សាកលវិទ្យាល័យភូមិន្ទភនំពេញ

Royal University of Phnom Penh

Data Communication I
Chapter 3.2 : Analog transmission

Lecturer: CHHORN SYLUN

Email: [email protected]
Room: 302, STEM Building, RUPP
Objective
❑ What is analog transmission?
❑ Digital to Analog Conversion
❑ Bit rate vs Baud rate
❑ Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
❑ Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
❑ Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
❑ Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
❑ Modem Standard
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Baud Rate vs Pulse Rate
• Baud Rate and Pulse rate are the same.
• In digital transmission, we called Pulse Rate
• In analog transmission, we called Baud Rate

1 data level 1 data level

Pulse Rate

level
levels

Baud Rate 3
Bit Rate vs Baud Rate
• Bit rate (data rate) is the number of bits per second.
• Baud rate (signal rate) is number of signal unit per
second. Baud rate is less than or equal to the bit rate.

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Bit Rate vs Baud Rate

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Bit Rate vs Baud Rate
• We can define the data rate (bit rate) and the
signal rate (baud rate) as we did for digital
transmission. The relationship between them is:

1 1
𝑆=𝑁𝑥 =𝑁𝑥
𝑟 log 2 𝐿

• Where S is signal rate or Baud Rate(baud)

• and N is data rate or bit rate(bps).
• r is number of data element carried in one signal
element.
• The value of r in analog transmission is r = log 2 𝐿, 6
where L is the number of different signal element
Bit Rate vs Baud Rate
• Example 1: An analog signal carries 4 bits in
each signal unit. If 1000 signal units are sent
per second, find the bit rate N?

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Bit Rate vs Baud Rate
• Example 3: An analog signal has a bit rate of
8000 bps and a baud rate of 1000 baud. How
many data elements are carried by each signal
element? How many signal elements do we
need?

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Analog Transmission

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Analog Transmission
Analog transmission is a transmission method
of conveying voice, data, image, signal or video
information using a continuous signal which
varies in amplitude, phase, or some other
property in proportion to that of a variable.

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Digital to Analog conversion
• Digital to Analog conversion is the process of
changing one of the characteristics
(amplitude, frequency, or phase) of an analog
signal based on the information in a digital
signal (0s and 1s).
• Example: To transmit digital data from one PC
to another using a phone-line. Telephone line
carries analog signal, so digital data must
converted using process of Modulation.

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Digital to Analog conversion
What is Modulation?

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Digital to Analog conversion
What is Modulation?

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Digital to Analog conversion
What is Modulation?
• A carrier wave is pure of constant frequency, a
bit like a sine wave. It does not carry much
information that we related to like speech or
data.
• To include data or information, another wave
needs to be imposed, called input signal, on
the top of the carrier wave.
• The process of imposing or combine an input
signal onto a carrier wave is called modulation.
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Digital to Analog conversion
Why modulation?
1. For allowing multiple signals to share a
single physical channel.
2. Suitable for signal transmission (distance,..)
3. Stability and noise rejection

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Digital to Analog conversion
Basic Digital Modulation Techniques:
1. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
2. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
3. Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

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Digital to Analog conversion
• Amplitude Modulation (AM) also known as
amplitude shift keying: This method requires
changing the amplitude of the carrier phase
between 0 and 1 to encode the digital signal.

• Frequency Modulation (FM) also known as

frequency shift keying. Must alter the frequency
of the carrier to correspond to 0 or 1.

• Phase Modulation (PM) also know as phase shift

keying. At each phase shift, the bit is flipped from 17
0 to 1 or vice versa.
Digital to Analog conversion
• Example:

Digital Signal

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Analog Signal
Digital to Analog conversion
• Modulation Schematics:

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Amplitude Shift Keying

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Amplitude Shift Keying
• In ASK, the amplitude of the carrier signal is
varied to create signal elements. Both
frequency and phase remain constant while the
amplitude change.
• A popular techniques that used for ASK is
called Binary Amplitude Shift Keying (BASK)
• In ASK, data rate is equal to baud rate
𝑆 = 𝑁 and number of data elements in one signal
elements r=1
• The Bandwidth for ASK: B=(1+d) x 𝑁
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Or B=(1+d) x 𝑆
Amplitude Shift Keying
• The bandwidth is depending on signal rate and another
factor d which depends on the modulation and filtering,
0≤𝑑≤1
• When d=0 → Minimum 𝐵 = 1 + 𝑑 𝑆 = 𝑆 = 𝑁
• When d=1 → Maximum 𝐵 = 1 + 𝑑 𝑆 = 2𝑆 = 2𝑁

Amplitude
Minimum Bandwidth = Sbaud

Frequency
fc 22
fc-(Sbaud/2) fc+(Sbaud/2)

fc is carrier frequency
Amplitude Shift Keying
• Implementation of Binary ASK

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Amplitude Shift Keying
• Example 1: we have an available bandwidth of 100
kHz which spans from 200 to 300 kHz. What are the
carrier frequency and the bit rate if we modulate our
data using ASK with d=1?

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Amplitude Shift Keying
• Implementation of Binary ASK
✓In full duplex transmission, data has to be sent in
both direction.
✓The available bandwidth is divided into two with 2
carried frequencies.
✓Example, the total bandwidth of 100kHz is divided
into 2 parts of 50kHz each.
✓The available bandwidth for each direction is now
50kHz.

