Class

XI
Unit 2:- STRUCTURE OF ATOM
(part 2)
Prepared By: Ms Sangeeta Misra, Ms Annie Abraham, Ms Preeti Gangahar, Ms Anju Sachdev, Ms
Suruchi Bharadwaj and Ms Alinda H olla for the students of DPS R K Puram
Significance of Uncertainty Principle

● It rules out existence of definite paths or trajectories of electrons and other similar
particles. Hence these are replaced by probability of finding electron

● The effect of Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle is significant only for motion of

microscopic objects and is negligible for that of macroscopic objects.

● This led to Quantum mechanical model of atom.

2
Quantum mechanics: The branch of science which deals with the study of motion of microscopic objects that have
dual nature.

● It was developed independently in 1926 by Werner Heisenberg and Erwin

Schrödinger.
● Schrödinger described the behaviour of electron around the nucleus by a
mathematics equation called Schrödinger wave equation.

● For an electron in a system such as an atom or a molecule whose energy does not
change with time, the Schrödinger equation is written as

^ ^
H ψ = Eψ

where E is the total energy

ψ(psi) called as wave function, gives the probable area where electron can be
present (i.e density)

^
H is a mathematical operator called Hamiltonian operator..
3
 ^ ^
H ψ = Eψ

On solving the Schrödinger equation, several values of ψ were obtained but only certain solutions
are permitted which are called as EIGEN FUNCTION

4
Wave of light: According to law of Optics: Electronic wave:
Intensity of light 2
Probability density of electron ∝ ψ
I∝ a2

(a) Psi ψ

5
Hydrogen Atom and the Schrödinger Equation
● When Schrödinger equation is solved for hydrogen atom, the solution gives the possible energy levels the
electron can occupy and the corresponding wave function(s) (ψ) of the electron associated with each
energy level.

● These quantized energy states and corresponding wave functions which are characterized by a set of three
quantum numbers
➔ principal quantum number (n)
➔ azimuthal quantum number (l )
➔ magnetic quantum number (m)

● When an electron is in any energy state, the wave function corresponding to that energy state contains all
information about the electron.

● The wave function is a mathematical function whose value depends upon the coordinates of the electron in
the atom and does not carry any physical meaning.

● But ψ2 gives the probability density of electron around the nucleus and are called as ATOMIC
ORBITALS 6
● Ψ2 = Probability density of electron (Orbitals)
● Ψ = Probability amplitude of the electronic wave.
● Larger the value of ψ2 , higher is the probability of finding the electron

7
Important Features of the Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom

1. The energy of electrons in atoms is quantized (i.e., can only have certain specific values).

2. The existence of quantized electronic energy levels is a direct result of the wave like properties of
electrons and are allowed solutions of Schrödinger wave equation.

3. Both the exact position and exact velocity of an electron in an atom cannot be determined
simultaneously (Heisenberg uncertainty principle). The path of an electron in an atom therefore, can
never be determined or known accurately.

4.An atomic orbital is the wave function ψ for an electron in an atom. All the information about the
electron in an atom is stored in its orbital wave function ψ.

5.The probability of finding an electron at a point within an atom is proportional to the square of the
orbital wave function i.e., |ψ| 2 at that point.

6. |ψ| 2 is known as probability density and is always positive. From the value of |ψ| 2 at different
points within an atom, it is possible to predict the region around the nucleus where electron will most
probably be found. 8
QUANTUM NUMBERS: They are a set of 4 numbers, which give complete information about probable
shape, size and orientation of area where electron can be present around the nucleus (i.e about the
address of the electron).
There are 4 types of quantum numbers:

○ Principal quantum number n: gives the distance from the nucleus, thus energy ⇒ ORBITS or ENERGY
LEVEL. (Possible values n= 1, 2, 3, 4….)
Maximum no. of electrons = 2n2
First orbit (lowest energy) K n= 1 2 electrons
Second orbit L n=2 8 electrons
Third orbit M n=3 18 electrons
Fourth orbit N n=4 32 electrons
○ Azimuthal quantum number or subsidiary quantum number l : gives the number of subshells (s,p,d,f)
in the main shell and also gives the angular momentum of the electron in any subshell. Subshells have different
shapes. l = 0 to (n - 1)
l = 0 s: Spherical , l = 1 p: Dumbbell , l = 2 d: Double Dumbbell , l = 3 f: complex shapes
9
SHAPES OF SUBSHELLS:

10
○ Magnetic quantum number m: Gives the spatial orientation of the electron cloud on x,y and z axis
and the magnetic moment of the electron ⇒ ORBITAL
Values of m = +l to ‘0’ to -l , No. of values of m = no of orbitals in that subshell = (2l+1)
If l = 0 (it is s subshell) , the value on m = 0 . Thus s subshell has only 1 orbital.
If l = 1 (it is p subshell) , the value on m = +1, 0,-1 . Thus p subshell has 3 orbitals. (px,py,pz)
If l = 2 (it is d subshell) , the value on m = +2,+1, 0,-1,-2 . Thus d subshell has 5 orbitals.
(dxy, dyz, dxz, dx2-y2, dz2)
If l = 3 (it is f subshell) , the value on m = +3, +2,+1, 0,-1,-2, -3 . Thus f subshell has 7 orbitals.
Each orbital can have maximum 2 electrons.

Spin quantum number s : gives the spin of the electron on its axis (clockwise and anticlockwise) in an
orbital and is represented as +½ and -½ .For each value of m, there are two values of s;+½ and -½

11
TYPES AND SHAPES OF ORBITALS: Ψ2 = Probability density of electron (Orbitals)

1) s subshell : spherical 3) d subshell : Double dumbbell

2) p subshell : Dumbbell
4) f subshell : Complex

12
Energy Max no of Azimuthal Q No Sub shell Max no Magnetic Q no ORBITAL Shape of No of e- in Spin Q no
level n e- = 2n2 l = 0 to (n-1) of e- m= -l 0 +l Orbital each s
orbital

n=1(K) 2 l=0 s 2 0 s spherical 2 +½ and -½

n=2(L) 8 l=0 s 2 0 s Spherical 2 +½ and -½

l=1 p 6 -1 px 2 +½ and -½
0 pz Dumbbell 2 +½ and -½
+1 py 2 +½ and -½

n=3(M) 18 l=0 s 2 0 s Spherical 2 +½ and -½

l=1 P 6 -1 px 2 +½ and -½
0 pz Dumbbell 2 +½ and -½
+1 py 2 +½ and -½

l=2 d 10 -2 dx2 - dy2 2 +½ and -½

-1 dxy Double 2 +½ and -½
0 dz2 Dumbbell 2 +½ and -½
+1 dyz 2 +½ and -½
+2 dxz 2 +½ and -½ 13
Energy Max no Azimuthal Q No Sub shell Max no Magnetic Q ORBITAL Shape of No of e- Spin Q no s
level n of e- = l = 0 to (n-1) of e- no Orbital
2n2 m= -l 0 +l

n=4 32 l =0 s 2 0 s Spherical 2 +½ and -½

(N)
l =1 p 6 -1 px Dumbbell 2 +½ and -½
0 pz 2 +½ and -½
+1 py 2 +½ and -½

l =2 d 10 -2 dx2 - dy2 Double 2 +½ and -½

-1 dxy Dumbbell 2 +½ and -½
0 dz2 2 +½ and -½
+1 dyz 2 +½ and -½
+2 Dxz 2 +½ and -½

l=3 f 14 -3
-2 Total Total In each orbital
-1 7 orbitals 14 e- +½ and -½
0
+1
+2
+3
14
The Shape of s Orbitals: Spherical

● The boundary surface diagram for the s orbital looks like a sphere having the nucleus as its
centre which in two dimensions can be seen as a circle.
● Hence, we can say that s-orbitals are spherically symmetric having the probability of finding
the electron at a given distance equal in all the directions.
● The size of the s orbital is also found to increase with the increase in the value of the principal
quantum number (n), thus, 4s > 3s> 2s > 1s.

