Scribd
Upload
36 views16 pages

Y13 Chapter 1

good

Uploaded by

Askiitians Education Centre
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
36 views16 pages

Y13 Chapter 1

good

Uploaded by

Askiitians Education Centre
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16
A Algebra Objectives © Understand the meaning of [x|, sketch the graph of y = |ax+ b| and use relations such as |a| = |b] <> a= band |x — al ab Continued on the next page, Algebra 3 ‘Method 2: Squaring both sides of the equation (x+2) = Bx? +444 = 9x7 8x -4x-4=0 2x-x-1=0 (2x + I)(x-1)=0 vectoset fcaeemmmser, Method 3: Removing modulus signs by equating the left-hand side with both ‘plus and minus’ the right-hand side ‘We do this to ensure both sides of the equation are positive. x+2=3x or x+ ax=2 or 4dx=-2 ~3x ~~ —— We get the same result if we say 3x x=1 or x=-t 2 Example 2 Solve the inequality |4x + 3] > [2x — Sketch the graphs and find where they intersect. ‘The lines cannot be drawn below the x-axis. Graphs meet at A and B. At A, (4x43) =—(2x-1) AA the ine y = ~(4x-+ 3) intersects the tne 2x=-4, x=-2 AtB,4x43=-(2x-1) ACB, the line y = 42+ 3 intersects the ine 6x: xe 3 ‘We want the region where |4x + 3] > [2x — 1). This is where the ‘blue’ lines are above the ‘green lines. x<-2andx>—+ 3 D> Continued on the next page The modulus function ‘Method 2: Squaring both sides of the inequality We can do this because we know both: |4ae+-3| and [2x — 1 ae positive so 16x? + 24x49 > 427-441 ‘squaring them will not change the inequality. 1227 + 28x+8>0 (4x + 3Y > (2x-1)P — 32+ 7x+2>0 Draw a rough sketch to see where y > 0. (3x + 1)(x+2)>0 Th tw te bh 4 tae ere are two separate blue regions SS See satis y>0. 3 eens eee There are two separate regions that satisfy yro Method 3: Removing modulus signs by equating the left-hand side with both ‘plus and minus’ the right-hand side First find where the graphs of y = |4x + 3| and y = [2x - 1| intersect (the values of xat these points are called the critical values). 4x+3=2x-1 or 4x+3=-(2x-1) 2x=-4 or 6x = x=-2 9 or << This gives us the two critical values. ‘To find the correct inequalities you need to take values of x on either side of the critical values. ed Take values on either side of 0% — Fi 3 x eg. x=-3, [4x +3] =9 and fax — 1 =7 ‘Thus |4x + 3|> [2x — »sox<-2 << he of the solution regions is tess than -2. is one region where [4x + 3] >|2x ~1| When x= -1, |4x + 3] = 1 and [2x 4x + 3] > [2x — 1) is false so there is no solution between ~2 and 4 so we do not require this region. When x= 0, |4x + 3] =3 and [2x —1]=1 One of the solution regions is greater Thus [4x + 3]> [2x ~I]sox> —5 —— en i x<-2 of x>-4 Algebra Exercise 1.4 1. Solve each of these equations algebraically. a) {l-2x]=3 b) |x—3]=|x +] ©) |5x- |= [2a] d) |5~4x|=4 @) 2x —aJ=|x +2] ) |x[=|4 — 254 g) [3x +1|=|4—-24| h) [2x ~6= [3x +]] i) |x + 4]=[3x +] i) {1 —3a]=|5x - 3] K) 3|x-4]=|x +2] DY 52x -3]=4|x 5] 2. Solve each of these inequalities algebraically. a) [2x -3)<|s| b) |x-aje4 ©) |x +3]2 [2x42] d) fax +3)>x+6 3. Solve each of these inequalities graphically. a) |x +6|<3|x-2] b) [3x -2<|x +4] ©) [al<{t-a| @) 5s[2x-]] e) 2x =a] Continued on the next page 4 Sketching linear graphs of the form y = alxl +b Then reflect the negative y values in the «axis. First sketch the