Applied Mathematics-I

Unit-5

Ordinary Differential Equation

Department of Applied Mathematics

Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg (C.G.)
B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5
1
 SYLLABUS
UNIT – V: Ordinary Differential Equation CO5
Exact differential equations; Reducible to exact form; Nonlinear first order differential
equation (solvable for p, x and y); Linear differential equation of higher order with constant
coefficients; Method of variation of parameters; Cauchy’s and Legendre’s differential
equations. [10 Hrs.]

Course Outcome:
CO5: Solve Linear as well as Nonlinear Differential Equations of first order. Also, to solve
Differential Equation of Higher Order.

3
Q. 1. Solve the following differential equations ( xy 2  e1/ x )dx  x2 y dy  0.

3
Ans. ( xy 2  e1/ x )dx  x2 ydy  0
3
Here, M  xy 2  e1/ x

M N
 2 xy,  2 xy
y x

M N
 , Therefore the given differential equation is not exact.
y x

To make it an exact differential equation, we will introduce an integrating factor such that

M N

y x 2 xy  (2 xy ) 4
 
N x y2
x

= which is only function of x

4
   x dx
I .F .  e

 e4log x  x 4
4
Multiplying throughout the given differential equation by x , we get

 y 2 1 1/ x3  y
 3  4 e  dx  2 dy  0 …(1)
x x  x

For the differential equation (1), we have

y 2 1 1/ x3 y
M  e and N 
x3 x 4 x2

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5

2
 M N 1
Now,  
y x x 3

Hence the differential equation is an exact differential equation.

Then its solution is

 y contant
M dx  
x not containing
N dy  C

 y 2 1 x3 
y constant  x3  x4 e  dx  C
3
 y2 ex
2x2  x4
  dx  C

Let x3  t

3x4 dx  dt

dt
 x 4 dx 
3

 y2 et
2 x2  3
  dt  C

 y 2 et
  C
2x2 3
3
 y2 ex
  C
2x2 3

3
 y2 ex
Solution    C Ans.
2 x2 3

Q. 2. Solve the following differential equations, y ( xy  2 x y )dx  x( xy  x y )dy  0.

2 3 2 2

Ans. y ( xy  2 x 2 y 3 )dx  x( xy  x 2 y 2 )dy  0

( xy 2  2 x 2 y 4 )dx  ( x 2 y  x 3 y 2 )dy  0 …(1)

M  xy 2  2 x 2 y 4 , N  x 2 y  x3 y 2

M N
 2 xy  8 y 3 x 2 ,  2 xy  3x 2 y 2
y x

M N
 , Therefore equation (1) is not exact.
y x
B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5
3
To make it exact, rewrite the equation (1):

xy ( y dx  x dy )  x 2 y 2 (2 y dx  x dy )  0 and

 
comparing with x y (my dx  nx dy )  x y (my dx  nx dy )  C
a b a b

a  b  1, m  n  1, a  b  2, m  n  1

 I .F .  x h y k

a  h 1 b  k 1 a  h  1 b  k  1
 and 
m n m n

1 h 1 1 k 1 2  h 1 2  k 1
i.e.,  and 
1 1 2 1

hk  0

h  2k  9  0

Then, h  3, k  3

1
I .F .  x 3 y 3 or
x y3
3

1
Multiplying throughout by in equation (1), it becomes an exact differential equation.
x y3
3

 1 2  1 1
 2   dx   2   dy  0 …(2)
x y x  xy y

Then its solution 

 y constant
M dx  
x not containing
N dy  C

 1 2  1 
Solution  

2
y constant x y
  dx     dy  C
x  y

1  1 
    2 log x  log y  C
y x 

1
or 2 log x  log y  C
xy

1
2 log x  log y  C Ans.
xy

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5

4
Q. 3. Solve the following differential equations, ( y  2 x y )dx  (2 x  xy )dy  0.
2 2 3

Ans. ( y 2  2 x 2 y )dx  (2 x3  xy )dy  0

Here, M  y 2  2 x 2 y, N  2 x3  xy

M N
 2 y  2x2 and  6x  y
y x

M N

y x

Therefore, given differential equation is not exact. To make it an exact differential equation, we will
introduce an integrating factor such that

we can also write

y ( y dx  x dy )  x 2 (2 y dx  2 x dy )  0

h k
Hence its integrating factor is x y

For h and k, we will comparing equation (1) with

x a y b [my dx  nx dy ]  x a y b [my dx  nx dy ] 

