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Communication Protocols

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Milky Venky
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18 views7 pages

Communication Protocols

Uploaded by

Milky Venky
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as ODT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Communication Protocols:

A communication protocol is a set of rules, conventions, and standards that govern how data is
exchanged and transmitted between devices in a network or communication system.
Types of Communication :
One way to categorize communication is that there are two types of communication-Parallel and
Serial communication. In parallel communication, information is sent by conveying multiple bits of
data simultaneously while in serial communication, information is sent– “bit-by-bit”. So, naturally,
parallel communication is way faster than the serial communication. Also, it is easier to program.
But,it requires more transmission channel than serial communication which increases the cost of
transmission. Another thing is- it’s going to consume a lot of bandwidth to transmit the data.

Terminologies in Serial Communication:


• Simplex Communication :The information can only be transmitted via the transmitter to
the receiver and not the other way. That is information is flowing one way only. Example:
Keyboard and traditional monitors. The keyboard can only introduce input, the monitor can
only give the output.

• Half Duplex: It means that information is conveyed in one direction at a time. i.e. either
from master to slave or from slave to master but not both.Example: Walkie-talkie in which
message is sent one at a time and messages are sent in both directions.
• Full Duplex: Information is two way. The information can be transferred from transmitter to
receiver and from receiver to transmission at the same time.
Example: Telephone Network in which there is communication between two persons by a
telephone line, through which both can talk and listen at the same time.

• Bit rate :
Bit rate is the number of binary bits (1s or 0s) transmitted per second.
Bit rate = number of bits transmitted/ total time (in seconds)
• Baud rate : Baud rate is the rate at which the number of signal elements or changes to the
signal occurs per second when it passes through a transmission medium. The higher a baud
rate is the faster the data is sent/received.
Baud rate = number of signal elements/total time (in seconds)
• Number of signal elements (marked in red color) = 3, Number of bits transmitted (1, 0, 1) =
3. So, Here Bit rate = 3/1 = 3 bits per second. And, Baud rate = 3/1 = 3 baud per second.
• Number of signal elements (marked in red color) = 6, Number of bits transmitted (1, 1, 0) =
3. So, Here Bit rate = 3/1 = 3 bits per second. and, Baud rate = 6/1 = 6 baud per second.

Signal element:A signal element is the smallest unit of a digital signal. A signal is one of several
voltages, phase changes, or frequencies. For Digital signals 1 signal element is a signal with
constant amplitude. For Analog signals, 1 signal element is a signal with the same amplitude, phase,
and frequency.

Difference between Serial Port and Parallel Ports:


1. Serial Port: A serial port is an interface that is used for connecting the serial lines to attain the
serial communication. These ports can dock a 9-pin D-shaped connector that connects to the
transmission line, is called DB-9 connectors. Serial communication gained by single wire and only
the single stream of data is transferred from one end to other. Therefore, like parallel transmission,
in serial transmission data speed mismatch is not a problem. The length of the wire can be increased
as needed. The transmission speed of serial port is comparatively low as compared to parallel port
transmission speed. Serial ports are typically implemented in the modems, connecting devices,
controllers, mouse and also in security cameras. DB-9 pin connector diagram is given below.
2. Parallel Port: Unlike serial port, a parallel port can move a set of 8 bits at a time on eight
different wires. That’s why it is faster in comparison to the serial communication. Unlike serial port,
It uses a 25 pin connector that is called DB-25 connector. To eliminate crosstalk and errors, all
bitstreams need to transfer data at the same speed in parallel communication. But, that is
impractical. Therefore, for this reason, transmission lines are preferred to be short in parallel
communication. Parallel ports are typically implemented in zip-drives, printers, hard drives, CD-
ROM drives, etc. DB-25 pin connector diagram is given below.

• Synchronous Transmission:
• In Synchronous Transmission, data is sent in form of blocks or frames. This transmission is
the full-duplex type. Between sender and receiver, synchronization is compulsory. In
Synchronous transmission, There is no gap present between data. It is more efficient and
more reliable than asynchronous transmission to transfer a large amount of data.
• Example:
• Chat Rooms
• Telephonic Conversations
• Video Conferencing

•Asynchronous Transmission:
In Asynchronous Transmission, data is sent in form of byte or character. This transmission is the
half-duplex type transmission. In this transmission start bits and stop bits are added with data. It
does not require synchronization.
•Example:
•Email
•Forums
•Letters

•NRZ_Format:In NRZ encoding, the voltage level remains constant during a bit period,either
at a high or low level, to represent the binary values 1 and 0. There is no return to zero voltage
between bits, hence the name "Non-Return-to-Zero."
Here's a simple example of NRZ encoding using a microcontroller:
Suppose we want to transmit the binary sequence "10110" using NRZ encoding.
• Binary Data: 10110
• NRZ Encoding: The high and low voltage levels represent 1 and 0, respectively.

Binary: 1 0 1 1 0
Voltage: H L H H L

NRZ (Non-Return-to-Zero) is a binary data encoding scheme used in digital communication to


represent binary data using two discrete voltage levels, typically high and low. In NRZ
encoding, the voltage level remains constant during a bit period, either at a high or low level, to
represent the binary values 1 and 0. There is no return to zero voltage between bits, hence the
name "Non-Return-to-Zero."
Here's a simple example of NRZ encoding using a microcontroller:
Suppose we want to transmit the binary sequence "10110" using NRZ encoding.

• Binary Data: 10110


• NRZ Encoding: The high and low voltage levels represent 1 and 0, respectively.

Binary: 1 0 1 1 0
Voltage: H L H H L

In the NRZ encoding example above, "H" represents a high voltage level, and "L" represents a low
voltage level. The voltage level remains constant for each bit period, and there is no return to zero
voltage in between. This is how NRZ encoding works to transmit binary data.

•Communications peripherals in TMS320F2837xS Microcontrollers :

NAME NO’S TYPE MODE


Controller Area Network 2 Serial Synchronous
(CAN)
High-speed (up to 50- 3 Serial Synchronous
MHz) SPI
Multichannel Buffered 2 Serial Synchronous /
Serial Ports (McBSPs) Asynchronous
Serial Communications 4 Serial Asynchronous
Interfaces (SCI/ UART)
I2C 2 Serial Synchronous
Serial Communication Interface:
•

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