Introduction to Smart Grid

Dr. Premalata Jena

Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee

Lecture – 22
Smart Grid Protection – IV

Good morning to all of you, in this lecture we will discuss about the Smart Grid
Protection. In continuation to our previous lecture we will continue with adaptive
protection schemes for the microgrid system. If we will see the previous lecture we have
discussed the adaptive protection scheme, using the directional over current relay and in
this flow diagram the process the steps are involved here.

(Refer Slide Time: 00:48)

In the first step current samples are going to be samples at the sampling frequency of 1
kilo hertz, and then the fault is going to be detected. And then the phasors are going to be
estimated using the DFT that is discrete Fourier transform technique.

And after that this positive and negative sequence components of pre fault and fault
currents are going to be estimated. And after identified this fault type then the faulted
section is going to be identified and corresponding TDS and plug settings of the over
current relay are going to be calculated.
And this particular being is responsible for the over current relay part and this one is
responsible for the directional relay part, and both the outputs like this is 1 if this is 1
then the final output is going to be 1.

(Refer Slide Time: 01:44)

Now, to validate this particular technique we have taken one 4 bus network, you can see
here that this is our grid and this is 1 renewable energy source, and this is renewable
energy source 2, and these two are basically the synchronous based renewable energy
source.

This SBDER stands for synchronous based renewable sources. Now, we have four line I
mean three lines. Here this line one, this is line two, and this is line three, and this first
line is protected using this two relays that is R1 and R2, and the second line is protected
basically using this two relays R3, R4. And third line is protected using this R5 and R6,
and in this proposed technique all this relays are directional over current relays.

Here basically in today’s state in digital relaying platform. If we are using basically the
directional over current relay we are not going to put any cost, because almost all the
relays are multi-functional in nature. We can either use the relay as directional over
current relay or only over current relaying or we can also use only the directional relay or
distance relay, differential relay.
So, that is why this is one of the advantage of the digital relaying platform. Now using
that particular system results are produced using the software that is RSCAD. And that
RSCAD software is available within this RTDS. That is your real time digital simulator,
why this platform is chosen? Because this particular platform meets the real world and
that particular on certainties whatever we phase saturation, transience whatever the sort
of like on even I mean on certainties are present inside the actual power network.

Those uncertainties that those difficulties or those uncertainties can be modelled using
this RTDS platform, real time digital simulator. And taking that particular platform
results I mean system is simulated and corresponding results are produced.

(Refer Slide Time: 04:00)

The first result is for grid connected mode of operation, because as already we have
discussed the microgrid may operate in neither grid connected mode or it may also
operate in islanded mode of operation.

So, we have to check whatever the algorithm or protection algorithm we are going to
develop, all the algorithm should be checked properly for grid connected mode of
operation as well as for the islanded mode of operation. Coming to this first mode of
operation that is grid connected mode of operation. The results for this case, this is for
the first table source for the results for adaptive approach and this one is for the
conventional approach.
In this adaptive approach if you could see that this fault F1, if I will go back this is the
fault situation F1. And this fault is created in line 1 and this fault F1 is going to be cleared
by this R1 and R2 primary relays. And yes of course, if this R1 R2 primary relays fails
then this R4 and R6 these are the backup relays they are responsible to clear that
particular fault.

And coming to this adaptive approach for this particular fault F1, we can see here this is
the pick-up, I mean current or before fault this is the TDS setting. And this is the fault
current table and this is the time of clearing the fault. See finally, the point here is our
check will be that CTI this is the, this coordination time interval should be perfect that
should be within 0.3 to 0.5 second. And yes we have attained this particular value and
this CTI is well within this 0.301 second that is why this particular approach adaptive
approach is successful while we are integrating this renewable source. May be we have
synchronous based DGs or may we have this inverter based renewable energy sources.

Now; however, if we will just come to the conventional approach what is this
conventional approach? As already we have discussed, in conventional directional over
currents relaying principle we assume that the plug setting and TDS or TMS of the over
current relay, I have just say to be fixed value. Irrespective of the mode of operation
whether this grid is operating in grid connected mode or islanded mode or it at may be in
with different types of renewable sources. So, always in conventional approach we
depend on a fixed type of settings of the over current relay or directional relay. So, that is
why this conventional approach is producing a CTI of 0.319. I mean yes it is of course,
within this 0.3 to 0.5 second.

