Title: Complex Numbers

Chapter: Complex Numbers

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Worksheet Compiled By: Prashant Jain (PJ Sir)

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Cube Root of Unity :

1  i 3 1  i 3
(i) The cube roots of unity are 1, , .
2 2
(ii) If  is one of the imaginary cube roots of unity then 1 +  + ² = 0. In general 1 + r + 2r = 0;
where r   but is not the multiple of 3.
(iii) In polar form the cube roots of unity are :
2 2 4 4
cos 0 + i sin 0; cos + i sin, cos + i sin
3 3 3 3
(iv) The three cube roots of unity when plotted on the argand plane constitute the vertices of an
equilateral triangle.
(v) The following factorisation should be remembered :
(a, b, c  R &  is the cube root of unity)
a3  b3 = (a  b) (a  b) (a  ²b) ; x2 + x + 1 = (x  ) (x  2) ;
a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a + b) (a + 2b) ; a2 + ab + b2 = (a – b) (a – b2)
a3 + b3 + c3  3abc = (a + b + c) (a + b + ²c) (a + ²b + c)

Example # 1: Find the value of 200 + 198 + 193.

Solution: 200 + 198 + 193
2 + 1 +  = 0.

1 1 1
Example # 2: If W is an imaginary cube root of unity then find the value of + –
1  2w 2  w 1  w
1 1 1 1 1 1
Solution: + – = + –
1  w  w 1  (1  w) 1 w –w 2  w 1– w 2 –w 2
1 1 1 w(1  w)  w 2  1– w 2 1 w  w2
=   = = =0
w(1– w) (1– w 2 ) w 2 w 2 (1– w 2 ) w 2 (1– w 2 )
Ans. 0
Self Practice Problem
100
(1) Find  (1  
r 0
r
 2r )

(2) It is given that n is an odd integer greater than three, but n is not a multiple of 3. Prove that
x3 + x2 + x is a factor of (x + 1)n – xn – 1

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 (3) If x = a + b, y = a + b , z = a + b where ,  are imaginary cube roots of unity show that
xyz = a3 + b3
5 2
 n 1 
(4) If x2 – x + 1 = 0, then find the value of n 1
x  n 
 x 
Answers : (20) 102 (23) 8

nth Roots of Unity :

If 1, 1, 2, 3..... n  1 are the n, nth root of unity then :

(i) They are in G.P. with common ratio ei(2/n)

(ii) 1p +  p +  p +.... + p = 0 if p is not an integral multiple of n
1 2 n 1
= n if p is an integral multiple of n

(iii) (1  1) (1  2)...... (1  n  1) = n &

(1 + 1) (1 + 2)....... (1 + n  1) = 0 if n is even and 1 if n is odd.

(iv) 1. 1. 2. 3......... n  1 = 1 or 1 according as n is odd or even.

Example # 3: Find the roots of the equation z5 = – 32i, whose real part is negative.
Solution: z5 = – 32i

i(4n 1)
z5 = 25 e 2 , n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.

i(4n 1)
z= 2e 10

 3 7 11 15  7 11
i i i i i i i
z = 2e 10
, 2e 10 , 2e 10 , 2e 10 , 2e 10 roots with negative real part are 2e 10 , 2e 10 .

6
 2k 2k 
Example # 4: Find the value   sin
k 1
7
 cos
7 
6 6 6 6
 2k   2k  2k 2k
Solution:   sin
k 1
–
7  k 1 
cos 
7 
=  sin
k 0
7
–  cos
k 0
7
+1

6
= 
k 0
(Sum of imaginary part of seven seventh roots of unity)

6
– 
k 0
(Sum of real part of seven seventh roots of unity) + 1 = 0 – 0 + 1 = 1

Self Practice Problems

4
1
(5) If 1, 1, 2 , 3 , 4 are the fifth roots of unity then find 2–
i 1 i

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 (6) If , ,  are the roots of x3 – 3x2 + 3x + 7 = 0 and  is a complex cube root of unity then prove
 –1  –1  –1
that    32
–1  –1  –1

(7) Find all values of ( 256)1/4. Interpret the result geometrically.

