Filamer Christian University

Roxas City
College of Teacher Education
Accredited Level IV- ACSCU-AAI

E9 Teaching and Assessment of Grammar

THE EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH

There are eight parts of speech in the English language: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb,
preposition, conjunction, and interjection. The part of speech indicates how the word functions in
meaning as well as grammatically within the sentence. An individual word can function as more than
one part of speech when used in different circumstances.
1. NOUN - is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea.
2. PRONOUN- is a word used in place of a noun.
A pronoun is usually substituted for a specific noun, which is called its antecedent.
3. VERB - expresses action or being.
4. ADJECTIVE - modifies or describes a noun or pronoun.
5. ADVERB - modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
6. PREPOSITION - is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase modifying another word
in the sentence.
7. CONJUNCTION- joins words, phrases, or clauses.
8. INTERJECTION- is a word used to express emotion.

Nouns are words that name persons, places, things, ideas, or institution.
Proper
Common
Common nouns maybe count or mass nouns
Common nouns can be concrete or abstract
Collective
Compound
Possessive
Gender
Nouns form their plurals in different ways
Most nouns form their plural by adding –s.
Nouns ending in -s, -ss, -z, -ch, -sh, and x form their plural by adding –es.
Many nouns ending in -f or –fe form their plural by changing –f or –fe to –ves. Life-lives
(but there are some exceptions) roof-roofs
Nouns ending in –y preceded by a consonant form their plural by changing –y to –i and
adding -es.
Nouns ending in –y preceded by a vowel form their plural by adding –s. key-keys
Some nouns ending in –o preceded by a consonant form their plural by adding –es.
hero-heroes
Other nouns ending in –o preceded by a vowel form their plural by adding –s.
Radio-radios
Some nouns form their plural by changing their form. Child-children
Some nouns have the same form in plural. Sheep-sheep
Some nouns are plural in form but singular in meaning. Athletics, mumps
Some nouns are used only in the plural form. scissors, pliers
Some foreign nouns form their plural as in the original language. datum-data, alumnus-
alumni
Some nouns taken from foreign languages have English and foreign plurals.
Index-indexes-indices
Formula-formulas-formulae
Letters, figures, and signs form their plural by adding –s.
As, Cs, 15s, 30s
Compound nouns are two or more words used as one. They form their plural by adding –s to the
most important word.
Brother-in-law-brothers-in- law
 Major general-major generals
Forefather-forefathers
Add –s to the end of singular nouns ending in –ful.
Cupful-cupfuls, spoonful-spoonfuls
G. Derived nouns form by adding suffixes to some verbs and adjectives.
Protect-protection arrive-arrival
Nouns maybe in:
nominative (subject, direct address and predicate noun).

The sun rises in the east. (subject) thing that performs the action.)
"Mary, please pass me the salt." (direct address) the speaker is speaking to Mary.
My favorite color is blue. (predicate noun). Follows a linking verb. To rename/identify.

objective case ( direct object, indirect object, appositive).

She ate an apple. (direct object) Apple is the direct object of the verb “ate”.
He gave me a gift. (indirect object) Me is the receiver of the direct object.
She sent him a card. (indirect object) Him is the indirect object of the verb sent.
He sat next to her. (object of the preposition) The object of the prep “to”.
She ate an apple, her favorite fruit. (appositive) Renames the direct object or Obj of prep.
He sat next to her, his best friend. (appositive) Provides additional info to the obj of prep “her”

H. Gerund- an –ing form of verb that functions as a noun. It may be used as a subject, direct object,
object of the preposition, appositive or predicate noun.

Writing requires creativity and discipline. (gerund as a subject) what is the sentence all about.
She enjoys swimming laps at the pool. (gerund as a direct object).
He is interested in learning new languages. (gerund as object of the preposition)
His favorite hobby, gardening, requires patience and dedication. (appositive) renames hobby.
The best part of the job is traveling to new places. (predicate noun)

Reading is a good exercise of the mind.

On his first job, working as a clerk, he earned eighty pesos a month.
He enjoyed dancing with friends.
He was put to death for disobeying the command of the officers.

Infinitives- form like a verb but functions as a noun, adjective or adverb.

To learn is to grow. (noun) subject of the sentence.

She bought a book to read.(adjective) modifies the “book”.
He needs a tool to fix the car. (adjective) describes the ‘’tool”
She worked hard to finish her project on time. (adverb) modifies the verb “worked”

to record a song is the aim of every composer.