Here, a  0, b  1, m  1, n  1

a  2, b  0, m  2, n  2

then I .F .  x y
h k

a  h 1 b  k 1

m n

0  h 1 1 k 1

1 1

(h  1)  2  k

k  h  3 …(2)

a  h  1 b  k  1
and 
m n

2  h 1 0  k 1

2 2

h  3  k 1

h  k  2 …(3)
B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5
5
By equation (2) and (3)

h  k  3

h  k  2

5 1
h ,k 
2 2

I .F .  x h y k  x 5/ 2 y 1/ 2

5/ 2 1/ 2
By multiplying x y in given differential equation,

 y 2  2x2 y   2 x3  xy 
 5/ 2 1/ 2  dx   5/ 2 1/ 2  dy  0
 x y  x y 

y 2  2 x2 y 2 x 3  xy
Now, M , N 
x 5 / 2 y1/ 2 x 5 / 2 y1/ 2

or M  x 5/ 2 y 3/ 2  2 x 1/ 2 y1/ 2

and or N  2 x1/ 2 y 1/ 2  x 3/ 2 y1/ 2

M N 3
  x 1/ 2 y 1/ 2  y1/ 2 x 5/ 2
y x 2

Then differential equation is an exact differential equation.

Solution is,  y constant

M dx  
x not containing
N dy  C

 y constant
( y 3/ 2 x 5/ 2  2 x 1/ 2 y1/ 2 )dx  C

2 y 3/ 2
 . 3/ 2  4 y1/ 2 x1/ 2  C Ans.
3 x

dy
Q. 4. Solve the following differential equations, x 4  x3 y  cosec xy  0.
dx

dy
Ans. x 4  x3 y  cosec xy  0
dx

dy 1
x4  x3 y  0
dx sin xy

dy
x 4 sin xy  x3 y sin xy  1  0
dx

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5

6
 x 4 sin xy dy  ( x3 y.sin xy  1)dx  0

N  x 4 sin xy, M  x3 y.sin xy  1

( x3 y.sin xy  1)dx  x 4 sin xy dy  0 …(1)

M
 x3[ yx cos xy  sin xy ]
y

N
 x 4 y cos xy  4 x3 sin xy
x

M N

y x

Therefore given differential equation is not exact.

To make it exact,

M N

y x yx 4 cos xy  x 3 sin xy  x 4 y cos xy  4 x 3 sin xy

N x 4 sin xy

3
  f ( x)
x

which is only function of x

3
  x dx
Then, I .F .  e
3
 e 3log x  elog x  x 3

Multiplying by x 3 in equation (1)

 x3 y sin xy  1   x 4 sin xy 
  dx   0 …(2)
 x3   x
3


x3 y sin xy  1 x 4 sin xy
M , N 
x3 x3

M N
 sin xy and  sin xy
y x

M N
  sin xy
y x

Then equation (2) is an exact differential equation then

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5

7
solution   y constant
y dx  
x not containing
x dy  C

 1
  y constant


y sin xy  3  dx  C
x 

 y cos xy 1
  2 C
y 2x

1
  cos xy  C
2x2

1
 cos xy   C Ans.
2 x2

Q. 5. Solve the following differential equations,

( xy sin xy  cos xy) y dx  ( xy sin xy  cos xy) x dy  0.

Ans. ( xy sin xy  cos xy) y dx  ( xy sin xy  cos xy) x dy  0

( xy 2 sin xy  y cos xy )dx  ( x 2 y sin xy  x cos xy )dy  0 …(1)

M  xy 2 sin xy  y cos xy, N  x 2 y sin xy  x cos xy

M
 ( x 2 y 2  1) cos xy  xy sin xy
y

N
 3xy sin xy  ( x 2 y 2  1) cos xy
x

M N
Thus 
y x

Therefore the differential equation is not exact.

To make it an exact differential equation;

1 1
I .F .  
Mx  Ny 2 xy cos xy

1
Multiplying in equation (1)
2 xy cos xy

1 1 1 1
 y tan xy   dx   x tan xy   dy  0
2 x 2 y

 1  1
    dy  0 …(2)
y 
or  y tan xy dx x tan xy
x  

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5

8
 1 1
M  y tan xy  , N  x tan xy 
x y

M N
 tan xy  xy sec2 xy 
y x

Hence equation (2) is now exact.

Then solution 

 y constant
M dx  
x not containing
N dy  C

 1  1
  y tan xy  x  dx     y  dy  C
 log(sec xy)  log x  log y  log c

 log x sec xy  log c  log y

 log x sec xy  log cy

x sec xy  cy Ans.

Q. 6. Solve the following differential equations, ( x e  2mxy )dx  2mx y dy  0.

4 x 2 2

Ans. ( x 4e x  2mxy 2 )dx  2mx 2 y dy  0 …(1)

Here, M  x 4e x  2mxy 2 , N  2mx 2 y

M N
 4mxy,  4mxy
y x

M N

y x

M N

y x 4mxy  4mxy 4
 2
   f ( x) which is only function of x.
N 2mx y x

4
  x dx
then I .F .  e
4
 e 4log x  elog x  x 4

By multiplying x 4 in equation (1)

 x 4e x  2mxy 2   2mx 2 y 
  dx    dy  0 …(2)
 x4 
4
 x 
B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5
9
Now,

2my 2 2my
M  ex  and N
x3 x2

M N 4my
  3
y x x

Then equation (2) is now an exact different equation.