15
Shape of p orbitals: Dumbbell
● Each p orbital consists of two sections better
known as lobes which lie on either side of the
plane passing through the nucleus.
● The three p orbitals differ in the way the lobes
are oriented whereas they are identical in terms
of size, shape and energy.
● As the lobes lie along one of the x, y or z-axis,
these three orbitals are given the designations
2px, 2py, and 2pz. Thus, we can say that there are
three p orbitals whose axis are mutually
perpendicular.
● Similar to s orbitals, size, and energy of p
orbitals increase with an increase in the
principal quantum number (4p > 3p > 2p).

16
Shape of d orbitals: Double Dumbbell
● The magnetic orbital quantum number for
d orbitals is given as (-2,-1,0, 1,2). Hence,
there are five d-orbitals.

● These orbitals are designated as dxy, dyz,

dxz, dx2–y2 and dz2.

● Out of these five d orbitals, shapes of the

first four d-orbitals are similar to each
other, which is different from the dz2
orbital (doughnut or baby soother
shape) whereas the energy of all five d
orbitals is the same.

17
Shapes of Atomic Orbitals

18
LET’S REVISE:

● Atomic orbitals are mathematical functions that describe the wave nature of electrons (or
electron pairs) in an atom.

● An orbital is a wave function for an electron defined by the three quantum numbers, n, ℓ and m.

● Orbitals define the regions in space where there is a high probability of finding electrons.

● The orbital names s, p, d, and f stand for names given to groups of lines originally noted in the
spectra of the alkali metals. These line groups are called sharp, principal, diffuse, and
fundamental.

● The s correlates to l= 0, p to l= 1, d to l = 2, and f to l=3.

19
 Filling of electrons in Orbitals in an Atom
The filling of electrons into the orbitals of an atom takes place according to the aufbau principle which is based on Pauli’s
exclusion principle, Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity and the relative energies of the orbitals.

Aufbau Principle

The word ‘aufbau’ in German means ‘building up’.

‘In the ground state of the atoms, the orbitals are filled in order of their increasing energies.

(n+l) rule a) Orbitals with lower value of (n+l) have lower energy.

b) If two orbitals have the same value of (n+l), then orbital with lower value of n will have lower energy.

· The order in which the orbitals are filled is as follows:

1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p < 7s...

20
Aufbau Scheme for filling up of
electrons:

21
Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
According to this principle : No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four
quantum numbers.
Pauli exclusion principle can also be stated as : “Only two electrons may exist in the same
orbital and these electrons must have opposite spin.”
This means that the two electrons can have the same value of three quantum numbers n, l and m,
but must have the opposite spin quantum number.
Eg. The two electrons in 2s orbital :
Q no 1st electron 2nd electron

n 2 2

l 0 0

m 0 0

s +½ -½
22
 Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity
This rule deals with the filling of electrons into the orbitals belonging to the same subshell (that is,
orbitals of equal energy, called degenerate orbitals).

It states : Pairing of electrons in the orbitals belonging to the same subshell (p, d or f) does
not take place until each orbital belonging to that subshell has got one electron each i.e., it
is singly occupied.

● three p orbitals in p subshell: each orbital will first get singly filled and the pairing of electrons will start with
the entry of the 4th e-
● five d orbitals in d subshell : each orbital will first get singly filled and the pairing of electrons will start with the
entry of the 6th e-
● seven f orbitals in f subshell:each orbital will first get singly filled and the pairing of electrons will start with the
entry of the 8th e.
It has been observed that half filled and fully filled degenerate set of orbitals acquire extra stability due to their symmetry and
exchange energy . 23
Electronic Configuration
Electronic configuration is the distribution of electrons in different orbitals and can be
represented as

ns 2

where

n= Principal shell

s=subshell

2=the number of electrons in an orbital 24

Degenerate orbitals

● Different orbitals of the same energy level having same energy

are called degenerate orbitals.
● The filling up of electrons into the orbitals of different atoms
takes place in accordance with Aufbau Principle, (n+ l ) rule,
Pauli’s exclusion principle ,and the Hund's rule.