graph of [x Then stretch the graph by a stretch factor of 2 in the direction of the y-axis 0 Then translate the graph by the vector 4} When y= 0,2 = 2 0r-2, Exercise 1.2 1. Sketch the following, a) i) y=|x+1] b) i) y=[3x+2| ©) i) y=[2x-2| 4 i) y=[Lx+3] 2 i) y=} f) i) y= B=] Algebra 1.3 Division of polynomials We can use long division to divide a polynomial by another polynomial. Example 4 Divide 2° - 53° +x +10 by (x2). xi-3x- 5 a es * x-2e =3x2+ x+ 10 9 Subtract (x - 2x") from (x° ~ 5°) and bring down (+ a+ 10). = 2°, 80 multiply (x - 2) by 2°. Se -Sx + 10 Sa? + x= 3x, so multiply (x 2) by -3x. ~5x+10 ee Subtract (32° + 6x) from (3x? + x) and bring down + 10. ‘We cannot continue the process because (-5x + 10) ~ (-5x + 10) = 0. Thus (x3 — 5x? +. + 10) + (x-2)=32-3x-5 “The expression (x* - 5x% +x + 10) is called the dividend, (x - 2) is called the divisor, and (x? - 3x ~ 5) is called the quotient. When we subtract (-5x + 10) from (—5x + 10) we are left with nothing, so we say there is no remainder, Because there is no remainder, we can say that («~ 2) is a factor of x4 - 542+ x+ 10. Example 5 Find the remainder when 4x ~ 7x ~ 1 is divided by (2x + 1). 2 = x-3 ie inthe dh 2x4 EP EOE= Tx) CAS there is no term in xin the dividend, itis useful to write (Ox? as part of the dividend. Ax + 2 ee -2e-7x- 1 (4x? = 2x) = 22%, 50 multiply (2x4 1) by 2° ee * 6x . ‘Subtract (4° + 2x°) from (42° + Ox) and bring down —7x — 1. ae a A (-2x? + 2x) = x, so multiply (2x + 1) by —x. ‘Subtract (2x2 — x) from (-2x® - 7x) and bring down —1 Subtract (6x ~ 3) from (8x — 1) to get a remainder of +2. ‘We cannot continue the process as 2 cannot be divided by (2x + 1). ‘Thus, when (4x° — 7x~ 1) is divided by (2x + 1), the remainder is 2. Division of polynomials Looking at Example 5 we can write (42 -7x- 1) = Qa? x-3)Qx+ 1) +2 In general: f(x) = quotient x divisor + remainder Exercise 1.3 1. Divide 3x2 + 3x + Dby (x +2) 2x8 + 6x +9 by (x41) ©) 8 = 3x7 + 6-8 by (x2) d) 8432 - 3x2 by (x42) ©) 2x°- 6x7 + 7x 21 by (x- 3) f) 3x7 202° + 10x + 12 by (x - 6) g) 6x4 5x4 5x? + 10x + 7 by (3x? 2x4 4). 2. Find the remainder when a) 6x + 28x° — 7x + 10 is divided by (x +5) b) 2x9 +22 + 5x4 is divided by (x- 1) ©) x8 + 2x - 17x —2is divided by (x - 3) d) 2x7 + 3x° — dy + Sis divided by (x7 +2) €) 4x°— 5x44 is divided by (2x - 1) f) 3x°—a2 + 1 is divided by (x + 2). 3. Show that (2a+ 1) isa factor of 2a? ~ 3° + 2x +2. 4. a) Show that (x ~ 1) isa factor of x° - 6x" + 11x - 6. b) Hence factorise x° - 6x7 + Lx ~ 6. 5. Show that when 4x" — 6x" + 5 is divided by (2x ~ 1) the remainder is 4. 6. Divide x' + 1 by (x + 1). 7. Find the quotient and the remainder when x* + 24° + 32° +7, is divided by (x? +44 1). 8. Find the quotient and the remainder when 2x° + 3x ~ 4x + 5is divided by (x +2). Algebra 9. a) Show that (2x ~ 1) isa factor of 12x° + 16x° ~ 5x3. Bb) Hence factorise 12x° + 16x* - Sr~ 3. 10. ‘The expression 22° ~ 53° - 16x + k has a remainder of -6 when divided by (x - 4). Find the value of k. 11. Find the quotient and the remainder when 2x‘ ~ 8x° ~ 3x7 + 7x — 7 is divided by (x2 3x - 5). 