Solution   y constant
M dx  
x not containing
N dy  C

 x 2my 2 
 y constant e  x3  dx  C

my 2
ex  C Ans.
x2

Q. 7. Solve the following differential equations, (1  xy) y dx  (1  xy ) x dy  0.

Ans. (1  xy) y dx  (1  xy) x dy  0

( y  xy 2 )dx  ( x  x 2 y )dy  0 …(1)

M  y  xy 2 , N  x  x 2 y

M N
 1  2 xy and  1 2 xy
y x

M N
 , Therefore equation (1) is not exact.
y x

To make it exact differential equation,

1 1
I .F .  
Mx  Ny xy  x y  xy  x 2 y 2
2 2

1

2x2 y 2

1
Multiplying in equation (1)
2x2 y 2

y  xy 2 x  x2 y
dx  dy  0
2x 2 y 2 2x2 y 2

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5

10
  1 1   1 1 
 2  dx   2
 dy  0
 2x y 2x   2 xy 2y 

M  1 N 1
 2 2,  2 2
y 2 x y x 2x y

M N 1
  2 2
y x 2 x y

Now it is exact.

Solution   y constant
M dx  
x not containing
N dy  C

 1 1   1 
y constant  2   dx     dy  C
 2x y 2x   2y 

1 1 1
  log x  log y  C
2 yx 2 2

1 1 x
  log  C
2 xy 2 y

1 1 x
 log  C Ans.
2 xy 2 y

Q. 8. Solve the following differential equations, p  2 py cot x  y .

2 2

Ans. p 2  2 py cot x  y 2

2 2
By addition and subtraction of y cot x

p 2  2 py cot x  y 2 cot 2 x  y 2  y 2 cot 2 x

( p  y cot x) 2  y 2 [1  cot 2 x]

p  y cot x   y (1  cot2 x)

p  y cot x   y cosec x

p  y cot x  y cosec x, p  y cot x   y cosec x

Taking, p  y cot x  y cosec x

dy
 y cot x  y cosec x
dx

dy  y cot x dx  y cosec x dx
B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5
11
 dy  y(cosec x  cot x)dx

dy
 (cosec x  cot x)dx
y

By integration,

dy
 y 
 (cosec x  cot x)dx

x
log y  log tan  log sin x  log c
2

 x
 c. tan 2 
log y  log  
 sin x 
 

x
c tan
y 2
sin x

x
sin
c. 2
x x
c tan cos
 2  2
x x x x
2 sin . cos 2 sin . cos
2 2 2 2

c c
 
2 cos2
x 1  cos x
2

c
y
1 cos x

or y(1  cos x)  c

c
Similarly, y
1 cos x

Or y(1  cos x)  c

Hence the solution is

y(1  cos x)  c Ans.

Q. 9. Solve the following differential equations, p  2 xp  y p  2 xy p  0.

3 2 2 2 2

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5

12
Ans. p 3  2 xp 2  y 2 p 2  2 xy 2 p  0

( p 3  y 2 p 2 )  (2 xp 2  2 xy 2 p)  0

p 2 ( p  y 2 )  2 xp( p  y 2 )  0

( p 2  2 xp)( p  y 2 )  0

By taking 1st factor:

p 2  2 xp  0

p ( p  2 x)  0

p  0, p  2 x  0

dy dy
0  2x  0
dx dx

dy  0 dy  2 x dx  0

By integration By integration,

2x2
y  C1 y  C2
2

( y  C1 )  0 …(i) y  x 2  c2  0 …(ii)

By taking 2nd factor:

p  y2  0

dy
 y2  0
dx

dy dy
 y2   dx
dx y2

dy
By integration, y 2
  dx

1
  x  c3
y

 1 
  x  c3   0 …(iii)
 y 

Then the solution is,

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5

13
  1 
( y  C1 )( y  x 2  C2 )  x  C3   0 Ans.
 y 

Q. 10. Solve the following differential equations, y  x[ p  1  p 2 ].

Ans. y  x[ p  1  p 2 ]

y  xp  x 1  p 2

y  xp  x 1  p 2

Squaring both sides;

