Chapter 9: The Internet

and Multimedia

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 Overview

• Internet history
• Internetworking
• Multimedia on the Web

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 Internet History

• began as a research network funded by the

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
of the U.S. Defense Department in 1969.
• 1989, the National Science Foundation
(NSF) took over management of ARPANET.

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 Internetworking

• Network:
• Definition: Cluster of computers
• Server computer provides network services to
Client computers
• Several local area networks (LANs) can be
interconnected using gateways, routers to form
wide area network (WAN)
• LANs and WANs can be connected to the Internet
through a server that provides Internet software,
physical data connection

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Local Area Network
LAN vs WAN
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dxcc6ycZ73M
 Connections

• Telephone dial-up account

• Broadband cable
• Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
• Wireless equipment

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 The Internet: Wires, Cables & Wifi

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZhEf7e4kopM
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL): Human readable
IP Address

Source: Domain-Structure.jpg (1001×600) (goup.co.uk)

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 The Internet: IP Addresses & DNS

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5o8CwafCxnU
 Internetworking (continued)

• Internet addresses
– The Domain Naming System (DNS) assigns
names and addresses to computers linked to the
Internet.
– Top-level domains (TLDs) were established as
categories to accommodate Internet users.
– com, edu, gov, mil, int, net, org, 2-letter country
codes

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 Internetworking (continued)

• IP addresses, Data packets

• TCP/IP
– Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet
Protocol (IP) are protocols for communication on
Internet
– A stream of data that is sent over the Internet is first
broken down into packets by the TCP. each packet
includes:
– Receiver address
– Sequence no
– Error correction info
– data
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 Internetworking (continued)

• TCP/IP
– After packet created by TCP, IP send packet to its
destination along a route
• IP address
• “real” internet address
• Made up of 4 numbers, separated by periods
• 140.174.162.10
• Domain name servers look up text-based domain name
addresses in large distributed databases, convert them
into real IP address, and return them to user for
insertion into data packets

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 Internet protocol IP version 6

The current version of the Internet protocol (IP) is becoming

obsolete because of its limited address space, lack of needed
functionality and inadequate security features. The next
generation of IP, called IPv6, has now been standardized and
will carry TCP/IP networks and applications well into the next
century.

Source: W. Stallings, "IPv6: the new Internet protocol," in IEEE Communications

Magazine, vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 96-108, July 1996, doi: 10.1109/35.526895.

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 IPv6 could allow every grain of sands in the earth
could have a unique IP address

Source: ipv.png (720×540) (gitbooks.io)

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 The Bandwidth Bottleneck

• Bandwidth:
• amount of data user can send from one
computer to another in one second
• Unit: bits per second (bps)
• The greater the bandwidth, the lesser time taken to
upload, display, download data
• Low-bandwidth modem connections are a bottleneck
for sending multimedia across the Internet

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 The Bandwidth Bottleneck

• How to avoid, minimize bandwidth bottlenecks :

– Compress data before transmitting.
– Oblige users to download data only once, and then store that data
on the system's hard disk.
– Design multimedia elements to be efficiently compact.
– Don’t use color depth more than necessary
– Don’t leave extra space around edges
– Design alternate low-bandwidth, high-bandwidth navigation paths to
accommodate all users.
– Implement streaming methods
– Allow data to be transferred, displayed incrementally as it comes
in e.g online video viewing

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 Inter net Services
Service Purpose
ftp (file transfer protocol) Transfer files
gopher Menus of material available on I’net
http (hypertext transfer protocol) Posting, reading docs
https Posting, reading encrypted (secure) docs
imap (internet message access Receive email
protocol)
pop (post office protocol)

irc (internet relay chat) Real time text messaging

mud (MultiUser dimension) Real time game playing
rtsp (real time streaming protocol) Streaming media control
telnet Logging, working from remote computers
smtp (simple mail transport protocol) Send mail
usenet (USErs NETwork) Participate in discussion groups

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 Internet Services

• Each Internet service is implemented on an Internet server

by dedicated software known as daemon

• agent programs that run in the background and wait

to act on requests.