My friend loves to write a poem. (direct object) of the verb “loves”

Exercises
Write the plural form of each word.
1.mouse – mice 11. Vertex – vertices
2. ox – oxen 12. Daughter-in-law – daughters-in-law
3. sheep – sheep 13. Ovum – ova
4. bush – bushes 14. Cactus – cacti
5. chief - chiefs 15. Larva - larvae
6. life – lives 16. Analysis – analyses
7. radio – radios 17. Turkey - turkeys
8. deer – deer 18. Effort - efforts
 9. pliers - pliers 19. Echo - echoes
10. scissor - scissors 20. Belief - beliefs

Identify if the italicized word is gerund.

She spent her leisure time by listening to music. (obj of the prep) YES
The students are always wearing their smile to embrace positivity. (progressive verb)
Moving to another country is quite exciting. (subject) YES
Sometimes the best way to relax is listening to music. (predicate noun) YES
People are giving their best to attain their aspirations in life. (progressive verb)

PRONOUNS are words used in place of nouns.

Personal Pronoun

Nominative Objective Possessive

Person
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

First Person I we me us mine ours

Second Person you you you you yours yours
Third Person he, she, it they him, her, it them his, hers, theirs
its

Indefinite Pronoun
Singular Countable Singular Uncountable Plural

another all more all more

each any most any most
either enough none enough none
neither half some half some
one other others
Some of the milk is sour.
Some of mangoes are ripe.
All of the vinegar has spilled.
All of the participants come on time.

Compound Indefinite Pronoun

some any no every
-body somebody anybody nobody everybody
-one someone anyone No one everyone
-thing something anything nothing everything

Compound Personal Pronoun

Demonstrative Pronoun
Interrogative Pronoun
Relative Pronoun
Antecedent- a noun being replaced by the pronoun

Encircle the correct indefinite pronoun.

1. Both of the winners (claim, claims) their prize. (both means “more than one” so plural verb)
2. Many of the people (is, are) happy of them. (many means “more than one” so plural verb)
3. Some say that they (are, is) rich of their big winnings. (they is “referring to many people”)
4. Everybody (want, wants) to know them. (everybody is “singular”)
5. Someone (wish, wishes) that he could win too. (someone is “singular’)
6. Some of the awardees ( is, are) excited to receive their awards. (awardees is “plural”)

7. One of the awardees (win, wins) the grand prize. (one of is “singular😊)
 8. Many of the artists, collectors, students and enthusiasts (join, joins) in the occasion. (many
of the is “plural)
9. Several of the artists ( is, are) preparing entries for another art contest. (several is plural)
10. Everyone ( is, are) invited to join the country’s premier art contest.(everyone is singular)

VERB- expresses action or being

Subject-Verb Agreement Rules
1. Use a singular verb with mass nouns.
Rice grows well in many provinces.
Water freezes at 32°F or at 0 ◦C.
2. Use a singular verb with indefinite pronouns ending in –body or –one.
Everyone needs food, clothing, and shelter.
Everybody in the room likes to watch the movie.
3. Use a singular verb with special nouns ending in –s such as measles, statistics, chess, the United
States.
Measles is a serious disease.
Mathematics challenges her to study.
4. Use a singular verb with the title of one book or article even if the words in it are plural.
The 365 Stories Golden Book is well-read in the library.
The Bedtime Nursery Rhymes has many beautiful pictures.
5. Use singular verbs with quantities and numbers when they are thought of as a unit.
Ninety-pesos is the cost of sandwiches and three cans of pineapple.
Two hundred meters is the estimated height of the mountain.
6. Use singular verbs with basic arithmetical operations ( add, subtract, multiply, divide).
Four plus six equals ten.
Five multiplied by two is ten.
7. Use singular verb with gerunds and infinitives when they are used as subject of the sentence.
Swimming is a good exercise.
To walk everyday makes a person healthy.
8. Use singular verbs with collective nouns.
The club meets once a week.
But if the group is considered as individual members, use a plural verb.
The club have raised funds for different projects.
For items that have two parts, use a singular verb if a pair of is present. Use a plural verb if a pair
of is absent.
A pair of jeans costs P700.00.
Jeans cost P700.00.
9. Use plural verbs with compound subjects.
You and I are invited to the party.
When the parts of the compound subject are joined by or or nor, the subject closest to the verb
determines agreement.
The teachers or the student comes to present the activity.
The teacher or the students come to present the activity.
10. Fractions and percentages take the singular form of the verb when they modify the non-count
nouns.
Two-third of the rubbish is non-biodegradable.
Seventy percent of the toxic waste has escaped.
11. Fractions and percentages take the plural form of the verb when they modify the plural nouns.
One third of the inhabitants have small sea craft.
Forty percent of the respondents are against the proposal.
12. Fractions and percentages used with collective nouns take either the singular or plural form of
the verb depending on the speakers meaning.
One-tenth of the village population is Filipino. ( meaning nationality)
One-tenth of the village population are Filipinos. ( meaning persons)
13. Subjects derived from adjectives and describe people take the plural verbs.
The rich are in favor of the bill.
The poor need more government attention.
Activity 1. Encircle the correct verb form to be used in each sentence.
1. Fifteen pesos ( is, are) the present jeepney fare for first four kilometers.
2. Two hours (is, are) enough time for me to prepare lunch.
3. Time ( go, goes) by very fast.
4. Three kilometers (is, are) the distance from our house to the city hall.
5. Tranquility within ourselves ( is, are) what we are searching for.
6. Five meters of cloth ( is, are) enough for two window curtains.
7. The gracefulness of the dancers ( make, makes) the audience admire them.
8. Fifty hectares of land cultivated of rice and corn (is, are) owned by the rich man in our town.
9. Kindness ( come, comes) within the heart.
10. Three hours of sleep ( do, does) not give the body enough rest.