25
26
Electronic configuration of lighter Elements: What are the Q no 4th e- of C
n = 2, l = 0, m = 0, s = +½ or -½
● H (Z= 1) configuration: 1s1
5th e- of C
● He (Z = 2)configuration: 1s2 n = 2, l = 1, m = +1 or 0 or -1 s= +½
● Li (Z = 3) configuration: 1s2, 2s1
How many pairs of electrons are
● Be (Z = 4) configuration: 1s2, 2s2 present in F:
● B (Z=5) configuration: 1s2,2s2 ,2p1 4 pairs
● C (Z=6) configuration:1s2 ,2s2 ,2p2 (2px1 2pz1 2py0)
How many unpaired e- are present in
● N (Z=7) configuration:1s2 ,2s2 ,2p3 (2px1 2pz1 2py1 ) O and N
● O (Z=8) configuration:1s2 ,2s2 ,2p4 (2px2 2pz1 2py1 ) O : 2 and N : 3

● F (Z=9) configuration:1s2 ,2s2 ,2p5 (2px2 2pz2 2py1 ) How many maximum number of e-
● Ne (Z=10) configuration:1s2 ,2s2 ,2p6 (2px2 2pz2 2py2 have the same spin in B:
3
)
● Fully filled and half filled orbitals are more stable. 27
DIAMAGNETIC:
● Whenever two electrons are paired together in an orbital, or their total spin is 0,
they are diamagnetic electrons.
● Diamagnetic substances when placed in an external magnetic field get mildly
repelled.

PARAMAGNETIC:
● A paramagnetic electron is an unpaired electron.
● An atom is considered paramagnetic if even one orbital has a net spin.
● Paramagnetic substances when placed in an external magnetic field get strongly
attracted.

28
 ● Na (Z = 11): 1s2 ,2s2 ,2p6 , 3s1, or[Ne]3s1 What is the electronic configuration of Na+ , Mg2+ ,
● Mg (Z = 12): 1s2 ,2s2 ,2p6 , 3s2, S2-, Cl-, Ca2+ and identify isoelectronic species?
● Al ( Z = 13): 1s2 ,2s2 ,2p6 , 3s2, 3p1,
Na+ , 1s2 ,2s2 ,2p6
● Si ( Z = 14): 1s2 ,2s2 ,2p6 , 3s2, 3p2, Mg2+ , 1s2 ,2s2 ,2p6
● P ( Z = 15): 1s2 ,2s2 ,2p6 , 3s2, 3p3, S2-, 1s2 ,2s2 ,2p6 , 3s2, 3p6
● S ( Z = 16): 1s2 ,2s2 ,2p6 , 3s2, 3p4, Cl-, 1s2 ,2s2 ,2p6 , 3s2, 3p6
● Cl (Z = 17): 1s2 ,2s2 ,2p6 , 3s2, 3p5, Ca2+.1s2 ,2s2 ,2p6 3s23p6
● Ar (Z =18): 1s2 ,2s2 ,2p6 , 3s2, 3p6,
● K (Z = 19): 1s2 ,2s2 ,2p6 , 3s2, 3p6,4s1. What are the Q no of 16th e- of Ca
● Ca (Z= 20): 1s2 ,2s2 ,2p6 , 3s2, 3p6,4s2. Ans: 16th e- is in 3p
n= 3. l= 1, m= -1 to +1(any), s = +½ or -½
● To form a cation(+ve ion) electron/s are lost
from the outer most shell( i.e having highest How many unpaired e- are in Al, S, Cl and Ar
principle Q no) Ans: Al : 1. S : 2. Cl : 1. Ar : Zero
● To form an anion (-ve ion) electron/s are
gained in the outermost orbital. Give the Q no of the Valence e- of K
Ans: n =4, l = 0, m= 0, s = +½ 29
In larger atoms, rules are not followed very strictly as the size of the orbitals become larger. The energy
difference between orbitals( eg 4s and 3d) is very small in ground state and Stability ( half filled & fully
filled) takes the precedent.