But here our target is to be within 0.3 second only, that is what I mean it will be just 0.30
second, but here it is exceeding this value 0.319 and this case it is 0.360 second. So, if
you will see for different fault positions like F2 and F3 similar results are gathered and it
is found that finally, this particular proposed to adaptive approach is providing correct
result in comparison to the conventional approach.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:23)

Now, this is for the results for the islanded mode of operation, this islanded mode of
operation means when the main grid is disconnected from the rest of the microgrid
system. So, in that case also we have to check whether this relays are properly
coordinated or not. That is also essential because let us say during islanded mode of
operations some of the relays are miss coordinated and they are just going to trip again.

So, unnecessarily we are going to lose the healthy sections, because the islanded mode is
not basically a faulty mode right. So, that is why this only this relays are reactive during
the faulty sections or fault situation. Otherwise they should not react may be it is a grid
connected mode or it may be a islanded mode of operation.

In this case also if you could see this particular table the left side is basically for adaptive
approach and the second column is for conventional approach. Now here the same
discussion I will do that the CTI is our target that the coordination time interval should
be equal to 40.3 right. So, here also same thing had happened, it is going to be 0.303 for
this particular fault F 1.

And, but it will come to the conventional approach, where we have not changed the plug
setting or TDS of the corresponding over current relay. Then the corresponding CTI is
exceeding it is not exactly .03 second. I mean 0 point 3 second, rather it is 0.45 second.
That means, it may also miss coordinate that if you will use it will depend on the
conventional approach. Now, yes along with the over current relay performance we also
assessed the performance of the directional components.

(Refer Slide Time: 09:14)

This is the directional component and here is the system and you could see that for
different types of faults this is AG fault, ABC fault and corresponding directional
elements is here evaluated. And if you could see this is F1 is basically this if we if we
consider this relay, I mean this M1, M2, M3, different modes of operations. This M1
stands for grid connected mode, M2 is islanded mode of operation, M3 is disconnection
of DERS.

Why this M3 stands for like in microgrid system it may happens that may be we are
going to lose some kind of renewable energy sources. We have many number of
renewable energy sources which are connected to the respective buses, I mean particular
locations. Now let us say due to some fault or some due to some maintenance problem 1
or 2 d are going to be out of order I mean it is out of service.

So, in that case also our relay should be intact and they should coordinate to each other
properly, because disconnection of DERS basically it is not a faulty case. Now here for
this M1 that is the grid connected mode M2 and M3 for all the cases this particular
directional unit is operating fine. If it is plus this plus designs I mean it describes, the
fault is basically behind the relay if it is minus 1 then this fault is in front of the relay.
So, these are different situations we have created and we can also try by yourself by
taking the system and taking the particular data and then corresponding results can be
obtained. And this is the particular compass plot for these phases to make it more clear
that I will just explain one, here the programs like for easy fault type and the fault
position is F1 during the grid connected mode.

(Refer Slide Time: 11:09)

The first figure is for the fault at F1 position and for the grid connected mode of
operation of the microgrid system. Now here this is the position of I1pre, the fault currents
the positive sequence pre fault current which is flowing through the relay that is the
position. And this is your I1F, if the fault is located at the F1 position the corresponding
positive sequence current this is the I1F, And this is my superimposed fault current this is
the resultant of this particular between this I1pre and I1F.

And so, it lies here, and as we are taking the angle between this superimposed current
and I1 pre; so, that is why this angle is basically if you could see here angle between this
and this is going to be what? Because it is leading this delta I1F is leading to delta I1pre as
a result. The angle is going to be positive that is what is written here plus 2.48 radial, all
this angle are basically in radian.

Now, if you will come to this one the second one the second figure that is for the fault
position F2 during the grid connected mode of operation of the microgrid system. And
here it is just the opposite case, because we are taking for the particular grid mode of
operation. That is why this I1pre is going to be constant, that this basically it is a flow of
power the power flow direction that is why this phasor position I1pre is going to be
constant. Whether it is basically for F1 position or F2 position that is why here this I1pre-
position is constant as the previous case.

Now, here for this fault position this is the fault current phasor and this is corresponding
resultant, between this I1pre and I1F that is the superimposed fault current. Now this if you
could see that in this case this delta I1F is basically lagging to this I1pre, and that is why
this angle is going to be negative minus 2.28 radian.

So, this is a very good I mean assessment using this matlab, you can see easily that how
these phasors are lying within this polar plot. Now we have done a very good laboratory
arrangement inside this department of electrical engineering IIT Roorkee, using this
RTDS as I said from the beginning. That we have used this real time digital simulator
platform for the simulation of different types of microgrid system and this is a very I
mean advantages case that in RTDS , there is availability of solar system, wind system,
fuel cells batteries. So, all kind of renewable sources are basically available in this RTDS
software.

(Refer Slide Time: 14:00)

And this the analog signal and there are different types of analog cards. So, using this
analog output card we have taken the three phase currents to the dSPACE. This is the
dSPACE dSPACE 1 on 0 4 board. And here the algorithm is basically written inside it is
bun inside this processor of the dSPACE, and after getting this three phase current
signals this algorithm is going to be executed. And after that the trip signal will be sent to
the corresponding circuit breaker to take the, I mean the shutdown or trip the basically
the DGs or renewable sources.

So, this is what is known as hardware in the loop test bed to test different type of
relaying algorithms. This is one of the, I mean few we have simulated many hydro
results and we have collected.

(Refer Slide Time: 14:56)

And this is one for example, that this is for the fault F2 position during islanded mode of
operation. And the first figure is for the conventional approach, and the second one is for
the adaptive approach the technique what we have developed.

Now, in this conventional approach if you could see here that this time trip signal is quite
large. It is almost 1.19 second; however, in this particular proposed approach this time
trip signal is generated, within 0.98 second that is one of the advantage it takes less time.
And here also if you can see the second one, in this case and the same thing I mean this
proposed approach the trip here the trip signal is 1.19 second. However, in this proposed
approach it takes 0.412 seconds.

So, that is why I mean in hardware platform also we have validated the proposed
technique. And it is quite possible because as we are using this sequence component
based technique and that should is based on current information. So, it is a very good
platform to implement in real time as well, because whatever the technique we are going
to development that should be implemented in field otherwise it has no meaning.

It should be feasible in the practical field. So, that is what this test hydro results tell,
because if simulation is not sufficient. We have to test whether this particular algorithm
is going to be implemented in dual time or not. So, that is very, very important and if you
could design some very fundamental basic techniques based on the information of
current voltage, some parameters that is very good because it will be very easy to
implement in our digital relaying platform. Now, I will come to another very important
concept of this particular adaptive directional over current relaying principle.

(Refer Slide Time: 16:52)

That is based on the superimposed adaptive sequence current based on second method;
and if I will just describe a very quickly because already we have discussed many
components that what we did in the previous technique. And what is a basic difference
between the previous technique and this technique I will just highlight.

In this case more or less we are going to also again depend on the sequence components
of the current only. These two techniques are based on only the current information not
the voltages information, here we are not using any voltage information, we are just
using the current information. In this case we are also dependent on the positive
sequence pre fault current and the negative sequence pre fault current.
And again we are also calculating this positive sequence fault current and the negative
sequence fault current. And also we are calculating the superimposed positive sequence
fault component and the superimposed negative sequence fault component. Here one
addition we did here that in this particular technique to distinct difference I will just tell.
The first one we did here we have designed one , impact factor why this impact factor
comes to the picture, because I just want to highlight here that in our microgrid system
we are using different types of renewable source right, so DERS.

Now, what happens if any fault will be incepted the synchronous based DG will supply
more than 5 per unit of the rated current. However, at the same time the inverter based
renewals will supply the fault current in the range of 2 per unit, within this 2 per unit to
of the rated current. So, there is a huge difference I mean you know this inverter based
this is clamps the fault current magnitude whereas, the synchronous based DG doesn’t.

So, that is a mismatch between the fault current label, that is why this is the main reason
that why this over current relays miss coordinate. So, to bring the fault current label to
proper order I mean, as I said in the inverter based DG. The fault current is clamp to 2
per unit if you could bring to the right level we can modify or we can just manipulate the
fault current again to the right position then I guess of course, we can always avoid the
miss coordination between the over current relays, we have tried to overcome this
particular problem using the impact factor concept.

(Refer Slide Time: 19:25)

Now, this is one of the impact factor which is used for this inverter based DG. What is
I1f  I1pre
that
I1f

That means, yes of course, the in this case the numerator is greater than the denominator
and it will just multiply with the corresponding fault current here after getting this impact
factor the finally, modified fault current, see this is important. This IF is a modified fault
current, which is addition of this If   I1f  I2f   If , this positive sequence fault current

and negative sequence fault currents summation multiplied by this impact factor. So, that
will be my corresponding modified fault current right.