( y  xp) 2  x 2 (1  p 2 )

y 2  2 xyp  x 2 p 2  x 2  x 2 p 2

y 2  2 xyp  x 2  0

dy
y 2  2 xy  x2  0
dx

dy
y 2  x 2  2 xy
dx

dy y 2  x 2
Then,  …(1)
dx 2 xy

Equation (1) is a homogeneous differential equation,

Let, y  vx

dy dv
vx …(2)
dx dx

By (1) and (2):

dv y 2  x 2
vx 
dx 2 xy

dv v 2 x 2  x 2
vx  [Put vx y ]
dx 2 x(vx)

dv x 2 (v 2  1)
vx 
dx 2 x 2v

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5

14
 dv v 2  1
x  v
dx 2v

dv v 2  1  2v 2
x 
dx 2v

 2v dx
dv 
v 1
2
x

By integration; let, v 2 1  t 2v dv  dt

dt dx
 
t x

 log t  log x  log c

 log(v 2  1)  log x  log c

log c  log x  log(v 2  1)

log c  log x(v 2  1)

 y2 
log c  log x  2  1
x 

 y2  x2 
log c  log x  2 
 x 

 y2  x2 
log c  log 
 x 

y2  x2
or  c
x

or y 2  x 2  cx

x 2  y 2  xc Ans.

1
Q. 11. Solve the following differential equations, y  x  a tan p.

Ans. The given differential equation is

y  x  a tan 1 p …(1)

Differentiating both sides of the given equation with respect to x, we get

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5

15
 dy 1 dp
 1  a. .
dx 1  p 2 dx

a dp
 p 1
1  p 2 dx

a dp
  p 1
1  p 2 dx

a
 dx  dp
(1  p )( p  1)
2

a 1 ( p  1) 
 dx   2
2  ( p  1) p  1 
 dp

a 1 p 1 
 dx    2  2  dp
2  p  1 p  1 p  1

which is a differential equation in variables separable form. Hence on integration, we get

a 1 
x  log( p  1)  log( p 2  1)  tan 1 p  c
2 2 

x
a
2

log( p  1)  log p 2  1  tan 1 p  c
a ( p  1) 
x log  tan 1 p   c
2 p2 1 


Substituting the above value of x in the given differential equation, we get

a ( p  1) 
y log  tan 1 p   c
2 p2 1 


Thus the relation (1) and (2) together constitute the required solution of the given differential
equation.

Q. 12. Solve the following differential equations, y  xp  p.

2

Ans. The given differential equation is

y  xp 2  p …(1)

Differentiating (1) w.r.t. x

dy  dp  dp
 x 2 p   p 2 
dx  dx  dx
B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5
16
 dp dp
 p  2 xp  p2 
dx dx

dp
 p  p 2  (2 xp  1)
dx

dx
 p(1  p)  2 xp  1
dp

dx
 p(1  p)  2 px  1
dp

dx 2p 1
  x
dp p (1  p ) p (1  p )

dx 2 1
 x …(2)
dp ( p  1) p (1  p )

Which is a linear differential equation in _____ for which the I.F.

2
 ( p 1) dp
I .F.  e  e 2 log( p 1)  elog( p 1)  ( p  1) 2

Hence solution of equation (2) is

1
x( p  1) 2  c   ( p  1) 2 dp
p (1  p )

1( p  1)
 x( p  1) 2  c   dp
p

 1
 x( p  1) 2  c   1  dp  c  p  log p
 p

x( p  1) 2  c  p  log p …(3)

Thus equation (1) and (3) together constitute the required solution.

Q. 13. Solve the following differential equations, y  px  x p .

4 2

Ans. The given differential equation is

y  px  x 4 p 2 …(1)

Differentiate (1) partially w.r.t. x

dy  dp   dp 
  p.1  x   4 x 3 p 2  x 4  2 p 
dx  dx   dx 

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5

17
 dp dp
 p px  4x3 p 2  2x 4 p
dx dx

dp dp
 2p  x  4x3 p 2  2x 4 p
dx dx

dp dp
 2 p  4x3 p 2  x  2x4 p 0
dx dx

dp
 2 p[1  2 x 3 p]  x (1  2 x 3 p)  0
dx

 dp 
 (1  2 x 3 p ) 2 p  x   0
 dx 

Neglecting the first factor which does not contain the derivatives of p, we have

dp
2p  x 0
dx

dp dx
 2 0
p x

Integrating, log p  2 log x  log c

 log p  log x 2  log c

 px 2  c

c
p
x2

Substituting the value of p in (1), we get

 c   c2 
y    2  x  x 4  4 
 x  x 

c
y    c2 Ans.
x

Q. 14. Solve the following differential equations, p  4 xyp  8 y  0.

3 2

Ans. p 3  4 xyp  8 y 2  0

p2 2 y
 x  …(1)
4y p

Differentiating (1) w.r.t. to y, we obtain

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5

18
 dx p2 p dp 2 2 y dp
 2   
dy 4y 2 y dy p p 2 dy

dp  p 2 y  p 2 1
    
dy  2 y p 2  4 y 2 p

dp  p 2 y  p  p 2 y 
      
dy  2 y p 2  2 y  2 y p 2 

 dp p  p 2 y 
     2   0
 dy 2 y  2 y p 
Neglecting the second factor, which does not contain the derivative of p w.r.t. y,

dp p
 0
dy 2 y

dp dy
 2 
p y

 2 log p  log y  log c1

 p 2  c1 y …(2)

given equation can be written as

p( p 2  4 xy )  8 y 2

 p 2 ( p 2  4 xy ) 2  64 y 4 …(3)