Sc (Z = 21) :1s2 ,2s2 ,2p6 , 3s2, 3p6,4s2, 3d1. Write the EC of Cr3+, Mn2+ , Cu+ and Cu2+.
Ti (Z = 22) : [Ar]18 4s2, 3d2. Cr3+: 1s2 ,2s2 ,2p6 , 3s2, 3p6, 3d3
V (Z = 23) : [Ar]18 4s2, 3d3. Mn2+ : [Ar]18 3d5.
Cr (Z = 24) : [Ar]18 4s1, 3d5. Half filled Cu+ : [Ar]18 3d10.
Mn (Z = 25) : [Ar]18 4s2, 3d5. Cu2+ : [Ar]18 3d9.
Fe (Z = 26) : [Ar]18 4s2, 3d6.
Which ion is more stable: Fe2+ and Fe3+.
Co (Z = 27) : [Ar]18 4s2, 3d7.
Fe2+ : [Ar]18 3d6.
Ni (Z = 28) : [Ar]18 4s2, 3d8.
Fe3+: [Ar]18 3d5. More stable.Has half filled d
Cu (Z = 29) : [Ar]18 4s1, 3d10. Half filled s & fully filled d
Zn (Z = 30) : [Ar]18 4s2, 3d10. fully filled
How many electrons in Co have (n+l) = 4 ?
8
For ions formation, outermost shell will participate.
30
Do it yourself in HW copy:
1) Write the EC of : Ga, Ge, Se, Br, Kr, Ag, Ag+, Cd, Cd2+, Br-.

2) Write the Q no of the following:

a) 23rd electron of Co
b) 36th electron in Br-
c) 27th electron of Ni
d) Valence electron of K
e) Unpaired s electron of Cr

3) How many unpaired electrons are present in Fe, Cu, Mn and Cr?

4) How many electrons have n+l = 4 in Cu, Br, Mn?

5) Write two cations & two anions which are isoelectronic to Ar.

31
 Causes of Stability of Completely filled and Half filled Sub-shells

The electronic configuration in which all the orbitals of the same subshell are either completely
filled or are exactly half filled are more stable because of

a) Symmetrical distribution of electrons

b) Exchange energy.

32
1. Symmetrical Distribution of Electrons

● The ground state electronic configuration of the atom of an element always corresponds
to the state of the lowest total electronic energy. The electronic configurations of most of
the atoms follow the basic rules.
● However, in certain elements such as Cu, or Cr, where the two subshells (4s and 3d )
differ slightly in their energies, an electron shifts from a subshell of lower energy (4s) to a
subshell of higher energy (3d ), provided such a shift results in all orbitals of the subshell
of higher energy getting either completely filled or half filled.

33
2. Exchange Energy
● The stabilizing effect arises whenever two or more
electrons with the same spin are present in the
degenerate orbitals of a subshell.

● These electrons tend to exchange their positions

and the energy released due to this exchange is
called exchange energy.

● The number of exchanges that can take place is

maximum when the subshell is either half filled or
completely filled As a result the exchange energy
is maximum and so is the stability.

● The exchange energy is at the basis of Hund’s rule

that electrons which enter orbitals of equal
energy have parallel spins as far as possible.

34
Stable Configuration
The Completely filled and half filled subshells are
more stable as compared to the other configurations.

Eg. ns1 np3,nd5, nf7 and ns2,np6,nd10 and nf14 are more
stable

ns1

ns2

35
1) The expected electronic configuration of The actual electronic configuration of
copper copper
If one of the 4s electron shifts to the vacant 3d orbital
,the distribution of the electron will become more
symmetrical and this will impart extra stability.