12. The polynomial x* + x° - 52° + ax - 4 is denoted by p(x). It is given that p(.x) is divisible by (x°+ 2x - 4). Eind the value of a. 1.4 The remainder theorem ‘You can find the remainder when a polynomial is divided by (ax - b) by using, the remainder theorem. We know that if f(x) is divided by (x ~ a) then f(x) = quotient x (x a) + remainder. When x= a, f(a) = quotient x (a ~ a) + remainder = remainder. ‘Thus f(a) = remainder, ‘When a polynomial f(x) is divided by (x - a), the remainder is f(a). When a polynomial f(x) is divided by (ax ~ b), the remainder is (2) Example 6 Find the remainder when 4x" + 2° ~ 3x+7 is divided by (x + 2). f(x) = 40 +8 - 3x47 Write the polynomial as a function. f(-2) = 4-2) + (2-3-2) +7 + + 2)=0 > x =-2, soccaleulate fi-2). =-324+44+6+7=-15 ‘The remainder is 15. 4 itd Example 7 When 16x* — aa° + 82° ~ 4x ~ 1 is divided by (2x -1), the remainder is 3. f(x) = 16x! — ax + 8x4 4-1 = We the polynomial as a function. Eyre ae eee 2 / 43)= 1445) of) +85) 4) 1 x1) =0-5x= 3. socalulte (+) a+2-2-1=3 << _Equate this to 3, since the remainder is 3. -bg=30=-24 8 Exercise 1.4 1. Find the remainder when a) 2x) + 8x°— 2+ 4 is divided by (x - 3) b) Sx¢~ 3° — 2° + 2-1 is divided by (x + 1) ©) 8+ 4x" + 8x — 3 is divided by (2x +1) 4d) 3x" - 2x° — Sx - 7s divided by (2 - x) €) 9x" - 8x + 3 is divided by (1 -x) f) 243x4— 274° + 6x +4 is divided by (3x - 2). 2. When ax? + 16x° — 5x — 5 is divided by (2x - 1) the remainder is -2. Find the value of a. 3. The polynomial 4x° - 4x" + ax + 1, where a isa constant, is denoted by pa). When p(x) is divided by (2x ~ 3) the remainder is 13. Find the value of a. 4, The polynomial x’ + ax? + bx + 1, where a and b are constants, is denoted by p(x). When p(x) is divided by (x — 2) the remainder is 9 and when p(x) is divided by (x + 3) the remainder is 19. Find the value of a and the value of b. 5. When 5x! + ax + b is divided by (x ~ 2), the remainder is equal to the remainder obtained when the same expression is divided by (x + 2). Algebra a) Explain why b can take any value. b) Find the value of a. 6. The polynomial 2x* + 3x° — 2+ 2 is denoted by p(x). Show that the remainder when p(x) is divided by (x + 2) is 8 times the remainder when p(x) is divided by (x 1). 7. ‘The polynomial »° + ax + b, where a and b are constants, is denoted by p(x). When p(x) is divided by (x ~ 1) the remainder is 14 and when p(a) is divided by (x — 4) the remainder is 56. Find the values of a and 6. 8. ‘The polynomial x* + ax’ +2, where a is a constant, is denoted by p(x). When p(x) is divided by (x + 1) the remainder is one more than when p(x) is divided by (x + 2). Find the value of a. 9. When 627 + x + 7 is divided by (x ~ a), the remainder is equal to the remainder obtained when the same expression is divided by (x + 2a), where a #0, Find the value of @. 1.5 The factor theorem We can deduce the factor theorem directly from the remainder theorem (section 1.4). For any polynomial f(x), if (a) = 0 then the remainder when fa) is divided by (— a) is zero. Thus (x - ) isa factor of fx). For any polynomial f(x), isi(4) = 0, then (ax-- b) isa factor of f(x). Example 8 The polynomial 2° ~ aa? + 2x + 8, where a is a constant, is denoted by p(2).. Its given that (x 2) is a factor of p(x). a) Evaluate a. b) We can factorise x° - 51° + 2x + 8 using either (i) long division or (ii) testing other factors using the factor theorem. > Continued on the next page The factor theorem i) we -3x-4 x= 2) 542048 ae = 3242048 ~ 3x74 6x 4x48 4x48 