49
Answers : (24)
31
  2r  1   2r  1  
(26) 4 cos 
4    isin  4    , r = 0, 1, 2, 3; vertices of a square in a
     
circle of radius 4 & centre (0, 0)

The Sum Of The Following Series Should Be Remembered :

sin  n / 2   n  1
(i) cos  + cos 2  + cos 3  +..... + cos n  = cos   
sin   / 2   2 
sin  n / 2   n  1
(ii) sin  + sin 2  + sin 3  +..... + sin n  = sin   
sin   / 2   2 

Note : If  = (2/n) then the sum of the above series vanishes.

Geometrical Properties :

Section formula

If z1 and z2 are affixes of the two points P and Q respectively and point C divides the line segment joining
P and Q internally in the ratio m : n then affix z of C is given by
mz2  nz1
z= where m, n > 0
mn
mz2  nz1
If C divides PQ in the ratio m : n externally then z =
mn

Note : If a, b, c are three real numbers such that az1 + bz2 + cz3 = 0 ; where a + b + c = 0 and a,b,c are not all
simultaneously zero, then the complex numbers z1, z2 & z3 are collinear.

(1) If the vertices A, B, C of a  are represented by complex numbers z1, z2, z3 respectively and a, b, c are
the length of sides then,
z1  z2  z3
(i) Centroid of the  ABC = :
3
(ii) Orthocentre of the  ABC =
 a sec A  z1   b sec B  z 2   c sec C  z 3 z1 tan A  z2 tanB  z3 tan C
or
a sec A  b sec B  c sec C tan A  tan B  tanC
(iii) Incentre of the  ABC = (az1 + bz2 + cz3)  (a + b + c).
(iv) Circumcentre of the  ABC = :
(Z1 sin 2A + Z2 sin 2B + Z3 sin 2C)  (sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C).

(2) amp(z) =  is a ray emanating from the origin inclined at an angle  to the positive x axis.

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(3) z  a = z  b is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining a to b.

(4) The equation of a line joining z1 & z2 is given by, z = z1 + t (z1  z2) where t is a real parameter.

(5) z = z1 (1 + it) where t is a real parameter is a line through the point z1 & perpendicular to the line joining
z1 to the origin.

z z 1
(6) The equation of a line passing through z1 & z2 can be expressed in the determinant form as z1 z1 1
z2 z2 1
= 0. This is also the condition for three complex numbers z, z1, z2 to be collinear. The above equation on
manipulating, takes the form  z   z  r = 0 where r is real and  is a non zero complex constant.

z  z2 
(7) The equation of the circle described on the line segment joining z1 & z2 as diameter is arg =±
z  z1 2
or (z  z1) ( z  z 2) + (z  z2) ( z  z 1) = 0.

z3  z1 z 4  z 2
(8) Condition for four given points z1, z2, z3 & z4 to be concyclic is the number . should be
z3  z2 z 4  z1
real. Hence the equation of a circle through 3 non collinear points z1, z2 & z3 can be taken as
 z  z2   z3  z1  is real   z  z2   z3  z1  =
 z  z2   z3  z1  .
 z  z1   z3  z2   z  z1   z3  z2   z  z1   z3  z2 

 z  z1 
(9) Arg   = represent (i) a line segment if  = 
 z  z2 
(ii) Pair of ray if  = 0 (iii) a part of circle, if 0 <  < 

(10) If |z – z1| + |z – z2| = K > |z1 – z2| then locus of z is an ellipse whose focii are z1 & z2

z  z1
(11) If =k where k  (0, 1)  (1, ), then locus of z is circle.
z  z2

(12) If z – z1  – z – z2 = K < z1 – z2 then locus of z is a hyperbola, whose focii are z1 & z2.

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Match the following columns :

Column -  Column - 
(i) If | z – 3+2i | – | z + i | = 0, (i) circle
then locus of z represents ..........
 z  1 
(ii) If arg  = , (ii) Straight line
 z  1 4
then locus of z represents...

(iii) if | z – 8 – 2i | + | z – 5 – 6i | = 5 (iii) Ellipse

then locus of z represents .......
 z  3  4i  5
(iv) If arg  = , (iv) Hyperbola
 z  2  5i  6
then locus of z represents .......

(v) If | z – 1 | + | z + i | = 10 (v) Major Arc

then locus of z represents ........

(vi) |z–3+i|–|z+2–i|=1 (vi) Minor arc

then locus of z represents .....

