Programming Languages

• There are three types of programming Languages

1) Machine Languages (machine codes):
• Strings of 1s and 0s.
• Only unterstood by integrated circuits, such as microprocessors.

Example: 10100010
01011011
10101010

2) Assembly Languages:
• English-like abbreviations representing elementary computer
operations.
• translated to machine code by using assemblers.

Example: MOV AL,3BH

ADD AL, AH
SUB AL,AH
MOV [SI]
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Programming Languages
• There are three types of programming Languages
1) Machine Language
2) Assembly Languages

3) High-level Languages:
• Codes similar to everyday English
• Use mathematical notations
• translated to machine code by using compilers.
• C, C++, PASCAL, FORTRAN, BASIC are high-level languages.

Example:
c=a+b;
if(a<b)
printf(“a is less than b\n”);
else
printf(“a is NOT less than b\n”);
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Basics of a Typical C Program Development Process
Program is created in
Editor Disk the editor and stored on disk.
• Phases of C Programs:
Preprocessor program
Preprocessor Disk processes the code.
1. Edit
Compiler creates object code
Compiler Disk and storesi it on disk.
2. Preprocess
Linker Disk Linker links the object
3. Compile code with the libraries
Primary Memory

4. Link Loader
Loader puts program in
memory.
5. Load Disk ..
..
..

6. Execute Primary Memory

CPU takes each instruction
CPU and executes it, possibly
storing new data values
..
as the program executes.
..
..
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Simple C Program:
• The following program displays "Hello World" on the
computer screen (monitor).
/* This is our first program in C Language */
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("Hello World\n");
return 0;
}

• The program output

Hello World
Simple C Program:
/* This is our first program in C Language */
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("Hello World\n");
return 0;
}

Comments:
• Text surrounded by /* and */ is ignored by computer.
• Used to describe program.

#include <stdio.h>
Preprocessor directive:
• Tells computer to load contents of a header file <stdio.h>,
• which includes standard input/output functions.
• For example printf()is one of the standard input/output functions.
Simple C Program:
/* This is our first program in C Language */
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("Hello World\n");
return 0;
}

int main()
• C programs contain one or more functions,
• One of the functions must be main().
• Parenthesis used to indicate a function
• int means that main "returns" an integer value
• Braces ({ and }) indicate a block
• The bodies of all functions must be contained in braces.
Simple C Program:
/* This is our first program in C Language */
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("Hello World\n");
return 0;
}

printf("Hello World\n");
• printf()function print the string of characters within quotes (" ")
• All statements must end with a semicolon (;)
• \n is the newline character.
return 0;
• A way to exit a function.
• return 0, in this case, means that the program terminated normally.
Right brace }
• Indicates end of main has been reached.
 Simple C Program:
• Example 1: Write a C program which displays your name and
surname in two consecutive lines .

• Example 2: Write a C program which displays the following lines.

Today
is a
nice

day
C Program: Addition of two integer numbers
/* This program adds two integer numbers */
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a, b, sum; /* variable declarations */
printf("Enter first integer\n"); /* prompt the user */
scanf( "%d", &a); /* read first integer */
printf("Enter second integer\n"); /* prompt the user */
scanf( "%d", &b); /* read second integer */
sum = a + b; /* calculate the sum */
printf( "Sum = %d\n", sum ); /* print the calculated sum*/
return 0; /* indicate that program ended successfully */
}

Enter first integer

15
Enter second integer Program Output
26
Sum = 41
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C Program: Addition of two integer numbers
int a, b, sum;
• Declaration of variables
- Variables: locations in memory where a value can be stored
• int means the variables can hold integer numbers (-1, 3, 0, 47)
• Variable names (identifiers)
- a, b, sum;
- Identifiers: consist of letters, digits (cannot begin with a digit) and
underscores( _ ). They are Case sensitive
• Declarations appear before executable statements
- If an executable statement references and undeclared variable it
will produce a syntax (compiler) error.

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C Program: Addition of two integer numbers
scanf( "%d", &a );

• Obtains(reads/inputs) a value from the user

 scanf uses standard input (usually keyboard)

• This scanf statement has two arguments

%d - indicates data should be a decimal integer
&a – location (address) in memory to store variable a.
& is confusing in beginning – for now, just remember to
include it with the variable name in scanf statements.

• When executing the program the user responds to the scanf statement
by typing in a number, then pressing the enter (return) key.