36
2) The expected electronic configuration of The actual electronic configuration of
chromium chromium

If one of the 4s electron shifts to the vacant 3d

orbital ,the distribution of the electron will become
more symmetrical and this will impart extra stability.

37
Nodes: The region where this probability density function reduces to zero is called nodal
surfaces or simply nodes. Total no of nodes = (n - 1)

TYPES OF NODES: a) Spherical or Radial nodes b) Angular Nodes

Radial nodes: Radial nodes occur when the probability density of wave function for the electron is
zero on a spherical surface of a particular radius.
Number of radial nodes = n – l – 1

38
Angular nodes: Angular nodes occur when the probability density wave function for the
electron is zero along the directions specified by a particular angle.
Number of angular nodes = l

39
Total no of nodes = (n - 1)
Number of radial nodes = n – l – 1
Number of angular nodes = l

40
● For 1s orbital the probability density is maximum at the nucleus and it decreases sharply as we move away
from it.
● For 2s orbital the probability density first decreases sharply to zero and again starts increasing. After
reaching a small maxima it decreases again and approaches zero as the value of r increases further.
● The region where this probability density function reduces to zero is called nodal surfaces or simply nodes.
● In general, it has been found that ns-orbital has (n – 1) nodes, that is, number of nodes increases with
increase of principal quantum number n.
● In other words, number of nodes for 2s orbital is one, two for 3s and so on.

41
Radial Probability density
It is the total probability of finding
an electron in an infinitesimally
small region and is given by ψ2

Orbital wave function ψ and

probability density ψ2 with
distance of electron from the
nucleus for 1s and 2s can be given
graphically.

42
Calculation of number of Nodes:
Total no of nodes = (n-1)
Angular node = l and Q) Calculate the number of angular
Radial nodes = n-l-1 and radial nodes in 3p. 4s

No of nodes Ans: No of nodes in 3p = 3-1 = 2

In 1s = (1-1) = 0 Angular node in 3p = 1
Radial node in 3p = 3-1-1=1
In 2s:
No of nodes in 2s = 2-1 = 1
No of nodes in 4s = 4-1 = 3
Angular node in 2s = 0
Radial nodes in 2s = 2-0-1 = 1 Angular node in 4s = 0
Radial nodes in 4s = 4-0-1 = 3
In 2p:
No of nodes in 2p = 2-1 = 1
Angular node in 2p = 1
Radial node in 2p = 2-1-1=0 43
MCQ: Only one correct answer

1. Which of the following orbitals is symmetric about y-axis

a) px b)py c)dxy d)dyz

2. What is the number of radial nodes in the 3p probability density distribution?

a) 0 b)1 c)2 d)3

3. Which of the following orbitals will have zero probability of finding an electron in yz plane.
a)px b)py c)pz d)dyz

4. The number of radial nodes for 3s orbital is

a)3 b)4 c)2 d)1

5. Number of nodes for 4d orbital is---------------.

a)4 b)3 c)2 d)1
44
6. Which of the following options does not represent ground state electronic configuration of an
atom?
(i) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8 4s2 (ii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9 4s2

(iii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1 (iv) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1

7. Which of the following is responsible to rule out the existence of definite paths or trajectories of
electrons?
(i) Pauli’s exclusion principle. (ii) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
(iii) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity. (iv) Aufbau principle.

8. Orbital angular momentum depends on __________.

(i) l (ii) n and l (iii) n and m (iv) m and s

45
9. The pair of ions having same electronic configuration is __________.
(i) Cr3+, Fe3+ (ii) Fe3+, Mn2+ (iii) Fe3+, Co3+ (iv) Sc3+, Cr3+

10. Out of the following pairs of electrons, identify the pair of electrons present in the same orbital :
(i) (a) n = 3, l = 2, m = –2, s= − ½ (b) n = 3,l= 2, m = –1, s= − ½
(ii) (a) n = 3, l = 1, m = 1, s = + ½ (b) n = 3, l = 2, m = 1, s = + ½
(iii) (a) n = 4, l = 1, m = 1, s = + ½ (b) n = 3, l = 2, m = 1, s = + ½
(iv) (a) n = 3, l= 2, m = +2, s = − ½ (b) n = 3, l = 2, m = +2, s = + ½