(vii) | z – 3i | = 25 (vii) Perpendicular bisector of a line segment

 z  3  5i 
(viii) arg  = (viii) Line segment
 zi 
Ans.  (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii)
 (ii),(vii)(v) (viii) (vi) (iii) (iv) (i) (viii)

Example # 5: If z1, z2 & z3 are the affixes of three points A, B & C respectively and satisfy the condition

|z1 – z2| = |z1| + |z2| and |(2 - i) z1 + iz3 | = |z1| + |(1 – i) z1 + iz3| then prove that  ABC in a

right angled.
Solution: |z1 – z2| = |z1| + |z2| 

   z1, z2 and origin will be collinear and z1, z2 will be opposite side of origin

Similarly |(2 - i) z1 + iz3 | = |z1| + |(1 – i) z1 + iz3|

 z1 and (1 – i) z1 + iz3 = z4 say, are collinear with origin and lies on same

side of origin. Let z4 = z1 ,  real

then (1 – i) z1 + iz3 = z1

(z3  z1 ) z z
 i (z3 – z1) = ( – 1) z1  = ( – 1) I  3 1 =mei/2 , m =  – 1
z1 0  z1

 z3 – z1 is perpendicular to the vector 0 – z1 .

i.e. also z2 is on line joining origin and z1

so we can say the triangle formed by z1 , z2 and z3 is right angled.

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 Exercise I

1. If  ( 1) be a cube root of unity and (1 +4)n = (1 + 2)n then find the least positive integral value of
n

2. When the polynomial 5x3 + Mx + N is divided by x2 + x + 1, the remainder is 0. Then find M + N.

3. Show that (1 –  + 2) (1 – 2 + 4) (1 – 4 + 8) .......... to 2n factors = 22n

4. Let  is non-real root of x3 = 1

(i) If P = n , (n  N) and
Q = (2nC0 + 2nC3 + .........) + (2nC1 + 2nC4 + .........) + (2nC2 + 2nC5 + .........)2
P
then find .
Q
 2 3 1  2
(ii) If P = 1 –   ...... upto  terms and Q = then find value of PQ.
2 4 8 2

5. If x = 1 + i 3 ; y = 1 – i 3 and z = 2, then prove that xp + yp = zp for every prime p > 3.

6. Solve (z – 1)4 – 16 = 0. Find sum of roots. Locate roots, sum of roots and centroid of polygon formed by
roots in complex plane.

7. Find the value(s) of the following

3 3/4
1 3  1 3 
(i)    (ii)   
2 2  2 2 
 
Hence find continued product if two or more distinct values exists.

8. If 1, 1, 2, 3, 4 be the roots of x5  1 = 0, then find the value

  1   2   3   4
of . . . (where  is imaginary cube root of unity.)
  1    2   3 2   4
2 2 2

2 2
9. a = cos + i sin then find the quadratic equation whose roots are  = a + a2 + a4 and  = a3 + a5
7 7
+ a6

10. Let z1 and z2 be two non real complex cube roots of unity and |z –z1|2 + |z – z2|2 = be the equation of
a circle with z1, z2 as ends of a diameter then the value of  is
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 2

11. If x = a + b + c, y = a + b + c and z = a + b + c, where  and  are imaginary cube roots of unity,

then xyz =
(A) 2(a3 + b3 + c3) (B) 2(a3 – b3 – c3) (C) a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc (D) a3 – b3 – c3

1 n 2n
12. If 1, , 2 are the cube roots of unity, then  = n 2n 1 is equal to-
2n n
 1 

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C)  (D) 2

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13. If x2 + x + 1 = 0, then the numerical value of
2 2 2 2 2
 1  2 1   3 1   4 1   27 1 
 x  x    x  2    x  3    x  4   ......   x  27  is equal to
   x   x   x   x 
(A) 54 (B) 36 (C) 27 (D) 18

x3 x6 x 4 x7 x2 x 5 x8
14. If a = 1 +   ...... , b=x+   ...... , c =    ......
3! 6! 4! 7! 2! 5! 8!
then find a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc.
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

15. If equation (z – 1)n = zn = 1(n  N) has solutions, then n can be :

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 6 (D) 9
2
2
  1|
16. If  is non real and  = 5 1 then the value of 2|1       is equal to
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 8