and x* - 3x -4 = (x-4)(x+1) So plx) = (x= 2)(x- 4+ 1) ii) {(41)= f(-1)=-1-5-2+8=0 (x+1)isa factor f(4) = 64-80+8+8=0 (x-4)isa factor So pla) = (x= 2)(x- 4+ 1) —5+24+8#0 (x~1)isnotafactor <—— Tyavaue of. <— Pute=5. You would expect there to be no remainder since x — 2 is a factor, <—— Factorise the quotient, Example 9 Solve x ~ 3x? - 4x + 12=0. Let fx) = 2° - 3a? - 4x + 12, f)=1-3-441220 <—— so (x~ 1) is nota factor. — f(2) =8-12-8+12=0 so (x 2) isa factor. fe?) aes ono Bo 0 nl so (x + 2) isa factor, ‘We can deduce that the third factor is (x - 3). <— f(3) =27 -27- 12412 so (x - 3) isa factor. Thus (x - 2)( +2)(x- 3) =0 x=2 or x=-2 of x=3 ‘To solve, we must first factorise x? — 3x? — Ax + 12, ‘ial any value of x that is a factor of 12. Alternatively a this stage you could also do a long division to find the other two factors since you already know one factor. 12+ 2+—2=—3 (and the coefficient of x*is 1). Algebra Example 10 ‘The polynomial ax’ + a? + bx + 6, where a and b are constants, is denoted by p(x). Itis given that (2x ~ 1) isa factor of p(x) and that when p(a) is divided by (x ~ 1) the remainder is ~4. Find the values of a and b. p(s) = ax! +22 + bx + 6 —_ o[ 3) =a x~ 1) isa tact. a+2+4b+48=0 <——— Muttipy each term by 8. + 4b =-50 @ p(l)=a+1+b+6=-4 a-13=-11 an2 Exercise 1.5 1. Factorise the following as a product of three linear factors. In each case, one of the factors has been given. a) 2x? 5x2 4 3 One factor is (x - 3). b) 6x7 + 11x-6 One factor is (x - 2). ) Sx°+ 14x? +7x-2 One factor is (Sx - 1). d) 2x4 3x°— 18x48 One factor is (x + 4) eo) eee 4x-4 One factor is (x + 2). f) 6x? + 130-4 One factor is (3x + 2). 2. Solve the following equations. a) 2x3 +7°-7x-12=0 b) 2x°-52x*- 14+ 8 =0 6) 8 - 6x7 +3x410=0 d) 843 -6x-8=0 e) 2x" 15x? + 13x + 60=0 f) 3x°-28-7-2=0 3. Show that (x — 3) isa factor of x° - 3x1 +.2° — 4-15. 4, Factorise xt + x° — 7x*— x + 6 as a product of four linear factors. TEM The factor theorem 5. (x-2) isa factor of x° ~ 34° + ax ~ 10. Evaluate the coefficient a. 6. a) Show that (2x - 5) is a factor of 4x° ~ 207 + 19x + 15. b) Hence factorise 4x - 20.° + 19x + 15 as a product of three linear factors. 7. The polynomial ax‘ ~ 32° ~ Sax ~ 9 is denoted by p(x) where a isa real number. Itis given that (x a) is a factor of p(x). Find the possible values of a 8. ‘The polynomial 3.° + 2x” — bx + a, where a and b are constants, is denoted by p(x). It is given that (x ~ 1) is a factor of p(x) and that when p(x) is divided by (x + 1) the remainder is 10. Find the values of a and b. 9. The polynomial ax’ + bx? — Sx + 3, where a and bare constants, is denoted by p(x). It is given that (2x ~ 1) isa factor of p(x) and that when p(x) is divided by (x ~ 1) the remainder is ~3. Find the remainder when p(x) is divided by (x + 3). 10, Factorise 2x! + 52° — 5x — 2 asa product of four linear factors. Summary exercise 1 1. Solve algebraically the equation |5 - 2x | =7. 2. Solve algebraically the equation [3x - 4] =|5—2x|, 3. Sketch the following graphs: a) y= 2h] +5 b) 4. Solve graphically the inequality 2x2] <|x] 5. Solve graphically the inequality [2x -1]<|3x = 4. } EXAM-STULE QUESTION 6. Solve the inequality |x + 3] > 2|x — 3} 7. Solve the inequality |x — 2| <3) +1) : EXAM-STYLE GUESTION 8. Solve the inequality 2| x — a|>|2x + a| where a is a constant and a > 0. J 9. Divide 2x - 92° + 132° - 15x + 9 by (x - 3). 