Substituting the value of p2 from (2) in (3), we get

c1 y (c1 y  4 xy ) 2  64 y 4

c (c  x ) 2  y where c1  4c

which is the required solution of the given differential equation.

 p 
Q. 15. Solve the following differential equations, p  tan  x  .
 1  p2 

 p 
Ans. p  tan  x  
 1  p2 

Solving the given differential equation for x, we get

p
x  tan 1 p  …(1)
1  p2
B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5
19
Differentiating both sides of equation (1) w.r.t. y, we get

dp  dp 
(1  p 2 )  p2p 
dx  1  dp dy  dy 
  
dy  1  p 2  dy (1  p )
2 2

dp
(1  p 2 )
dx 1 dp dy
  
dy 1  p dy
2
(1  p )
2 2

1 1 dp (1  p 2 ) dp
  
p (1  p 2 ) dy (1  p 2 ) 2 dy

1  1 (1  p 2 )  dp
   
p  (1  p 2 ) (1  p 2 )2  dy

1  (1  p 2 )  (1  p 2 )  dp
  
p  (1  p 2 )2  dy

1 2 dp
 
p (1  p ) dy
2 2

2p
 dy  dp
(1  p 2 ) 2

which is a differential equation in variables separable form. Hence on integrating, we get

1
y c …(3)
(1  p 2 )

(1) and (3) together constitute the required solution.

Q. 16. Solve the following equation (sec x tan x tan y  e )dx  sec x sec y dy  0.
x 2

Ans. The given differential equation is

(sec x tan x tan y  e x )dx  sec x sec 2 y dy  0

M  sec x tan x tan y  e x , N  sec x sec 2 y

M N
 sec x tan x sec 2 y,  sec x tan x sec 2 y
y x

M N
 
y x

 The given differential equation is exact and its solution is given by

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5

20
  y constant
M dx   (terms of N not containing x) dy  C

 (sec x tan x tan y  e )dx   (0) dy  C

x

 sec x tan y  e x  C

 e x  sec x tan y  C

which is the required solution.

d2y
Q. 17. Solve 2
 2 y  x 2 e3 x  e x cos 2 x.
dx

d2y
Ans.  2 y  x 2 e3 x  e x cos 2 x
dx 2

m2  2  0

m   2i

C.F.  c1 cos 2x  c2 sin 2x

1 1
P.I .  x 2 e3 x  2 e x cos 2 x
D 2
2
D 2

1 1
 e3 x x2  ex cos 2 x
( D  3) 2  2 ( D  1) 2  2

1 1
 e2 x x2  e x 2 cos 2 x
D  6 D  11
2
D  2D  3
1
e2 x  6 D D 2  2 x 1
 1    x e cos 2 x
11  11 11  4  2 D  3

e2 x  6 D D 2 36 D 2  2 x 1
 1    x e cos 2 x
11  11 11 121  2D 1

e2 x  2 12 x 2 72  x 2 D  1
 x    e cos 2 x
11  11 11 121  4D2 1

e2 x  2 12 x 50  x 2 D  1
 x   e cos 2 x
11  11 121  17

e2 x  2 12 x 50  e
x
  x     (cos 2 x  4sin 2 x)
11  11 121  17

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5

21
 Complete solution y  C.F .  P.I .

d2y
Q. 18. Solve  4 y  x sin h x.
dx 2

Ans. To find C.F. Auxiliary equation m  4  0

2

m  2

C.F .  C1e 2 x  C2 e 2 x

To find P.I.

