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78.EMAT Formulas

This document provides 11 formulas for calculating expected memory access time (EMAT) given different memory hierarchy configurations including cache, TLB, main memory and paging. It defines terms like page hit ratio, page fault ratio, dirty page ratio and explains the steps involved in memory access for different cases.

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151 views4 pages

78.EMAT Formulas

This document provides 11 formulas for calculating expected memory access time (EMAT) given different memory hierarchy configurations including cache, TLB, main memory and paging. It defines terms like page hit ratio, page fault ratio, dirty page ratio and explains the steps involved in memory access for different cases.

Uploaded by

nobitanobi0411
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ravindrababu Ravula ​www.ravindrababuravula.

com Ravindrababu Ravula

[Updated: 11/Sep/2020]

NOTE :
1) We have considered average access time between the cache and the main
memory, by default. However, one can consider the access time per instruction as
well. This depends on the question and the assumptions made in the question.
2) Here, we have assumed no cache updation mechanism (i.e, a cache miss will lead
to main memory access, no updation of cache is involved). In the GATE Exam, it is
recommended that the students should read the question carefully, and note
down the assumptions made in the question, and derive the formula accordingly.
3) We have also assumed that TLB hit implies no page fault.
4) Memorizing these formulas is highly discouraged.

Calculate EMAT given the following scenarios:

1.
K-level paging, tlb, main memory.
M = memory access time
t = tlb access time
h = tlb hit ratio, (1 - h) = tlb miss ratio
K = no. of page table levels

EMAT = h(t + M) + (1 - h) [KM + M + t]

(1) Search TLB for address

Ravindrababu Ravula ​www.ravindrababuravula.com Ravindrababu Ravula


Ravindrababu Ravula ​www.ravindrababuravula.com Ravindrababu Ravula

(2) Address found in TLB (TLB hit)


(3) Fetch the page, memory access (M)
(4) TLB miss, resolve address (VA→PA), for K-level, KM accesses
(5) Step3: Fetch the page, Memory access (M)

2.
K-level paging, TLB, Main memory, page fault, Disk access given

P = Page fault rate, (1 - P) = Page hit rate


D = Disk access time

EMAT = h(t + M) + (1 - h) [t + KM + (1-P)(M) + P(M+D)]


Case(1) Given page is dirty with probability (d)
EMAT = h(t+M) + (1-h) [t + KM + (1-P)(M) + P[(1-d)(M+D) + d(M+2D)]]

3.
K-level paging, TLB, Main memory, Page fault, Page fault service time given (PFST)
EMAT = h(t+M) + (1-h)[t + KM + (1-P)(M) + P(PFST)]

4.
TLB, Cache, Main memory, K-level paging.

Ravindrababu Ravula ​www.ravindrababuravula.com Ravindrababu Ravula


Ravindrababu Ravula ​www.ravindrababuravula.com Ravindrababu Ravula

Assume page tables are not cached.

C = cache access time


a = cache hit ratio, (1-a) = cache miss ratio

EMAT = h[t + aC + (1-a)(M)] + (1-h)[t + KM + aC + (1-a)M]


Let T​c​ = aC + (1-a)M
EMAT = h(t + T​c​) + (1-h)[t + KM + T​c​]

5.
TLB, Cache, Main memory, K-level paging, Page fault, Disk access.
EMAT = h(t+T​c​) + (1-h)[t + KM + (1-P)(T​c​) + P(M+D)]

6.
TLB, Cache, Main memory, K-levels, Page fault, PFST.
EMAT = h(t+T​c​) + (1-h)[t + KM + (1-P)(T​c​) + P(PFST)]

7.
Case 5, with dirty (d)
EMAT = h(t+T​c​) + (1-h)[t + KM + (1-P)(T​c​) + P[(1-d)(M+D) + d(M+2D)]]

From now on assume page tables are also cached.

8.
TLB, Cache, Main memory, K-level
EMAT = h[t+T​c​] + (1-h)[t + KT​c​ + T​c​]

9.
TLB, Cache, Main memory, K-level, Page fault, Disk access
EMAT = h[t+T​c​] + (1-h)[t + KT​c​ + (1-P)(T​c​) + P(M+D)]

10.
TLB, Cache, Main memory, K-levels, Page fault, PSFT
EMAT = h[t+T​c​] + (1-h)[t + KT​c​ + (1-P)T​c​ + P(PFST)]

Ravindrababu Ravula ​www.ravindrababuravula.com Ravindrababu Ravula


Ravindrababu Ravula ​www.ravindrababuravula.com Ravindrababu Ravula

11.
Case 9, with Page dirty
EMAT = h[t+T​c​] + (1-h)[t + KT​c​ + (1-P)T​c​ + P[(1-d)(M+D) + d(M+2D)]]

Note: T​c​ = aC + (1-a)M = average access time between Memory & Cache. We assume that on
cache miss, the page is fetched from main memory, and the cache update time is negligible.
Similarly, in the case of page fault and TLB miss.

****************************************************************************************************

Ravindrababu Ravula ​www.ravindrababuravula.com Ravindrababu Ravula

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