So, that If will provide me proper coordination between the primary and backup over
current relays. Now for synchronous based DGs, we have just reduced the impact factor.
So, here in this case this numerator is less than the denominator because we want to
reduce the fault current to proper level. So, of course, in sometimes we do in other do in
other way around also.

So, and that is case yes of course, in case of synchronous based DG, sometimes it is also
not needed the means impact factor, because its already more than the 2 per 3 per
minute, I mean the fault current of the rated current right. So, in this case it is not
necessary, but however, in case of inverter based DGs this impact factor multiplication is
must.

(Refer Slide Time: 20:59)

Now, same formula we have I mean the concept we had developed the TDS. Here we
have taken the revised TDS the TDS will change as the mode of operation of the
microgrid system is going to be changed. And that is what this f (Mr )and f (Mc )and this
is the corresponding old TDS and this one is this TDS is the new TDS (Refer Slide Time:
20:59).

(Refer Slide Time: 21:23)

Now, after that we again this particular system has been taken this F1, F2 is basically the
fault positions. And this is the directional relay and this is the DER the distributed energy
source, and this is the grid. And this is the corresponding sequence diagram, if any fault
occurs are the F1 side or F2 side or there is no fault. So, this particular figure is basically
used to calculated the corresponding fault current or pre fault current at the relay location
at this point.

At this point we have to basically calculate this I1pre and then I2pre, then I1F and I2F and of
course, this two fault currents we have to calculate for F1 position as well as F2 position.
So, these are basically the analysis part and here the corresponding sequence diagram as
been discrete, I mean this is the corresponding sequence diagram of this particular
system.
(Refer Slide Time: 22:20)

And if you could say after arriving it is observed that this in this particular phasor
diagram there are two phasor diagrams a and b. And here you could see this already we
have discussed the phasor diagram for the positive sequence based directional element.
Here I am emphasizing for the directional element for the negative sequence
components. And this is the position of I2pre if it is so. And then the corresponding this
particular fault current that is I2F, this is by the corresponding negative sequence fault
current position. And their resultant I mean this is the difference and that difference is
nothing our superimposed current this I2f .

If I if you will just see I have written here this I2f1 is nothing. The fault current negative
sequence fault current for F1 position minus the negative sequence pre fault current.
Similarly, after getting the superimposed negative sequence fault current, we have to
take angle between this two that is the negative sequence superimposed current and the
negative sequence pre fault current. This angle is basically our requirement and
similarly, the next superimposed fault current is basically I2f 2 , that is I2F2 minus I2 pre.

So, this is the all these are basically the phasor subtraction remember these are all
phasors they have with the all the phasor I mean quantities have like a magnitude as well
as the angle. Now after getting this superimposed component of the negative sequence
for the F2 position of the fault, we have to find the angle this is f 2 is nothing angle of
this particular phasor and angle of this particular phasor, difference of this two is
basically the angle, angle difference.

After getting this angle what conclusion we will get how to determine the fault current I
mean fault direction, whether it is in front of the relay or behind the relay. Now if you
could see in this case in the first figure a this is I2f1 leading to my I2pre right. So, that is
why as if like this I2f1 is leading means I mean yes of course, I mean we always in the
phasor domain we move in anticlockwise direction.

So, this is leading to this I2pre as a result this angle is going to be positive. Now here in
this case if you could see the same analysis we did here, the angle is basically I mean this
I2f 2 is lagging to this I2pre. And this is why this angle is going to be negative and this

angle is going to be positive. So, this is a very important concept that if here is my bus
and here is my directional relay location. And this is my F1 position and this is my F2
position for this F1 position this phi is going to be positive and for this F2 position this 
is going to be negative.

So, this is the rule base for the directional relay, now we have validated this particular
technique I mean the over current relay this impact factor concept based over current
relay and this negative here we have added both positive and negative sequence based
directional elements. So, together the if suppose somehow this let us say for positive
sequence based directional elements for basically fails for high impedance fault high
resistance fault case.

However, in that case this negative sequence directional element will help. So, that is
why the two directional elements are added together. In case of directional unit and
together to validate these techniques we have also taken one system.
(Refer Slide Time: 26:08)

And here the flow chart for this particular technique this side is my over current relay
part and this is the directional unit part. And you could see here that the main important
aspect of this proposed technique basically this for this particular proposed technique is.
It is highly dependent only the current information not the voltage information. That
means, we can safe I mean cost wise we are in benefit.