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C Program: Addition of two integer numbers
= (assignment operator)
• Assigns a value to a variable
• Is a binary operator (has two operands)
sum = a + b;
sum gets a + b;
• Variable receiving value on left

printf( "Sum is %d\n", sum );

• Similar to scanf
- %d means decimal integer will be printed
- sum specifies what integer will be printed
• Calculations can be performed inside printf statements
printf( "Sum is %d\n", a + b );

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 C Program: Addition of two integer numbers
• Example 3: Write a C program which calculates and displays the
addition of integers 7, 8 and 14..

• Example 4: Write a C program which asks the user to enter 3

integer numbers and outputs the sum of these three numbers.

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Arithmetic Operations in C
• Arithmetic Calculations:
- Use * for multiplication and / for division
- Integer division truncates remainder
7 / 5 evaluates to 1
- Modulus operator(%) returns the remainder of modular division.
7 % 5 evaluates to 2

• Operator precedence:
- Some arithmetic operators act before others
(i.e., multiplication before addition)
- Use parenthesis when needed

- Example: Find the average of three variables a, b and c

Do not use: a + b + c / 3
Use: (a + b + c ) / 3
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Arithmetic Operations in C
• Arithmetic operators:

C operation Arithmetic Algebraic C expression

operator expression
Addition + f+7 f + 7
Subtraction - p–c p - c
Multiplication * bm b * m
Division / x/y x / y
Modulus % r mod s r % s

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Arithmetic Operations in C
• Rules of Operator Presidence:

Operator(s) Operation(s) Order of evaluation (precedence)

() Parentheses Evaluated first. If the parentheses are nested, the
expression in the innermost pair is evaluated first. If there
are several pairs of parentheses “on the same level” (i.e.,
not nested), they are evaluated left to right.
*, /, or % Multiplication,Divi Evaluated second. If there are several, they are
sion, Modulus evaluated left to right.
+ or - Addition Evaluated last. If there are several, they are
Subtraction evaluated left to right.

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Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
• Executable statements
– Perform actions (calculations, input/output of data)
– Perform decisions
 May want to print "pass" or "fail" given the value of a
test grade
• if control structure
– Simple version in this section, more detail later
– If a condition is true, then the body of the if statement
executed
 0 is false, non-zero is true
– Control always resumes after the if structure
• Keywords
– Special words reserved for C
– Cannot be used as identifiers or variable names
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Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators

Standard algebraic C equality or Example of C Meaning of C

equality operator or relational condition condition
relational operator operator
Equality Operators
= == x == y x is equal to y
not = != x != y x is not equal to y
Relational Operators
> > x > y x is greater than y
< < x < y x is less than y
>= >= x >= y x is greater than or
equal to y
<= <= x <= y x is less than or
equal to y

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Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators

Keywords
auto double int struct
break else long switch
case enum register typedef
char extern return union
const float short unsigned
continue for signed void
default goto sizeof volatile
do if static while

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Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
1 /* Fig. 2.13: fig02_13.c
2 Using if statements, relational
3 operators, and equality operators */
4 #include <stdio.h> Program Outline
5
6 int main()
7 { 1. Declare variables
8 int num1, num2;
9
10 printf( "Enter two integers, and I will tell you\n"
);
11 printf( "the relationships they satisfy: " ); 2. Input
12 scanf( "%d%d", &num1, &num2 ); /* read two
integers */
13
14 if ( num1 == num2 )
15 printf( "%d is equal to %d\n", num1, num2 );
2.1 if statements
16
17 if ( num1 != num2 )
18 printf( "%d is not equal to %d\n", num1, num2 );
19
20 if ( num1 < num2 ) 3. Print
21 printf( "%d is less than %d\n", num1, num2 );
22
23 if ( num1 > num2 )
24 printf( "%d is greater than %d\n", num1, num2 );
25
26 if ( num1 <= num2 )
27 printf( "%d is less than or equal to %d\n",
28 num1, num2 );
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Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
Program Outline
29
30 if ( num1 >= num2 )
31 printf( "%d is greater than or equal to %d\n",
32 num1, num2 ); 3.1 Exit main
33
34 return 0; /* indicate program ended successfully */
35 }

Enter two integers, and I will tell you

the relationships they satisfy: 3 7
3 is not equal to 7 Program Output
3 is less than 7
3 is less than or equal to 7

Enter two integers, and I will tell you

the relationships they satisfy: 22 12
22 is not equal to 12
22 is greater than 12
22 is greater than or equal to 12

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 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
• Example 5: Write a C program which asks the user to enter two
integers, compare them and perform the following actions:
- if the first value is greater -> add the two numbers,
- if the second value is greater -> multiply the integers
- if they are equal -> divide their multiplication with their sum.

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