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Expt 6. Pressure Measurement Using Piezo-Resistive Pressure Sensor

The document describes an experiment to measure pressure using a piezoresistive pressure sensor. It details the different types of pressure transducers including diaphragms, bourdon tubes, and bellows. The sensor specifications and experimental procedure are provided. Observations from plotting the input pressure versus sensor output are analyzed to determine sensor sensitivity, accuracy, and potential sources of error.

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Raghav somani
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112 views4 pages

Expt 6. Pressure Measurement Using Piezo-Resistive Pressure Sensor

The document describes an experiment to measure pressure using a piezoresistive pressure sensor. It details the different types of pressure transducers including diaphragms, bourdon tubes, and bellows. The sensor specifications and experimental procedure are provided. Observations from plotting the input pressure versus sensor output are analyzed to determine sensor sensitivity, accuracy, and potential sources of error.

Uploaded by

Raghav somani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENT NO.

AIM : PRESSURE MEASUREMENT USING PIEZO-RESISTIVE PRESSURE SENSOR

APPARATUS: Piezo-resistive pressure sensor setup, foot pump, pressure gauges,


pressure regulation valve

INTRODUCTION:
Fluid pressure can be defined as the measure of force per-unit-area exerted by a fluid,
acting perpendicularly to any surface it contacts (a fluid can be either a gas or a liquid,
fluid and liquid are not synonymous). The standard SI unit for pressure measurement is
the Pascal (Pa) which is equivalent to one Newton per square meter (N/m2) or the
KiloPascal (kPa) where 1 kPa = 1000 Pa. In the English system, pressure is usually
expressed in pounds per square inch (psi). Pressure can be expressed in many different
units including in terms of a height of a column of liquid. Pressure measurements can be
divided into three different categories: absolute pressure, gage pressure and differential
pressure. Absolute pressure refers to the absolute value of the force per-unit-area
exerted on a surface by a fluid. Therefore the absolute pressure is the difference
between the pressure at a given point in a fluid and the absolute zero of pressure or a
perfect vacuum. Gage pressure is the measurement of the difference between the
absolute pressure and the local atmospheric pressure. Local atmospheric pressure can
vary depending on ambient temperature, altitude and local weather.

PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS

1. DIAPHRAGMS : the most common type of pressure sensing elastic element used as a
transducer is a diaphragm. The structure of it may be flat or corrugated. Diaphragm
are widely used because of high accuracy and good dynamic response. Sensing
diaphragms are made fro elastic metal alloys like bronze, phosphor bronze,
beryllium copper, stainless steel or from proprietary alloys like Monel, Inconel-X,
Nickel-Span-C. The diaphragm are fabricated by pressing, stamping or spinning from
sheet stock or from bar. The main consideration while selecting a suitable
diaphragm material are the chemical nature of fluid coming in contact with
diaphragm, temperature range, effects of shock and vibrations and frequency
response requirements. Ni-Span-C is unique in that it has constant elastic properties
over a wide temperature range.

2. BOURDON TUBE: the bourdon tube is a curved or twisted tube having an elliptical
cross section and sealed at one end. The tube tends to straighten out on the
application of pressure and the angular deflection of the free end is taken as a
measure of pressure. The deflection sensitivity is a function of the aspect ratio of the
tube cross section. The main advantages are high sensitivity and good repeatability.
The different configurations mainly employed for this deice are ‘C’, helical, spiral and
twisted tubes.

3. BELLOWS: bellows are thin walled cylindrical shells with dep convolutions and are
sealed at one end. The sealed end moves axially when pressure is applied to the
other end.

Transduction Method: Electrical pressure transducers based on the principle of variable


capacitance, resistance, and inductance have been developed for a variety of pressure
measurement for converting the deflections or stress developed in elastic elements into
corresponding electrical signals.

4. POTENTIOMETRIC Device: The potentiometric type pressure transducer is one of the


earliest type of electrical pressure sensors. In this, a diaphragm, capsule, bellows, or
Bourden tube is linked to a free-sliding wiper contact moving on a resistive element.
The wiper is driven by the basic element in response to the applied pressure and the
changes in the voltage at the wiper point are related to the pressure.

5. SOLID STATE DEVICE : Recent advances in micro-electronics circuit technology have


been successfully applied for the development of the solid state transducers, especially
for pressure measurements. There are two verities in this category 1. Based on Piezo
junction effect . The iezo-resistive type transducer consist of a monocrystalline silicon
diaphragm with four piezo resistive strain gauges formed integrally in a Wheatstone
bridge circuit configuration diffused on it to measure the stresses developed due to the
applied pressure. The salient features are (A) The mechanical properties of
monocrysatlline silicon show low hysteresis and high repeatability. (B) Piezoresistive
semiconductor gauges formed on the silicon diaphragm exhibit much higher sensitivity
compared with conventional bonded or unbounded wire gauges mounted on metal
diaphragm. (C) Piezoresisitve gauges diffused directly onto the diaphragm surfaces are
not likely to suffer from the creep and hysteresis effects inherent in bonded strain
gauges. (d) miniaturization of the transducer is easy without any scarifies in
performance and (e) they exhbit excellen thermal characteristics.
The second type of solid-state pressure transducer employs the piezo-junction effect i.e.
the variation in the sensitivity of the V-I(Volt-Ampere) characteristics of a p-n junction
to stress.

SENSOR SPECIFICATION:
TYPICAL MAXIMUM
INPUT PRESSURE RANGE 0-30 PSI 0-60 PSI
SUPPLY VOLTAGE 5 V DC 6 V DC
SENSITIVITY 3 mV/ PSI
FULL SCALE SPAN 90 mV
OUTPUT PIN 2(+) PIN 4(-)

PROCEDURE:
1. Make power on to the unit
2. Adjust zero on digital panel meter (DPM) for zero input pressure using zero
adjustment potmeter.
3. Slowly increase the input air pressure to 20 PSI as read on dial pressure gauge.
Set the gain adjust potmeter to read 20PSI on DPM.
4. Now slowly change the input air pressure from 0-20 PSI in proper steps and not
the DPM reading.
5. Tabulate the result.

Figure: Circuit diagram for the pressure measurement


OBSERVATION TABLE
OBSERVATIO INPUT PRESSURE (DIAL GAUGE DPM READING
N NO READING)
A B

CALCULATIONS
1. Plot graph of Input pressure vs DPM reading, Determine best fit equation
2. Static sensitivity of the instrument
3. Determine the error in measurement w.r.t FS assuming that dial gauge gives
correct reading
4. Accuracy in % of FS

OBSERVATIONS
1. Comment on the curve, sensitivity, reasons for hysteresis, drift or sensitivity drift
if exists
2. Discuss the source of error in measurement
3. Comment on use of differential and buffer amplifier in the circuit

CONCLUSIONS
Write conclusions about the experiment using the obtained results. You can write your
own comments/observations/findings from the experiment.

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