1 1  e x  e x 
P.I .  x sin h x  x  
D2  4 D2  4  2 

1 1 1 
P.I .  e x x  e x x
2  ( D  1)  4
2
( D  1)  4 
2

1 x 1 1 
  e 2 x  e x 2 x
2  D  2D  3 D  2D  3 

1  ex  
1 1
  2D D2  e x 
  2D D2 
  1     x   
1     x 
2  3 
  3 
3  3    3 
3  
 

1   2D   2D  
  e x 1   .....  x  e x 1   .....  x 
6  3   3  

1  2  2  
  e x  x   e  x  x    
6  3  3  

x  e x  e x  2  e x  e x 
    
3 2  9 2 

x 2
  sin hx  cos hx
3 9

Hence complete solution is

x 2
y  C1e2 x  C2e2 x  sin hx  cos hx.
3 9

d2y
Q. 19. Solve using variation of parameters  y  sec x.
dx 2

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5

22
 d2y
Ans.  y  sec x
dx 2

D2  1  0

m2  1  0 mi

C.F .  C1 cos x  C2 sin x

y1  cos x y2  sin x
W  cos2 x  sin 2 x  1
y1   sin x y2  cos x

y2 X yX
P.I .   y1  dx  y2  1 dx
W W

sin x sec x cos x sec x

  cos x  dx  sin x  dx
1 1

  cos x  tan x dx  sin x

  cos x logsec x  sin x

Complete solution y  C.F .  P.I .

y  C1 cos x  C2 sin x  cos x log sec x  sin x.

d2y dy
Q. 20. Solve the equation x 2 2
 x  y  log e x.
dx dx

d2y dy
Ans. x2 2
 x  y  log x
dx dx

This is a Cauchy’s homogeneous linear equation, put x  e , t  log x, so that

t

dy d2y d
x  Dy x2  D ( D  1) y where D
dx dx 2 dt

Then given equation becomes

[ D( D  1)  D  1] y  t

( D  1) 2 y  t

which is linear equation with constant coefficients.

It’s A.E. is ( D  1)  0
2
D  1,1.

C.F .  (C1  C2t )et

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5

23
 1
P.I .  t  (1  D) 2 t
( D  1) 2

 (1  2 D  3D 2  .....)t  t  2

 y  (C1  C2t )et  t  2

or y  (C1  C2 log x) x  log x  2.

d2y dy
Q. 21. Solve the equation 2
 2  y  xe x sin x.
dx dx

d2y dy
Ans. 2
 2  y  xe x sin x
dx dx

 ( D 2  2 D  1) y  e x .x sin x

 ( D  1) 2 y  e x . x sin x

Now, Aux. equation ( D  1) 2  6

D  1, 1 (Repeated)

 C.F .  (C1  C2 x)e x

1
P.I .  e x . x.sin x
( D  1) 2

1
 ex . x sin x
[ D  1  1]2

1  1 
 ex
D2
x sin x  D   dx 

1
D
 ex x.sin x dx

1
 ex x( cos x)   1.( cos x)dx 
D 

 e x    x.cos x  sin x dx

 
 e x  x sin x  1.sin x dx  cos x 
 

 e x ( x sin x  2 cos x)

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5

24
 Complete solution y  (C1  C2 x)e x  e x ( x sin x  2cos x)

d2y dy
Q. 22. Solve the equation (1  x) 2 2
 (1  x)  y  2sin{log(1  x)}.
dx dx

d2y dy
Ans. (1  x) 2 2
 (1  x)  y  2sin{log(1  x)} …(1)
dx dx

Let x  1  et , log( x  1)  t

d d2
 ( x  1)  D, ( x  1) 2 2  D( D  1)
dx dx

 D( D  1) y  Dy  y  2sin t

( D 2  1) y  2sin t

Aux. equation D  1  6
2

D  i

C.F .  C1 cos t  C2 sin t

1 1
P.I .  .2sin t  2. 2 sin t { D2  1 case fail}
D 1
2
p 1

1
 2t. sin t
2D

 t  sin t dt  t cos t

 C.S. y  c1 cos t  c2 sin t  t.cos t

d2y dy e3 x
Q. 23. Solve using variation of parameters  6  9 y  .
dx 2 dx x2

d2y dy e3 x
Ans.  6  9 y 
dx 2 dx x2

e3 x
( D 2  6 D  9) y 
x2

( D  3) 2  0 D  3, 3

C.F .  (C1  C2 x )e3 x

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5

25
 y1 y2 e3 x xe3 x
W 
y1 y2 3.e3 x e3 x  3xe3 x

 e6x

y2 x yX
P.I .   y1  dx  y2  1 dx
W W

x.e3 x e3 x 3x e
3x
e3 x
 e3 x  . dx  xe  e6 x x 2 dx
.
e6 x x 2

dx
 e3 x   xe3 x  x 2 dx
x

 e3 x (log x  1)