17. If  = ei8/11 then Real ( + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5) equals to :

1
(A) (B) 1 (C) – (D) –1
2

18. Match the column

Column –  Column – 
1  3i
2
1  i
5

(A) Z= . (p) 
2i   3  i 

6  6  7
(B) Z = sin +i  1  cos 5  is (q) 
5   18
 11   11  9
(C) Z = 1 + cos   + i sin  9  (r)
 9    10
(D) Z = sinx sin(x – 60) sin(x + 60)
  5
where x  0,  and x R (s) –
 3 12
(t) 0

19. Column I Column II
(one of the values of z)
 
(A) z4 – 1 = 0 p. z = cos + i sin
8 8
 
(B) z4 + 1 = 0 q. z = cos – i sin
8 8
 
(C) iz4 + 1 = 0 r. z = cos + i sin
4 4
(D) iz4 – 1 = 0 s. z = cos 0 + i sin 0

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20. Which of the condition/ conditions in column II are satisfied by the quadrilateral formed by z1, z2, z3,
z4 in order given in column I ?
Column - I Column-II
(A) Parallelogram (p) z1 – z4 = z2 – z3
(B) Rectangle (q) |z1 – z3| = |z2 – z4|
z1  z2
(C) Rhombus (r) is real
z3  z 4
z1  z3
(D) Square (s) is purely imaginary
z2  z 4
z1  z2
(t) is purely imaginary
z3  z2

21. Let z1 lies on | z | = 1 and z2 lies on | z | = 2.

Column –  Column – 
(A) Maximum value of | z1 + z2 | (p) 3
(B) Minimum value of | z1 – z2 | (q) 1
(C) Minimum value of | 2z1 + 3z2 | (r) 4
(D) Maximum value of | z1 – 2z2| (s) 5

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 Answer Key
1. 3 -52. 3. 4n 4. (i) 1 (ii) 1
6. z = – 1, 3, 1 – 2 i, 1 + 2 i
1 + 2i

–1 1 3 4

1 – 2i

Sum = 4
centroid = 1

(6n1) i
7. (i) – 1 (ii) e , n = 0, 1, 2, 3. Continued product = 1
4

8.  9. 2
x +x+2=0
10. B 11. C 12. A 13. A 14. A
15. C 16. A 17. C
18. (A)  (s), (B)  (r), (C)  (q), (D)  (p)
19. A  s; B  r; C  p; D  q.
20. A  p, r; B  p,q,r, t; C  p,r,s; D  p,q,r,s, t.
21. (A)  (p), (B)  (q), (C)  (r), (D)  (s)

Solution
1. (1 + 2)n = (1 + 4)n  (–)n = (–2)n which is true for n = 3 for least positive integer

2. let x2 + x + 1 = (x – )(x – 2)

Now 5 + M + N = 0 & 5 + M2 + N = 0  M = 0, N = –5 M + N = – 5

3. (1 –  + 2) (1 + 4 – 2) = ( – 2) ( – 22) = 4

similarly total we have and terms and each equal to 4

4. (i) Q = (2nC0 + 2nC1 + 2nC22 + 2nC3 + 2nC4 + 2nC52 + .........) = (1 + )2n = (–2)2n
P
4n = (3n)n = n = P  =1
Q
1 1 1
  2  1  2 
  Q  PQ = 1
1
(ii) P = 1    
 2  
 2   2 

p p
x y
5.  z  z 1
   
(– w2)p + (– w)p = 1
0 = 1 + wp + w2p
p is prime so not a multiple of 3.

1
z –1 z –1
6. = (1) 4   = 1, – 1, i, – i  z = 3, – 1, 1 + 2i, 1 – 2i
2 2
3 – 1  1  2i  1– 2i
sum of roots = 4 ; centroid = =1
4

3
 1 3 i i / 3 3 i
7. (i)   = (e )  e  –1
 2 
(ii) z4 = – 1
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 z4 + 1 = 0
Product of root = 1

8. (z – 1) (z – 1) .........(z – 4) = z5 – 1

Put z = , z = 2 and divide
( – 1)( – 1 ) ( –  2 ) (  – 3 ) ( –  4 ) 5 – 1
=
(2 – 1) (2 – 1 ) (2 –  2 ) ( 2 – 3 )(2 –  4 ) 10 – 1
( – 1 ) (  –  2 ) ( –  3 ) ( –  4 ) ( 2 – 1)2
 = = ( + 1)2 = 4 = 
(2 – 1 ) (2 –  2 ) (2 – 3 ) ( 2 –  4 ) ( – 1)2