Error spotting rules

Rule 1: Check and identify the part of the speech.
Rule 2: Identify the type of sentence.
Rule 3: Check the punctuation.
Rule 4: Identify the pronouns.
Rule 5: Identify the singularity and plurality.

Error spotting exercises

Let’s understand the error spotting in detail with error spotting exercises.

Error spotting for checking the punctuation

In the village. A large number of people live in one family? Due to this,” numerous disputes occur
between them; it results in higher tensions between the families?

Correct way
In the village, a large number of people live in one family. Due to this, numerous disputes usually occur
between them. It results in higher tensions between the families.

Error spotting for checking the singularity and plurality

There are two families of bear that live in the forest. One bear has 5 childs. Another one has 2 children.
All these children fight with each other. Due to this, parents keep them apart.

Correct way
There are two families of bears that live in the forest. One bear has five children. Another one has two
children. All the children fight with each other. Due to this, the parents keep them apart.

ADJECTIVE – modifies a noun and pronoun

Decide whether you have to use much or many:

We saw __many___ animals at the zoo.
How ___many__ oranges did you put in the box?
There isn't ___much__ sugar in my coffee.
I don't have ___many___ friends.
The old man hasn't got ____much_ hair on his head.

Decide whether you have to use a little or a few:

Can you please buy __few_____ apples.
We need ____little___ water.
I have ___little____ money left.
I take ____little___ sugar with my coffee.
We had ____few___ pints of beer there.

Decide whether you have to use farther or further:

How much ____farther___ do you plan to drive tonight?
I just can't go any ___further____.
 Do you have any ___further____ plans for adding on to the building?
That's a lot ___farther____ than I want to carry this heavy suitcase!
The ____further___ that I travel down this road, the ____further___ behind schedule I get.
How much __further_____ do you intend to take this legal matter?
It's not that much ____farther___ to the gas station.
How much ___further____ do I have to run, coach

Decide whether you have to use later or latter:

My neighbors have a son and a daughter: the former is a teacher, the _____latter__ is a nurse.
I will address that at a ____later___ time.
Of the first two Harry Potter books, I prefer the __latter_____.
John arrived at the party ___later____ than Mary did.
I prefer the __latter_____ offer to the former one.
I will be back ___later____.
I was given the choice between a hamburger or a hotdog, I chose the __latter_____ of the two;
the hotdog.
When it comes to soy burgers or a juicy cow burger, I prefer the ___latter____.

Order of Adjectives

Number, size or color origin material noun modified

quality modifier noun
three big green Filipino rattan fruit baskets
six pretty red Japanese umbrella

1.She counted (large, three, red) trucks going by her window. Three large red
2. I packed my (flowered, old, big) suitcase and loaded it into the car. big, old, flowered
3. In the field, I saw (small, many, pink) flowers. Many small pink
4. For the holiday dinner, my grandmother served a (golden-brown, roasted, huge) turkey.
Huge, golden-brown, roasted
5. We opened the basket and saw (tiny, striped, orange) kittens inside. Stripped, tiny, orange

ADVERBS- modifies a verb, an adjective and another adverb

Additive Adverbs tell that something additional was done or something was added to something else.
√ The thief also took the VCR.
√ The thief took the VCR too.
A connective adverb as its name suggests links sentences to other sentences.
Common examples of connective adverbs include:
additionally,
alternatively,
moreover, and
therefore.
An INTERROGATIVE ADVERB is an adverb that asks a question about place, time, manner, or reason.
For example:
Where do you live?
In English interrogative adverbs are placed at the beginning of a question. The most common
interrogative adverbs are where, when, how, and why. They may feature in interrogative sentences as
follows:
Where have you been?
When are you moving?