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Amplitude Shift Keying
• Example 2: Find the minimum bandwidth for
an ASK signal transmitting at 2000 bps. The
transmission mode is half duplex.

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Amplitude Shift Keying
• Example 3: Given a bandwidth of 10kHz(1000Hz to
11kHz), draw the full duplex ASK diagram of the
system. Find the carriers and the bandwidths in each
direction?

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Frequency Shift Keying
• In FSK, the frequency of the carrier is changed
to represent the binary 1 and 0. For binary 0 the
carrier frequency will be 𝑓1 and for binary 1 the
carrier frequency will be 𝑓2 .
• The Bandwidth for FSK: B = f2 - f1 + Sbaud

Amplitude
B
Sbaud/2 f2—f1 Sbaud/2

Frequency 28
f1 f2
Frequency Shift Keying

f2 f1

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Frequency Shift Keying
• Example 1: Find the minimum bandwidth for an
FSK signal transmitting at 2000 bps? The
difference between the two carries are
separated by 3000Hz.

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Phase Shift Keying
• In PSK, the phase of a transmitted signal is varied to
convey information.
• The difference phase angles in the carrier signal are
used to represent the binary states of 0 and 1.
• The simplest PSK technique is called Binary PSK (BPSK),
which uses two opposite signal phases (0 and 180
degrees).
• There are also more than two phases such as
❖Four(0, +90, -90 and 180 degrees)
❖Eight (0,+45,-45,+90,-90,+135,-135, and 180 degrees)
• In PSK, the Bandwidth= Baud rate
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Phase Shift Keying
Constellation Diagram
• A constellation diagram is a representation of
a signal modulated by a digital modulation
scheme such as quadrature amplitude
modulation or phase shift keying.
• It displays the signal as a two dimensional
scatter diagram in the complex plane at
symbol sampling instant.

Example:

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Phase Shift Keying
• Binary-PSK (BPSK)(2-PSK)

Bit rate=Baud Rate

Bandwidth=Baud Rate

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Phase Shift Keying
• The 4-PSK (QPSK)

Bit rate=2xBaud Rate

Bandwidth=Baud Rate

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Phase Shift Keying
• The 4-PSK (QPSK) implementation

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Phase Shift Keying
• The 8-PSK

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Phase Shift Keying
• Example 1: Find the bandwidth for a 4-PSK
transmitting at 2000 bps. Transmission is in half
duplex mode.

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Phase Shift Keying
• Example 2: Given a bandwidth of 5000Hz for
an 8-PSK signal, what are the baud rate and bit
rate?

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Phase Shift Keying
• Example 3: Find the bandwidth for a signal
transmitting at 12 Mbps for QPSK? The value of
d = 0.

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)

• In practice, the maximum number of bits

can be sent with any one of ASK, PSK, FSK
is five bits.
• In order to meet the limitations, we need
to have other technique is called QAM.
• QAM is a combination of ASK and PSK .
• In QAM, the both Amplitude and Phase
are varied.
• Quadrature = Sine Wave + Cosine Wave 40
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)

• This technique combines two carries whose amplitudes

are modulated independently with same frequency and
phases are shifted by 90° with respect to each other.
• These carries are called:
1. In-Phase Carries (I)
2. Quadrature Carries (Q)

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)

QAM Block Diagram

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)

QAM Forms

4-QAM 8-QAM 16-QAM 32-QAM 64-QAM 128-QAM

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 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)
90° 90°

0° 0°
180°
180°

270° 270°

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)

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Example diagram of 8-QAM
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)

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Bit and Baud Rate Scheme

 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)
Bit
Modulation Units Bits/Baud Baud rate
Rate

ASK, FSK, 2-PSK Bit 1 N N

4-PSK, 4-QAM Dibit 2 N 2N

8-PSK, 8-QAM Tribit 3 N 3N

16-QAM Quadbit 4 N 4N
32-QAM Pentabit 5 N 5N
64-QAM Hexabit 6 N 6N
128-QAM Septabit 7 N 7N
256-QAM Octabit 8 N 8N 49

Bit and Baud Rate Comparison

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)

• Example 1: A constellation diagram consists

of eight equally spaced points on a circle. If
the bit rate is 4800 bps, what is the baud rate?

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)

• Example 2: Compute the bit rate for a 1000-

baud 16-QAM signal.

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)

• Example 3: Compute the baud rate for a

72,000-bps 64-QAM signal.

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Modem Standard

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Difference types of modem
Modem Standard

Modem stands for Modulator-Demodulator is a

device that modulates an analog carrier signal
to encode digital information, and also
demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the
transmitted information over the telephone
line. So it is Data Conversion Equipment. 54
 Modem Standard
Modem vs Router

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 Modem Standard
Modem vs Router

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 Repeater Access Point
New technology

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 Quiz
A constellation diagram can help us define the amplitude
and
A. Frequency
B. Signal
C. Phase
D. QAM

In constellation diagram, a signal element type is

represented as a
A. line
B. dot
C. X component
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D. Y component
E. None of above
 Quiz
In Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), there are two values
of phase i.e 0 degree and :
A. 180 degree
B. 90 degree
C. 360 degree
D. 45 degree

When Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) is implemented using

only two levels then it is called
A. Half duplex ASK
B. Multilevel ASK
C. Binary ASK
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D. Duplex ASK
E. None of above
Homework
Read Book: Data communication and
Networking, 4th Edition
1. Chapter 5: Analog Transmission
2. Page: 141-157
3. Try to answer question: 158-160

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