Module 6 Kinetics of A Particle Force and Acceleration
Module 6 Kinetics of A Particle Force and Acceleration
Module 6 Kinetics of A Particle Force and Acceleration
1. State Newton’s Laws of Motion and Gravitational attraction and to define mass
and weight.
2. Analyze the accelerated motion of a particle using the equation of motion with
different coordinate systems.
Lecture:
Kinetics is a branch of dynamics that deals with the relationship between the change in motion
of a body and the forces that cause this change.
The basis for kinetics is Newton’s second law, which states that when an unbalanced force acts
on a particle, the particle will accelerate in the direction of the force with a magnitude that is
proportional to the force.
This law can be verified experimentally by applying a known unbalanced force F to a particle,
and then measuring the acceleration a. Since the force and acceleration are directly
proportional, the constant of proportionality, m, may be determined from the ratio m = F/a. This
positive scalar m is called the mass of the particle. Being constant during any acceleration, m
provides a quantitative measure of the resistance of the particle to a change in its velocity, that
is its inertia.
If the mass of the particle is m, Newton’s second law of motion may be written in mathematical
form as
F = ma
The above equation, which is referred to as the equation of motion, is one of the most important
formulations in mechanics.
Shortly after formulating his three laws of motion, Newton postulated a law governing the mutual
attraction between any two particles. In mathematical form this law can be expressed as
Where:
F = force of attraction between the two particles
G = universal constant of gravitation; according to experimental evidence G =
66.73(10-12) m3/(kg.s2)
m1, m2 = mass of each of the two particles
r = distance between the centers of the two particles
In the case of a particle located at or near the surface of the earth, the only gravitational force
having any sizable magnitude is that between the earth and the particle. This force is termed the
“weight” and, for our purpose, it will be the only gravitational force considered.
From the previous equation, we can develop a general expression for finding the weight W of a
particle having a mass m1 = m. Let m2 = Me be the mass of the earth and r the distance
between the earth’s center and the particle. Then, if g = GMe/r2, we have:
W = mg
By comparison with F = ma, we term g the acceleration due to gravity. For most engineering
calculations g is measured at a point on the surface of the earth at sea level, and at a latitude of
45°, which is considered the “standard location.” Here the values g = 9.81 m/s 2 = 32.2 ft/s2 will
be used for calculations.
In the SI system the mass of the body is specified in kilograms, and the weight must be
calculated using the above equation, Fig. 13–1a. Thus,
In the FPS system the weight of the body is specified in pounds. The mass is measured in
slugs.
When more than one force acts on a particle, the resultant force is determined by a vector
summation of all the forces; i.e., F R = ΣF. For this more general case, the equation of motion
may be written as:
D’Alembert Priciple
The equation of motion can be written in the form ΣF – ma = 0. The vector –ma is referred to as
the inertia force or aka as the Reversed Effective Force (REF) under this state the equation will
be in equilibrium and will be referred to a problem under dynamic equilibrium.
D’Alembert Principle states that the resultant of the external force applied to a body composed
of a system of particles is equivalent to the vector summation of the effective force on each
particle of the body.
When applying the equation of motion, it is important that the acceleration of the particle be
measured with respect to a reference frame that is either fixed or translates with a constant
velocity. In this way, the observer will not accelerate and measurements of the particle’s
acceleration will be the same from any reference of this type. Such a frame of reference is
commonly known as a Newtonian or inertial reference frame,
Consider the passenger who is strapped to the seat of a rocket sled. Provided the sled is at rest
or is moving with constant velocity, then no force is exerted on his back as shown on his free
body diagram.
When the thrust of the rocket engine causes the sled to accelerate, then the seat upon which he
is sitting exerts a force F on him which pushes him forward with the sled. In the photo, notice
that the inertia of his head resists this change in motion (acceleration), and so his head moves
back against the seat and his face, which is non-rigid, tends to distort backward.
Upon deceleration the force of the seatbelt F’ tends to pull his body to a stop, but his head
leaves contact with the back of the seat and his face distorts forward, again due to his inertia or
tendency to continue to move forward. No force is pulling him forward, although this is the
sensation he receives.
• When more than one force acts on a particle, the resultant force is determined by a vector
summation of all the forces i.e., R = F = ma. For this more general case, the equation of motion
may be written as, considering that x axis is the line of motion.
Wa
ΣFx = ma = ΣFy = 0 ΣFz = 0
g
A general plan for the solution of the problems consists of the following steps:
1. Draw the FBD for each body involved in the problem. Indicate thereon all forces, both known
and unknown, representing the latter by an appropriate symbol. If the direction of any unknown
(except friction) is incorrectly assumed, the solution will yield its correct magnitude but with
negative sign. Friction forces must always be directed to oppose the motion.
2. Determine the direction of motion if not evident or specified and indicate it by a dashed arrow
near each FBD.
3. Determine the kinematic relations between the bodies involved in the problem.
5. Solve for the unknown, using such additional equations of kinematics as may be required to
determine the relations between s, v and t.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
The 50-kg crate shown in Fig. 13–6a rests on a horizontal surface for which the coefficient of
kinetic friction is 0.3. If the crate is subjected to a 400-N towing force as shown, determine the
velocity of the crate in 3 s starting from rest.
The above method of relating the dependent motion of one particle to that of another can be
performed using algebraic scalars or position coordinates provided each particle moves along a
rectilinear path. When this is the case, only the magnitudes of the velocity and acceleration of
the particles will change, not their line of direction.
Position-Coordinate Equation
Establish each position coordinate with an origin located at a fixed point or datum.
It is not necessary that the origin be the same for each of the coordinates; however, it is
important that each coordinate axis selected be directed along the path of motion of the particle.
Using geometry or trigonometry, relate the position coordinates to the total length of the cord,
lT, or to that portion of cord, l, which excludes the segments that do not change length as the
particles move—such as arc segments wrapped over pulleys.
If a problem involves a system of two or more cords wrapped around pulleys, then the
position of a point on one cord must be related to the position of a point on another cord using
Time Derivatives
Two successive time derivatives of the position-coordinate equations yield the required
velocity and acceleration equations which relate the motions of the particles.
The signs of the terms in these equations will be consistent with those that specify the
positive and negative sense of the position coordinates.
6. If the pulley shown are weightless and frictionless, determine the following:
a.) Find the acceleration for each block.
b.) Find the tension of the cable supporting block B.
PROBLEM 1: An elevator weighing 3220 lbs from rest and acquires an upward velocity of 600
ft/min in a distance of 20ft. If the acceleration is constant, what is tension in the elevator cable?
(T = 3470 lb)
PROBLEM 3: If the coefficients of kinetic friction and static friction between block A and block B
are essentially the same value of 0.50, determine the acceleration of each block if (a) P=60N
and (b) P=40N.
PROBLEM 5: If the supplied force F = 150 N, determine the velocity of the 50-kg block A when
it has risen 3 m, starting from rest.