 C.S .  (C1  C2 x)e3 x  e3 x (log x  1)

d2y
Q. 24. Solve using variation of parameters  4 y  tan 2 x.
dx 2

d2y
Ans.  4 y  tan 2 x
dx 2

( D 2  4) y  tan x

Aux. equation D  4  0
2

D   2i

CF  C1 cos 2 x  C2 sin 2 x

y2 X yX
P.I .   y1  dx  y2  1 dx
W W

Here, y1  cos 2 x, y2  sin 2 x

cos 2 x sin 2 x
x  tan 2 x, W   2(cos2 2 x  sin 2 2 x)  2
2sin 2 x 2cos 2 x

sin 2 x.tan 2 x cos 2 x.tan 2 x

 P.I .   cos 2 x  dx  sin 2 x  dx
2 2

cos 2 x 1  cos 2 2 x sin 2 x


2  cos 2 x
dx 
2 
sin 2 x dx

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5

26
 cos 2 x sin 2 x  cos 2 x 

2  sec 2 x  cos 2 x dx 
2 

2 


1 cos 2 x.sin 2 x cos 2 x.sin 2 x

  .cos 2 x log(sec 2 x  tan 2 x)  
4 4 4

cos 2 x
 C.S1 y  C1 cos 2 x  C2 sin 2 x  log(sec 2 x  tan 2 x)
4

d2y
Q. 25. Solve using variation of parameters  y  x sin x.
dx 2

Ans. ( D 2  1) y  x sin x

A.E. D 2  1  0

D  i

C.F .  C1 cos x  C2 sin x

 y1  cos x, y2  sin x, X  x sin x

cos x sin x
W  cos2 x  sin 2 x  1
 sin x cos x

y2 X yX
Now, P.I .   y1  dx  y2  1 dx
W W

  cos x  sin x.x sin x dx  sin x  cos x.x sin x dx

  cos x  x.sin 2 x dx  sin x  x.sin x cos x. dx

 1  cos 2 x  sin 2 x
  cos x  x   dx  sin x  x. dx
 2  2

x sin 2 x  1  x 2 cos 2 x    x  cos 2 x  1  sin 2 x  

  cos x   x        sin x      
 2  2  2  2 4    2  2  2 4  

x2 x 1
 cos x  [sin 2 x cos x  cos 2 x sin x]  [cos 2 x cos x  sin 2 x sin x]
4 4 8

x2 x 1
 cos x  sin x  cos x
4 4 8

x2 x 1
 C.S .  C1 cos x  C2 sin x  cos x  sin x  cos x
4 4 8
B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5
27
Q. 26. Solve the equation ( D  2)  8(e  sin 2 x  x ).
2 2x 2

Ans. ( D  2) 2  8(e 2 x  sin 2 x  x 2 )

A.E. ( D  2) 2  0

 D  212

 C.F .  (C1  12 x )e 2 x

 1 1 1 
P.I .  8  e2 x  sin 2 x  x2  …(1)
 ( D  2) ( D  2) ( D  2)
2 2 2


Step-I:

1
 e2 x [When D = 2 case fail]
( D  2) 2

1
 x. e 2 x [D = 2 case fail]
2( D  2)

1 2 x x 2e2 x
x2 e 
2 2

1 1 1
Step-II: sin 2 x  2 sin 2 x  sin 2 x
( D  2) 2
D  4D  4  4  4D  4

1 1  1 
  sin 2 x dx  cos 2 x  D   dx
4 8  
2
1 1 D
Step-III: x 2  1   x 2
( D  2) 2
4 2

1 D D2   d d2 
 1  2  3.  ..... x 2  D  , D  2 
2

4 2 4   dx dx 

1 2 3 
  x  Dx 2  D 2 x 2 
4 4 

1 2 3
  x  2x  
4 2

 P.I .  4 x 2e2 x  cos 2 x  2 x 2  4 x  3

 C.S. is y  (C1  12 x)e2 x  4 x 2e2 x  cos 2 x  2 x 2  4 x  3

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5

28
 d3y  1
2
2 d y
Q. 27. Solve the equation x 3  2 x  2 y  10  x   .
 x
3 2
dx dx

d3y  1
2
2 d y
Ans. x3  2 x  2 y  10  x   …(1)
 x
3 2
dx dx

Let x  e , log x  t then

t

d2 3 d
3
x2  D ( D  1), x  D( D  1)( D  2)
dx 2 dx3

1
and  x 1  et
x

Put in equation (1)

[ D( D  1)( D  2)  2 D( D  1)  2] y  10et  10e t

[ D3  3D 2  2 D  2 D 2  2 D  2] y  10et  10e t

( D3  D 2  2) y  10et  10et …(2)

Now, A.E. D3  D 2  2  0

D  1, 1  i

C.F .  C1e t  et [C1 cos t  C2 sin t ]

1 1
P.I .  10et  3 10et [D = 1, D  1 case fail]
D D 2
3 2
D D 2
2

1 1
 10et  t. 2 10et
2 3D  2 D

1
 5et  t. .10et
5

 5et  2tet
t t
 C.S. is, y  C1e  e [C1 cos t  C2 sin t ]  5e  2te
t t

Now, put x  et and t  log x in C.S.