And second point here in the directional unit we have taken positive sequence directional
element and also the negative sequence directional element. Any one of fails the other
one will helps us to provide the direction. And as far as the over current relay is
concerned here we have used one impact factor concept and that impact factor will help
you to boost the current fault currents magnitude in case of inverter based DG. And it
may also reduce or to bring to proper label, in case of I mean synchronous based DG.

So, that the primary and backup over current relays are not going to be miss coordinated.
This is the system we have simulated using this RTDS system that is real time digital
simulator IEEE 34 bus system.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:18)

In this system we have taken this PV, this DFIG and synchronous based DG right and
this is our grid. And different fault locations you can see here F1, F2, F3 different
locations we did.

(Refer Slide Time: 27:32)

And these are the some of results and this is my as I said for the over current relay our
main aim is basically to check. Whether the CTI is within proper range or not here, we
have maintained within the 0.3 to 0.5 second and you could see this is proper it is not
exceeding 0.5 second.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:50)

And coming to the directional part also for different fault positions the mode of operation
M1, M2, M3 and M4 also we have diagram here. Here the plus 1 means the fault is back
side of the relay and minus 1, means the fault is in front of the relay. So that means, all
the I mean the, whatever the techniques we are just proposing, here we can always like
tested using the hardware setup also, these are the results for the positive sequence based
directional unit.

(Refer Slide Time: 28:14)

And you can see here if the fault is behind the relay this will be plus, and if it is in front
of the relay this will be minus 1.

(Refer Slide Time: 28:31)

Now, this is the hardware setup of already we have discussed the setup of and this
particular technique is also implemented using this hardware in the loop system and this
is the corresponding some test results.

(Refer Slide Time: 28:42)

So, the conclusion here is if you could see here that the whole I mean results, we have
discussed and I have started like smart grid protection schemes. If you could see the final
conclusion is that we need adaptive protection schemes now, because now this microgrid
system or the smart grid I can tell this microgrid system is part of the smart grid system.

This smart grid system needs absolutely without any doubt the all the ways the adaptive
protection schemes. The conventional fixed mode of operation of the any relays not only
this over current relay or directional relay, any relay and may be differential relay we are
going to also use this relay.

So, the fixed mode of operation of the conventional technique is not going to be I mean
operating in nature I mean it will not operate properly, as well as the smart grid
protection scheme is concerned. Because, this renewable sources are like solar and wind
are very fluctuating in nature that is a first point. And second point is the current
contribution during the fault position from different types of DERS also different. And
again you know this earlier the distribution network was very radial in nature I mean,
now due to the integration of renewable sources this radially is not any more.

So, this power flow or fault direction may be reverse in nature it may bidirectional in
nature. So, keeping all this mind it is very essential that this conventional fixed mode of
operation of the I mean, this all the relaying schemes are not going to work fine. So, we
have to proposed definitely the adaptive protection schemes, in that sense from the
Roorkee side our team like protection group we are trying to have some developed
protection schemes for this magnitude system. And we have also this hardware in loop
test bed to test all kind of proposed algorithms and may not necessarily this protection
also other control strategies as for as the smart grid is concerned

If you could see that now in this smart grid environment this fixed mode of operation of
the protection schemes are not going to work out; Because, every time this renewable
sources we are going to implement like those are fluctuating in nature. And more over
this fault current contributed by different renewable energy sources are different I mean
the as far as the magnitude is concerned different, if you could see the inverter based
DGs basically clamps the fault current to 2 per unit of the rated current. And also these
synchronous based DGs basically provide 5 per unit of the rated current I mean the fault
current magnitude.

So, in that sense this is also one of the concern and one more concern basically if you
could see that in distributed energy sources our smart grid environment. If any fault
occurs the fault direction reversed I mean, the bidirectional fault current takes places. I
mean the power flow in now bidirectional instead of unidirectional. Earlier the
distribution network was radial in nature, but now due to the integration of these
renewable sources this radiality is not any more.

So, that is why these are the different concerns and we are also proposing the demand
side managements different new concepts as far as the smart grid is concerned. So, that is
why this fixed mode of operation of the protection scheme is not any more I mean going
to work. So, that is why this adaptive protection schemes where to be set.

Thank you so much.