9. Sum of root = a + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + a6 = –1
product of root = 3a7 + (a + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + a6) = 3 – 1 = 2  quadratic equation is x2 + x + 2 = 0

10.  Circle
z

2
z1 or z2 or

2
so by Pythagoras theorem  = | – 2|2 = ( – 2) (  2 ) = 3 =3

11. x=a+b+c
y = w(a + bw + cw2)
z = w2(a + bw2 + cw).
xyz = (a + b + c) (a + bw + cw2) (a + bw2 + cw)
= a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc

1 n 2n
12. Given,  = n 2n 1 = 1(3n – 1) – n(2n – 2n) + 2n(n – 4n)
2n n
 1 

= 1(1 – 1) – 0 + 2n(n – n) = 0

13. roots are  and 2

2 2 2 2
 1  2 1   3 1   27 1 
         2      3  .....    17 
          
there are 9 term which have p. so sum 9 × 4 = 36 there are 18 term which not have 3p
so sum is = 18. Total sum = 18 + 36 = 54

14. a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c)(a + b + c2)(a + b2 + c)

(x)2 ( x)3
where a + b + c = ex and a + b + c2 = 1 + x +   .....  ex
2! 3!
2
and a +b2 + c = e x
2
so, a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = e x(1  ) = e0 = 1

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 1 3  1 3
15. common point of |z – 1| = |z| , |z| = 1 & |z – 1| = 1 is  ,  and  ,  
2 2   2 2 
 If root exist then these must be – or –2  (–1 –)n = 1 & (–)n = 1
 n is multiple of 6

16.  = 11/5
consider x5 – 1 = 0
1 1

3 4 2

2  
1     – 3

5 5 2 3 4
so 2 = 2|1     – | 4

4
– 4 | 4
= 2| –  = 4| | = 4

17. Real ( + 2 + ......... + 10) = 0  1 + Real ( + 2 + 5) + Real(6 + 7 + ...... +

10
 )=0
1
 2 Real ( + 2 + ........ 5) = –1 Real ( + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5) = 
2

5 2
 2 5   1  i  22  1  3 i 
 
 
2
  
 
5
1  i 1  3i   2 2  2 2 
18. (A) Z = 
2i  3  i   3 i
2i2 
 2

 
 2 
5 2   19
 Argument =    
4 3 2 6 12
Therefore, the principal argument is –5/12
6  6 
(B) sin
5
+i  1  cos 5 
 
6
1  cos
lies in 2nd quadrant and 5 = cot  3   cot       tan 
6  5   2 10  10
sin    
5

2nd quadrant  –
10



19. A. z4 – 1 = 0  z4 = 1 = cos 0 + i sin 0  z = (cos 0 + i sin 0)1/4 = cos 0 + i sin 0
 
B. z4 + 1 = 0  z4 = –1 = cos  + i sin   z = (cos  + i sin )1/4 = cos + i sin
4 4
1/ 4
      
C. iz4 + 1 = 0  z4 = i = cos + i sin  z =  cos  isin  = cos + i sin
4 4  2 2  8 8
1/ 4
      
D. iz4 – 1 = 0  z4 = –i = cos – i sin  z =  cos  isin  = cos – i sin
2 2  2 2 8 8

20.
D(z4) C(z3)

z1  z3 z2  z 4
A(z1) B(z2) in parallelogram, the mid-points of diagonals coincide 
2 2
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  z1 – z4 = z2 – z3
also in parallelogram, AB||CD.
 z1  z 2  z1  z2
Hence arg  = 0  is purely real
 z3  z 4  z3  z 4
in rectangle, adjacent sided are perpendicular.
 z1  z2   z1  z2
Hence arg  =  is purely imaginary
 z3  z 2  2 z3  z2
also is rectangle, AC = BD  |z1 – z2| = |z2 – z4|
z1  z3
in rhombus, AC  BD  is purely imaginary.
z2  z 4

21.

(A) |z1 + z2| |z1| + |z2| 2 + 1 3

(A)  P
(B) |z1 – z2|  minimum distance b/w z1 & z2 = 1
Bq
(C) |2z1 + 3z2| minimum is = 6 – 2 = 4
(C)  r
(D) |z1 – 2z2|  |z1| + |– 2z2|
1+45
(D)  s

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