C1 log x
y  x[C1 cos(log x)  C2 sin(log x)]  5 x  2. Ans.
x x

d2y dy x
Q. 28. Solve the equation x 2
2
 4x  2 y  ex .
dx dx
B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5
29
 d2y dy x
Ans. x2 2
 4x  2 y  ex
dx dx

Putting x  et log x  t The given equation becomes

t
[ D( D 1)  4D  2] y  ee

t
( D2  3D  2) y  ee

D2  3D  2  0 D  2,  1

C.F .  C1e t  C2 e 2t  C1 x 1  C2 x 2

1 t 1 t
P.I .  ee  ee
( D  3D  2)
2
( D  1)( D  2)

 1 1  et
  e
 ( D  1) ( D  2) 

1 t 1 t 1 t
ee  e  t et e e  e  t et e e
( D  1) ( D  1) ( D  1)  1

1 t et
e e  et  ee d (et )
t
 et
D

 x1  e x dx  x1e x

1 1 1
eet  e2t eet  e 2t e 2t eet
( D  2) D2 ( D  2)  2

1 et 2t
e e  e2t  ee et d (et )
t
 e2t
D

 x2  e x . x dx  x2 ( xe x  e x )

P.I .  x 1e x  x 2 ( xe x  e x )  x 2e x

1 2 2 x
Complete solution y  C1 x  C2 x  x e

d2y dy x
Q. 29. Solve 2
 3  2 y  ee .
dx dx

d2y dy x
Ans. 2
 3  2 y  ee
dx dx

( D 2  3D  2) y  0

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5

30
 m2  3m  2  0

m  1,  2

C.F .  C1e  x  C2 e 2 x

1 x  1 1  ex
P.I .  ee    e
( D  1)( D  2)  ( D  1) ( D  2) 

1
ee  e  x  ee e x dx
x x

( D  1)

Put e  t , e dx  dt
x x

 e x  et dt

x
 e  x ee …(i)

1
ee  e2 x  ee e2 x dx
x x

( D  2)

 e2 x  ee e x . e x dx
x

 e2 x  et . t dt

x x
 e2 x (t.et  et )  e2 x (e x .ee  ee )
x x
 e e e  x  e e e 2 x …(ii)

x
P.I .  (i)  (ii)  ee e2 x

Complete solution y  C.F .  P.I .

Q. 30. Solve the differential equation ( D  1) y  x sin 3 x  cos x.

2

Ans. To find C.F. D 2  1  0, D  1

C.F .  C1e x  C2 e  x

To find P.I.

1
P.I .  ( x sin 3x  cos x)
D 1
2

1 1
P.I .  x( I .P. of e3ix )  2 cos x
D 1
2
D 1

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5

31
 1 1
 I .P. of e3ix .x  cos x
D 1
2
(1) 2  1

 1  cos x
 I .P. of e3ix x 
 ( D  3i)  1 
2
2

 1  cos x
 I .P. of e3ix 2 x 
 D  6iD  10  2

 3iD D 2   cos x
1
3ix 1 

 I .P. of e 1    x 
 10  5 10   2


 1  3iD   cos x
 I .P. of e3ix 1   .....  x  
 10  5   2

 e3ix  3i   cos x
 I .P. of    x   
 10  5  2

 1  3i   cos x
 I .P. of  (cos3x  i sin 3x)  x    
 10  5  2

1  3sin 3x   3   cos x
 I .P. of  x cos3x    i  x sin 3x  cos3x   
10  5   5  2

1 3  cos x
  x sin 3 x  cos 3 x  
10  5  2

1 cos x
Complete solution y  C1e x  C2e  x  (5x sin 3x  3cos 3x) 
50 2

Text Book:

1. B.S. Grewal, Higher Engineering Mathematics, Khanna Publishers

2. H. K. Dass, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, S. Chand Publication

♦♦♦

B.Tech. First / Second Semester, BIT Durg, Applied Mathematics-I; Unit-5

32
 DISCLAIMER
The information presented here is merely a collection by the faculty
members for their respective teaching assignments. This document
does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a substitute
for prescribed textbooks. We would like to acknowledge various
sources like freely available materials from internet particularly
NPTEL course material from which the lecture note was prepared.
Further, this document is not intended to be used for commercial
purpose and the faculty members are not accountable for any
issues, legal or otherwise, arising out of use of this document. The
faculty members make no representations or warranties with
respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this
document.
 DISCLAIMER
The information presented here is merely a collection by the faculty
members for their respective teaching assignments. This document
does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a substitute
for prescribed textbooks. We would like to acknowledge various
sources like freely available materials from internet particularly
NPTEL course material from which the lecture note was prepared.
Further, this document is not intended to be used for commercial
purpose and the faculty members are not accountable for any
issues, legal or otherwise, arising out of use of this document. The
faculty members make no representations or warranties with
respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this
document.