STANCE ADVERB
Exploring the Uses of Stance Adverbs
Stance adverbs (such as arguably, assuredly, undoubtedly, probably, possibly, apparently,
typically, roughly, etc.) constitute a special category of act-related adverbs that typically express
 the attitude of the speaker/writer toward the form or content of the message Opens in new
window.
Stance adverbs express the speaker or writer’s point of view or judgment in relation to the
particular circumstances associated with the content of a clause.

Stance Adverbs of Attitude

In the sentences below, the stance adverbs foolishly and regrettably indicate the speaker or writer’s
attitude about the actions described in the sentences.
Allen foolishly tried to have John fired.
He regrettably chose to ignore my advice.

Stance Adverbs of Certainty

Stance adverbs can indicate a degree of certainty, as is the case in this example:
He will undoubtedly experience some feelings of remorse when he hears the bad news about
his old friend.
Common examples of stance adverbs of certainty include:
arguably, assuredly, decidedly, definitely, incontestably, and incontrovertibly.

Stance Adverbs of Doubt

Stance adverbs can also indicate doubt that the speaker or writer has about the content of a
clause, as shown below:
It is probably not as luxurious as the car he owned.
Examples of doubt-stance adverbs that express a degree of doubt include:
conceivably, imaginably, maybe, perhaps, and possibly.
A number of stance adverbs such as allegedly, apparently, purportedly, and reportedly are used in
academic reports and in journalism to indicate that something is supported by evidence while at the
same time taking an objective stance toward that evidence or declining to reveal its source.
Examples:
The king reportedly refused to eat his asparagus.
The request for discretionary spending by the president will apparently exceed what
Congress had anticipated.
Stance adverbs such as generally/in general, largely, mainly/in the main, and typically limit the
generality of a proposition.
examples
Young children typically utter their first words near their first birthday.
New assistant professors generally have a teaching load of two courses per semester.

Identify the underlined modifier in the sentence if it is an adjective or adverb.

His fast way of walking shows his high energy. adj
He also talks fast; we can hardly understand him. adv
There is a swift movement of things around. adj
We should act swiftly if we don’t want to be left behind. adv
One of them is so thin, his presence can hardly be felt, the other is very short. adj
Each person is different from the others. adj
Each one should be treated differently. adv
The project has out come out successfully. adv
The clown seldom appears in birthday parties nowadays. adj
You can hardly see him now. adv

Types of Sentences
Simple, Compound, Complex, and Compound-Complex Simple Sentences
1. A simple sentence contains a subject and a verb. - It expresses a single complete thought that
can stand on its own.
Example: Professor Maple’s intelligent students completed and turned in their homework.
 2. Compound Sentences - A compound sentence has two independent clauses. An independent
clause is a part of a sentence that can stand alone because it contains a subject and a
verb and expresses a complete thought.
Basically, a compound contains two simple sentences. - These independent clauses are joined by a
conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).
Examples:
The shoplifter had stolen clothes, so he ran once he saw the police.

3. Complex Sentences - A complex sentence is an independent clause joined by one or more

dependent clauses. A dependent clause either lacks a subject or a verb or has both a subject
and a verb that does not express a complete thought. –
A complex sentence always has a subordinator (as, because, since, after, although, when) or
relative pronouns (who, that, which).
Example:
After eating lunch at The Cheesecake Factory, Tim went to the gym to exercise.

4. Compound-Complex Sentences - A compound-complex sentence has two independent clauses

and at least one dependent clause.
Example:
After the two soccer players lost their game, they joined their other teammates for lunch, and
they went to the movies.

Identify whether the sentences are simple, complex, compound or compound-complex. Please
underline dependent clauses where it applies.
1. Vampires Dairies is my favorite television show, but I also love True Blood. Compound
2. The student wiped the white board that was filthy with last week’s notes. Complex
3. The trendy fashion designer released her new line on Wednesday simple
4. Trina and Harem went to a bar in Hollywood to celebrate their anniversary. simple
5. Wicked Regina cast a spell on the entire city, so the citizens decided to rebel. compound
6. While waiting for the paint to dry, Angela went to Home Depot, and Martin organized the
kitchen appliances. Compound complex

Prepare by:
MRS. FATIMA G. PALMES
Professor