11. Which of the following species have maximum number of electrons with (n+l) value 4
i) Br - ii) Cr3+ iii) Cu+ iv) K

46
MCQ: Only one correct answer

1. Which of the following orbitals is symmetric about y-axis

a) px b)py c)dxy d)dyz

2. What is the number of radial nodes in the 3p probability density distribution?

a) 0 b)1 c)2 d)3

3. Which of the following orbitals will have zero probability of finding an electron in yz plane.
a)px b)py c)pz d)dyz

4. The number of radial nodes for 3s orbital is

a)3 b)4 c)2 d)1

5. Number of nodes for 4d orbital is---------------.

a)4 b)3 c)2 d)1
47
6. Which of the following options does not represent ground state electronic configuration of an
atom?
(i) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8 4s2 (ii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9 4s2

(iii) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1 (iv) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1

7. Which of the following is responsible to rule out the existence of definite paths or trajectories of
electrons?
(i) Pauli’s exclusion principle. (ii) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
(iii) Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity. (iv) Aufbau principle.

8. Orbital angular momentum depends on __________.

(i) l (ii) n and l (iii) n and m (iv) m and s

48
9. The pair of ions having same electronic configuration is __________.
(i) Cr3+, Fe3+ (ii) Fe3+, Mn2+ (iii) Fe3+, Co3+ (iv) Sc3+, Cr3+

10. Out of the following pairs of electrons, identify the pair of electrons present in an orbital:
(i) (a) n = 3, l = 2, m = –2, s= − ½ (b) n = 3, l = 2, m = –1, s= − ½
(ii) (a) n = 3, l= 1, m = 1, s = + ½ (b) n = 3,l= 2, m = 1, s = + ½
(iii) (a) n = 4, l = 1, m = 1, s = + ½ (b) n = 3, l = 2, m = 1, s = + ½
(iv) (a) n = 3, l = 2, m = +2, s = − ½ (b) n = 3, l = 2, m = +2, s = + ½

11. Which of the following species have maximum number of electrons with (n+l) value 4
i) Br - ii) Cr3+ iii) Cu+ iv) K

49
ANSWER SOME QUESTIONS:

1. The arrangement of orbitals on the basis of energy is based upon their (n+l ) value. Lower the
value of (n+l ), lower is the energy.
For orbitals having same values of (n+l), the orbital with lower value of n will have lower
energy.Based on this information:
(a) Which of the following orbitals has the lowest energy?
4d, 4f, 5s, 5p
(b) Which of the following orbitals has the highest energy?
5p, 5d, 5f, 6s, 6p
2. In which of the following pairs, the ions are isoelectronic?
(i) Na+, Mg2+ (ii) Al3+, O– (iii) Na+ , O2– (iv) N3–, Cl–
3 Which of the following orbitals are degenerate?
3dxy 4dxy 3dz2 3dyz 4dyz 4dz2
50
ANSWER SOME QUESTIONS:

1. The arrangement of orbitals on the basis of energy is based upon their (n+l ) value. Lower the
value of (n+l ), lower is the energy.
For orbitals having same values of (n+l), the orbital with lower value of n will have lower
energy.Based on this information:
(a) Which of the following orbitals has the lowest energy?
4d, 4f, 5s, 5p
(b) Which of the following orbitals has the highest energy?
5p, 5d, 5f, 6s, 6p
2. In which of the following pairs, the ions are isoelectronic?
(i) Na+, Mg2+ (ii) Al3+, O– (iii) Na+ , O2– (iv) N3–, Cl–
3 Which of the following orbitals are degenerate?
3dxy 4dxy 3dz2 3dyz 4dyz 4dz2
51
Match the following:
1) Match the following species with their corresponding ground state electronic configuration.
Atom / Ion Electronic configuration or Structure of Atom
(i) Cu (a) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10
(ii) Cu2+ (b) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3
(iii) Zn2+ (c) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1
(iv) Cr3+ (d) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9