10, Find the quotient and the remainder when x°— 3x4 + 6x + Lis divided by (x - 2). } EXAM-STYLE QUESTIONS 11. a) Show that (x ~4) isa factor of 28 = 3x2 10x + 24. b) Hence factorise ° - 3x2 - 10x + 24. 12, ‘The expression x? + 3x2 + 6x + kK has a remainder of 3 when divided by (2 + 1). Find the value of k. 13. The polynomial ax! + by’ ~ 8x° + 6 is denoted by pla). When p(x) is divided by (2° - 1) the remainder is 2x + 1. Find the value of a and the value of b. 14. The polynomial x + ax’ + bx? — 16x 12 is denoted by p(.’. («+ 1) and (x ~ 2) are factors of p(a). a) Evaluate the coefficients a and 6, b) Hence factorise p(x) fully. Agen 5 denoted by pla). bye ta-6. b) Hence factorise p(x) fully. . A polynomial is defined by constant, (x"~ 9) isa factor of p(x). a) Find the value of A. pls) =0. P(x) = 0. Summary exercise 1 5. The polynomial x" + 1° - 22x° ~ 16x + 96 is a) Find the quotient when p(x) is divided b) Hence solve the equation p(x) = 0. 5. ‘The polynomial 6x" ~ 23x° + ax + bis denoted by p(x). When p(x) is divided by (x + 1) the remainder is -21. When p(x) is divided by (x — 3) the remainder is 11. a) Find the value of a and the value of b. P(x) =2° + Ax? + 49x - 36, where A isa b) i) Find all the roots of the equation ii) Find all the roots of the equation { 18, ‘The polynomial »° ~ 15x" + Ax + B, where A and Bare constants, is denoted by p(x). (x - 16) isa factor of p(x). When p(x) is divided by (x - 2) the remainder is ~56. a) Find the value of A and the value of B. b) i) Find all 3 roots of the equation p(x) = ii) Find the 4 real roots of the equation (xt) = 0. . i) Find the quotient and remainder when a + 2x +27 + 20x - 25 is divided by (x? + 2x - 5). ii) Itis given that, when M4 2x ex2 + pt is divided by (x° + 2x ~ 5), there is no remainder. Find the values of the constants p and q. ii) When p and q have these values, show that there are exactly two real values of satisfying the equation +2 att pet q=0 and state what these values are. Give your answer in the form a+Vb. Chapter summary The modulus function © The modulus of a real number is the magnitude of that number. © The modulus function f(x) Jsl=x for x20 l= for x<0 ‘Sketching graphs of the modulus function © When sketching the graph of y = |f(x)] we reflect the section of the graph where y < 0 in the a-axis. © When sketching the graph of y = f(|x|) we sketch the section of the graph where x > 0 and then reflect this in the y-axis. Division of polynomials © When dividing algebraic expressions, for example (4x° ~ 7x — 3) + (2x + 1) = (2° -x-3), you need to know the following terms: @ (4x - 7x — 3) is called the dividend, © (2x +1) iscalled the divisor. © (2x° - x ~ 3) is called the quotient, and there is no remainder. © (e+ 1) isa factor of (4x° - 7x3). © f(x) = quotient x divisor + remainder The remainder theorem © When a polynomial f(x) is divided by (x ~ a), the remainder is f(a). © When a polynomial f(x) is divided by (ax ~ b), the remainder is ‘(4 a The factor theorem © For any polynomial f(a), if (a) = 0 then the remainder when f(x) is divided by (x ~ a) is zero. Thus (x - a) is a factor of f(x). © For any polynomial f(a), if *(¢) = 0, then (ax ~ b) is a factor of f(x). Algebra

You might also like