Example #2 * Host IP Address: 138.101.114.250 ° Network Mask: 255.255.0.0 * Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.192 Given the following Host IP Address, Network Mask and Subnet mask find the following information: * Major Network Information — Major Network Address — Major Network Broadcast Address — Range of Hosts if not subnetted * Subnet Information — Subnet Address — Range of Host Addresses (first host and last host) — Broadcast Address * Other Subnet Information — Total number of subnets — Number of hosts per subnet ek Graciads gredieniibeniitiicedyMajor Network Information . TUTTI Cabrillo College Host IP Address: 138.101.114.250 Network Mask: 255.255.0.0 Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.192 Major Network Address: 138.101.0.0 Major Network Broadcast Address: 138.101.255.255 Range of Hosts if not Subnetted: 138.101.0.1 to 138.101.255.254 ek Graciads gredieniibeniitiicedy 18Step 1: Convert to Binary SSM SC*C*«abiNlo Goltege 128 64 32 168421 138. 101. 114, 250 IP Address 10001010 01100101 01110010 11111010 Mask W111i W11ddt11 1nd 11000000 255. 255. 255. 192 Step 1: Translate Host IP Address and Subnet Mask into binary notation ek Graciads gredieniibeniitiicedy 19Step 2: Find the Subnet Address 138. 101. 114. 250 IP Address 10001010 01100101 O1LL0010 11111010 Mask Mii Ui Ui 11000000. Network 10001010 01100101 01110010 11000000 138 101 114 192 Step 2: Determine the Network (or Subnet) where this Host address lives: 1. Draw a line under the mask 2. Perform a bit-wise AND operation on the IP Address and the Subnet Mask Note: 1 AND 1 results in a 1, 0 AND anything results in a 0 3. Express the result in Dotted Decimal Notation 4. The result is the Subnet Address of this Subnet or “Wire” which is 138.101.114.192 ek Graciads gredieniibeniitiicedyStep 2: Find the Subnet Address 138, 101. 114. 250 IP Address 10001010 01100101 1110010 L]111010 Mask Hunt Hon Hit 11000000 Network 10001010 01100101 01110010 Step 2: Determine the Network (or Subnet) where this Host address lives: Quick method: 1. Find the last (right-most) 1 bit in the subnet mask. 2. Copy all of the bits in the IP address to the Network Address 3. Add 0’s for the rest of the bits in the Network Address ek Graciads gredieniibeniitiicedyStep 3: Subnet Range / Host Range a NT TANT Cabrillo College S.D. IP Address Mask Network Step 3: GD. 10001010 01100101 01110010 1} 111010 11111111 11111111 1111111 1i|_000000 10001010, 01100101 O1L10010 11} 000000 < subnet -—| < host > counting range counting range Determine which bits in the address contain Network (subnet) information and which contain Host information: * Use the Network Mask: 255.255.0.0 and divide (Great Divide) the from the rest of the address. * Use Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.192 and divide (Small ide) the subnet from the hosts between the last “1” and the first “O” in the subnet mask. init wedieniiteniilincateStep 4: First Host / Last Host IP Address 10001010 Mask ui Network 10001010 First Host 10001010 138 Last Host 10001010 138 Broadcast 10001010, 138 Host Portion * Subnet Address: all 0’s ° First Host: all 0’s anda 1 * Last Host: all 1’s and a0 * Broadcast: all 1's ick Graciads gredieniibesiitiixcedy 01100101 di 01100101 01100101 101 01100101 101 01100101 101 O1110010 wu 01110010 < subnet counting range O1110010 114 01110010 114 01110010 14 Cabrillo C| S.D. lege i | 111010 ul 1 > |e host > counting range 111110 254 Mit 255Step 5: Total Number of Subnets GD. S.D. IP Address. 10001010 01100101 Mask Mu W111 Network 10001010 01100101 c subnet > <— host > counting range counting range * Total number of subnets — Number of subnet bits 10 — 210 = 1,024 — 1,024 total subnets * Subtract one “if” all-zeros subnet cannot be used * Subtract one “if” all-ones subnet cannot be used ek Graciads gredieniibeniitiicedy 24Step 6: Total Number of Hosts per Subnet nH I VT ican Covepe’ IP Address. 10001010 01100101 Mask Mu W111 Network 10001010 01100101 counting range counting range * Total number of hosts per subnet — Number of host bits 6 — 28 = 64 — 64 host per subnets * Subtract one for the subnet address * Subtract one for the broadcast address — 62 hosts per subnet ek Graciads gredieniibeniitiicedyYour Turn! Problem 1 * Host IP Address: 10.10.10.193 * Network Mask: 255.255.0.0 * Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 Problem 2 * Host IP Address: 10.10.10.193 * Network Mask: 255.255.255.0 * Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.240 Problem 3 * Host IP Address: 10.10.10.193 * Network Mask: 255.255.255.0 ° Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.252 ek Graciads gredieniibeniitiicedy Cabrillo CollegeSubnetting a, Cabrillo College Rick Graziani Cabrillo College