2) Match the quantum numbers with the information provided by these Quantum number
(i) Principal quantum number (a) orientation of the orbital
(ii) Azimuthal quantum number (b) energy and size of orbital
(iii) Magnetic quantum number (c) spin of electron
(iv) Spin quantum number (d) shape of the orbital

52
Match the following:
1) Match the following species with their corresponding ground state electronic configuration.
Atom / Ion Electronic configuration or Structure of Atom
(i) Cu (a) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10
(ii) Cu2+ (b) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3
(iii) Zn2+ (c) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1
(iv) Cr3+ (d) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9

2) Match the quantum numbers with the information provided by these. Quantum number Information
provided
(i) Principal quantum number (a) orientation of the orbital
(ii) Azimuthal quantum number (b) energy and size of orbital
(iii) Magnetic quantum number (c) spin of electron
(iv) Spin quantum number (d) shape of the orbital
53
QUESTIONS to do in classwork copy
1) Write the electronic configuration of elements with atomic number 6, 10, 16, 33, 100.
2) A neutral atom has 32 electrons.Write its electronic configuration.
3) Arrange the following subshells in increasing order of their energy.
3d,2s,5p,3s,5f,7p
4) Find the number of unpaired electrons present in Phosphorus (At.no.15),Chromium
(At.no.24),Copper (At.no. 29) after giving their electronic configuration
5) What will be the order of energy levels of 3s,3p,and 3d orbitals in case of Hydrogen atom?
6) Which element has only one electron in 3d orbital?
7) Why is Copper (I) diamagnetic while Copper(II) is paramagnetic in nature?
8) Why is the electronic configuration: 1s2 2s2 3px23py13pz0 not correct in ground state for Nitrogen?
9) Which d orbital does not have four lobes and what is its shape called?

54
 Questions:
Q1 Write the electronic configuration of elements with atomic number 6, 10, 16, 33, 100.

Ans: 6: [He] 2s22p2

7: [He]2s22p6

16: [Ne] 3s23p4

33: [Ar] 4s23d104p3

100: [Rn] 7s25f12

55
Q2 A neutral atom has 32 electrons.Write its electronic configuration.

Ans: Since atom is neutral

The number of protons =number of electrons

Thus number of protons=32

Electronic configuration: 1s2 ,2s2,,2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p2

56
Q3 : Arrange the following subshells in increasing order of their energy.
3d,2s,5p,3s,5f,7p

Ans : For each orbital ,calculate n+l values and then arrange them in
ascending order of their energy.If n+l value are the same then the one with
lower value of n will have lower energy.

2s < 3s < 3d < 5p < 5f < 7p

57
Q4: Find the number of unpaired electrons present in Phosphorus (At.no.15),Chromium
(At.no.24),Copper (At.no. 29) after giving their electronic configuration

Ans:
Element Atomic no. Electronic configuration No of unpaired electrons

P 15 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3px13py13pz1 3

Cr 24 1s2,2s.,2p6,3s2,3p6,3d5,4s1 5+1=6

Cu 29 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6,3d10,4s1 1

58
5. What will be the order of energy levels of 3s,3p,and 3d orbitals in case of Hydrogen atom?
Ans: All will have equal energy.

6. Which element has only one electron in 3d orbital?

Ans: Scandium (Z=21)

7. Why is Copper (I) diamagnetic while Copper(II) is paramagnetic in nature?

Ans: Cu(I) has d10 configuration while Cu (II) has d9 configuration with an unpaired electron.

8. Why is the electronic configuration: 1s2 2s2 3px23py13pz0 not correct in ground state for
Nitrogen?
Ans:This is against Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity.
9. Which d orbital does not have four lobes and what is its shape called?
Ans: dz2 ,it has a doughnut shape.

59
60