• supports HTTP for WWW, Post Office Protocol (POP)

for email, File Transfer Protocol (FTP) for exchanging
files

• 1st few letters of a URL notify server which daemon to

use to satisfy request

e.g http://...

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 MIME-Types

• Recognizable documents and formats are required to work with

multimedia on the Internet.

• e.g voice attachment to an email must be identified by Post

Office daemon

• transferred with correct coding to recipient

• Receiver must have proper software and hardware for

decoding and playback

• MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)

• standard way of classifying file types on Internet

• Internet programs such as Web servers and browsers all

have a list of MIME types, so that they can

• transfer files of same type in same way, no matter what

operating system they are working in

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 • mm elements saved, transmitted on internet in appropriate MIME-
type format, named with proper extension for that type

• Shockwave Flash animation- .swf

• Image files- .jpg, .jpeg, .gif, .png
• Sound files- .au, .wav, .aif, .mp3
• Video clips- .qt, .mov, .mp4, .avi

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 WWW and HTML

• World Wide Web

-designed by Tim Berners-Lee

-protocol for linking multiple documents located on computers

anywhere within the Internet.

• HTTP provides rules for simple transaction between 2

computers on Internet consisting of:
1. Establishing connection
2. Requesting that a document be sent
3. Sending the document
4. Closing connection
• HTML: designed to display data

• HTML doc could contain hyperlink, anchor- refer to other

similar docs

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 "This Is For Everyone"

Source: https://youtu.be/UMNFehJIi0E
 Dynamic Web Pages and XML
• Dynamic web pages can be created using Cold Fusion, PHP,
JavaScript, and programs written in Java.

• HTML5-browsers can play mm elements w/out special

plug-ins, s’ware

• XML (Extensible Markup Language)

• designed to transport, store data

• Can create own tags to describe exactly what data

means and get that data anywhere on web

• AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript And XML)

• XML + CSS + JavaScript

• updating parts of web page, without reloading whole

page

• Allow user interaction within web browser

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 Multimedia on the Web

• Designing effective multimedia for Web:

– Presenting text, images, audio, and animation in
a user-friendly interface that balances bandwidth
deficits against user patience
– Understanding how to deliver multimedia content
for HTML browsers and plug-in/player vehicles.

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 Multimedia on the Web

• Tools for WWW

– Development of HTML standards is stressed by rapid
release of tools and increased demand for features.
– Plug-in: special tools that take over certain
computational, display activities
– Java, JavaScript languages enable programmers to
create bits of programming script, Java applets to
extend browser’s basic HTML capabilities, especially in
mm

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 Multimedia on the Web

• Web servers
– Workings of Web involve communication
between 2 computers:
– Client: asks
– Server: delivers
– Playback, display performance of mm
depends on:
– Speed, capabilities of computer, software
– Internet bandwidth

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 Multimedia on the Web

• Web servers
– Must meet HTTP requirements
– Invest in suitable server software to
optimize:
– Response time (<1s)
– Connection per second (as many as
possible)
– Throughput (plenty of room before
connection overwhelmed by packets)

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 Multimedia on the Web

• Web browsers
– Applications that run on a user’s PC (client-side) to
provide interactive graphical interface for searching,
finding, viewing text documents, sounds, animations,
other mm resources on Web

• Search engines
– Return info that would take months to find in traditional
library in seconds
– Enterprise search engines-search intranets
– Mobile search engines-search PDAs, cell phones

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 Multimedia on the Web (continued)

• Beyond HTML
– 3-D worlds

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 Summary

• The Internet connects private companies,

organizations, universities, and individuals.
• The Internet is a cluster of computers.
• ISPs provide network connections through a
dial-up account, a cable modem, or a Digital
Subscriber Line (DSL).

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

 Summary (continued)

• The Domain Name System (DNS) manages

the identities of computers connected to the
Internet.
• HTTP provides rules for contacting,
requesting, and sending documents encoded
with the Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML).
• JavaScript, Cold Fusion, and XML can be
used to generate dynamic Web pages.

© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved