MST124

Essential mathematics 1

Exercise Booklet 10
Exercise Booklet 10

1 What is a sequence? (b) For each of the following closed forms,

write down a closed form
bn = . . . (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .) that specifies
the same sequence.
(i) an = 7n + n2 (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .)
Exercise 1
Consider the finite sequence (an )5n=1 with (ii) an = 3n−1 (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .)
terms n
(iii) an = (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .)
n+2
1, 21 , 13 , 14 , 51 .
(iv) an = 6 − 2n (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .)
(a) Write down the value of a3 .
(b) For which value of n is an = 51 ? (c) For each of the sequences (an ) given by
the following closed forms, write down a
(c) Is there a value for a6 ? Explain your closed form bn = . . . (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .)
answer. that specifies the same sequence.
(d) Write down a closed form for the (i) an = (n − 1)(n + 1) (n = 2, 3, 4 . . .)
sequence.
(ii) an = 0.12n−1 (n = 10, 11, 12 . . .)

Exercise 2
For each of the sequences specified by the Exercise 4
following closed forms and ranges of values For each of the following recurrence systems,
of n, find the first three terms and the tenth find the first five terms of the sequence
term. specified.
3n (a) a1 = −5, an = an−1 + 5 (n = 2, 3, 4, . . .)
(a) an = (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .)
2
(b) b0 = 0, bn = 2bn−1 + 1 (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .)
(b) bn = n − 4 (n = 7, 8, 9, . . .)
n (c) c0 = 100, cn = cn−1 − 50 (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .)
(c) cn = (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .)
n+2 2
(d) d1 = 1, dn = (n = 2, 3, 4, . . .)
(d) dn = 5n − 3 (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .) dn−1
(e) en = (−3)n (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .)
(f) fn = −3n (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .)
n−1
Exercise 5
(g) gn = (−1) (n + 1) (n = 2, 3, 4, . . .)
Find the first three terms specified by each of
the following closed forms and ranges of
values of n.
Exercise 3 1
(a) an = (n = 3, 4, 5, . . .)
(a) For each of the following closed forms, 3n
write down a closed form 1
(b) b0 = 1, bn = + n (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .)
bn = . . . (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .) that specifies (bn−1 )2
the same sequence. n(n + 1)
(c) cn = (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .)
(i) an = n (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .) 2
n
(ii) an = (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .)
n+1
(iii) an = (−1)n (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .)
(iv) an = 2n − 1 (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .)

2
 2 Arithmetic and geometric sequences

Exercise 6 Exercise 10
Explain why the specification for each of the For each of the following finite arithmetic
following sequences is incomplete. sequences, find the number of terms in the
(a) an = 4an−1 − 3 (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .) sequence. Hence write down a recurrence
system for the sequence.
1
(b) b0 = 4, bn = (a) The sequence with terms
bn−1
2, 5, 8, 11, . . . , 152.
(Denote the nth term by xn .)
Exercise 7 (b) The sequence with terms
What is wrong with the following recurrence 6, 27 24 21
5 , 5 , 5 , . . . , −3.
system?
(Denote the nth term by yn .)
u0 = 1, un = 7un−1 − 10 (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .)

Exercise 11
Find a closed form for each of the arithmetic
2 Arithmetic and sequences given by the following recurrence
systems. Use the closed form to calculate the
geometric sequences 12th term in each sequence.
(a) x1 = 2, xn = xn−1 − 3 (n = 2, 3, 4, . . .)
(b) y1 = 23 , yn = yn−1 + 2
3 (n = 2, 3, 4, . . .)

Exercise 8 (c) z1 = 4.62, zn = zn−1 + 0.35

(n = 2, 3, 4, . . . , 20)
Which of the following recurrence systems
define arithmetic sequences? For each (d) u0 = 17.5, un = un−1 − 2.5
arithmetic sequence, write down the values of (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .)
the first term a and common difference d.
(a) x1 = 1, xn = 2xn−1 (n = 2, 3, 4, . . .)
(b) y1 = 1, yn = yn−1 − 1 (n = 2, 3, 4, . . .) Exercise 12
(c) z0 = 0, zn = zn−1 + 1 (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .) Which of the following recurrence systems
define geometric sequences? For each
geometric sequence, write down the values of
the first term a and common ratio r.
Exercise 9
(a) x1 = 2, xn = 5 (xn−1 + 1)
For each of the following infinite arithmetic
(n = 2, 3, 4, . . .)
sequences, find the values of the first term a
and common difference d, and write down the yn−1
(b) y0 = 10, yn = − (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .)
corresponding recurrence system. Calculate 2
the fifth term in each sequence. 1
(c) z1 = −6, zn = (n = 2, 3, 4, . . .)
(a) The sequence (xn ) with first four terms zn−1

2, −1, −4, −7.

(b) The sequence (yn ) with first four terms
2 4 8
3, 3, 2, 3.

3
Exercise Booklet 10

Exercise 13 Exercise 16
For each of the following infinite geometric For each of the following recurrence systems,
sequences, find the values of the first term a state whether the sequence specified is
and common ratio r, and write down the arithmetic, geometric or neither. If the
corresponding recurrence system. Calculate sequence is arithmetic or geometric, find the
the fifth term in each sequence. closed form. In each case, find the seventh
(a) The sequence (xn ) whose first four terms term in the sequence.
are (a) x1 = −7, xn = −xn−1 (n = 2, 3, 4, . . .)
1, 3, 9, 27. (b) y0 = 0, y1 = 1, yn = yn−1 + yn−2
(b) The sequence (yn ) whose first four terms (n = 2, 3, 4, . . .)
are (c) z0 = 0, zn = zn−1 − 1 (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .)
1
−100, 10, −1, 10 .

Exercise 14
For each of the following finite geometric 3 Graphs and
sequences, find the number of terms in the
sequence. Hence write down a recurrence
long-term behaviour
system for the sequence.
(a) The sequence with terms
1
512, 256, 128, 64, . . . , 8. Exercise 17
(Denote the nth term by xn .) For each of the following closed forms and
(b) The sequence with terms ranges of values of n, plot a graph for the first
six terms of the sequence specified.
700, 770, 847,
(a) xn = 10 − 5n (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .)
931.7, . . . , 6268.01 (to 2 d.p.).
(b) yn = 7 × 2.1n−1 (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .)
(Denote the nth term by yn .)
zn−1
(c) z1 = −16, zn = − (n = 2, 3, 4, . . .)
2

Exercise 15
Find a closed form for each of the geometric Exercise 18
sequences given by the following recurrence
Describe the long-term behaviour of each of
systems. Use the closed form to calculate the
the sequences given by the following closed
12th term in each sequence. In part (d) give
forms.
your answer correct to three significant
figures. (a) un = 10 − n (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .)
(a) x1 = 0.001, xn = 3xn−1 (n = 2, 3, 4, . . .) (b) vn = 9 × 3n (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .)
(b) y1 = −1, yn = −2yn−1 (n = 2, 3, 4, . . .) (c) wn = 0.1 × 0.1n + 18 (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .)
zn−1 (d) xn = −3 × 5.3 n
(n = 1, 2, 3, . . .)
(c) z1 = 15 625, zn =
5 " 9 $n
(n = 2, 3, 4, . . . , 20) (e) yn = −5 − 10 (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .)

(d) u0 = 1, un = 1.1un−1 (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .) (f) zn = 2 (−7.1)n − 7.1 (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .)

4
 4 Series

4 Series
Exercise 24
Write each of the following sums without
sigma notation, giving the first three terms
Exercise 19
and the last.
Find the sums of the following arithmetic 99 15
& &
series. (a) (n + 1) (b) 3n−1
(a) 1 + 4 + 7 + · · · + 67 n=0 n=2
5
&
(b) 123 + 124 + 125 + · · · + 223
(c) (5n + 2)
(c) 45 + 43 + 41 + · · · + 1 n=0

Exercise 20 Exercise 25
Find the sums of the following geometric Write each of the following sums in sigma
series. notation.
(a) 5 + 5 × 2 + 5 × 22 + · · · + 5 × 27 (a) 5 + 6 + 7 + · · · + 21
1
(b) 32 − 16 + 8 − 4 + · · · + 2 (b) 15 + 25 + 35 + · · · + 105
(c) 1 + 22 + 33 + · · · + 99

Exercise 21
Find the sums of the following finite series. Exercise 26
(a) 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + 49 Find the sums of the following finite series.
55
& 10
&
(b) 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + 75
(a) k (b) k2
(c) 50 + 51 + 52 + · · · + 75 k=1 k=1
(d) 12 + 22 + 32 + · · · + 252
(e) 153 + 163 + 173 + · · · + 453
Exercise 27
Find the sums of the following finite series.
Exercise 22 15
& &22 ' !
k3
For each of the following infinite geometric (a) (k + 6) (b) 17k −
11
k=1 k=1
series, determine whether or not it has a sum,
12
&
and find the value of the sum if it exists.
" $ " $2 " $3 (c) (3 + 2k)
(a) 5 + 5 51 + 5 15 + 5 15 + · · · k=7
" $ " $2 " $3
(b) 2 + 2 45 + 2 54 + 2 54 + · · ·
" $ " $2 " $3
(c) 21 − 12 34 + 12 43 − 12 34 + · · ·
" $3 " $4 " $5 " $6
(d) 31 + 31 + 13 + 13 + · · ·

Exercise 23
Find the fraction equivalent to each of the
following numbers.
(a) 0.171 717 . . . (b) 0.024 624 624 . . .
(c) 2.356 435 643 . . .

5
Exercise Booklet 10

Exercise 28 Exercise 31
Where possible find the sums of the following Use the binomial theorem to find the first
series. four terms in the expansion of each of the
&25 following expressions.
(a) 6 + 9 + 12 + · · · + 78 (b) (3k + 3) (a) (x − 1)7 (b) (2x + 3y)6
k=1 " $8
∞
& " 3 $k ∞ #
& " $k−1 % (c) (2a − b)9 (d) 2 − 12 k
3
(c) −7 (d) 4 × − 34
k=1 k=1
∞
& 15
& " 2 $ Exercise 32
(e) 0.2 × 2k (f) 2k − k
k=0 k=5 (a) Find the coefficient of x5 y 3 in the
&∞ ∞ #
& " 1 $k " 1 $k % expansion of (x − y)8 .
(g) 3k (h) 2 − 4 (b) Find the coefficient of a2 in the expansion
k=1 k=1
of (1 + 2a)7 .
(c) Find the coefficient of g 6 h6 in the
expansion of
" $12
5 The binomial 2g − 12 h .
(d) Find the coefficient of y 2 in the expansion
theorem of
' !
2 16
y− .
y
Exercise 29 (e) Find the coefficient of xy 2 in the
Use the formulas given in Section 5.1 of expansion of
# y %5
Unit 10 to expand the following brackets.
x+ .
(a) (X + 2Y )2 (b) (1 − a3 )2 x
' !3
x
(c) (x − 1)3 (d) + 3y
3y
Exercise 33
(e) (−p − q)4
Consider the expansion of
' !
3 2 10
a − 2 .
a
Exercise 30
Evaluate the following binomial coefficients (a) Find the coefficient of a25 .
without using a calculator, and then check (b) Find the coefficient of a−10 .
your answer using a calculator. (c) Find the constant term.
(a) 8 C8 (b) 8 C0 (c) 8 C1 (d) 5 C2 (d) Show that there is no term in a2 .
(e) 9C (f) 10 C (g) 101 C
6 5 99

6
 Solutions to exercises

Solutions to exercises (b) (i) bn = 7(n − 1) + (n − 1)2

= n2 + 5n − 6
= (n + 6)(n − 1) (n = 1, 2, 3 . . .)
Solution to Exercise 1
(ii) bn = 3n−1−1
(a) a3 denotes the third term in the
= 3n−2 (n = 1, 2, 3 . . .)
sequence, so a3 = 31 .
n−1
(b) The term 51 is the fifth in the sequence, so (iii) bn =
n−1+2
if an = 51 , then n = 5. n−1
= (n = 1, 2, 3 . . .)
(c) The sequence is defined for values of n n+1
between 1 and 5, so a6 does not exist in (iv) bn = 6 − 2(n − 1)
this case.
= 6 − 2n + 2
(d) A closed form for the sequence is
= 8 − 2n (n = 1, 2, 3 . . .)
1
an = (n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5). (c) (i) bn = (n + 2 − 1)(n + 2 + 1)
n
= (n + 1)(n + 3) (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .)
Solution to Exercise 2
3×1 3×2 (ii) bn = 0.12(n+10)−1
(a) a1 = = 23 , a2 = = 3,
2 2 = 0.1(2n+19) (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .)
3×3 3 × 10
a3 = = 29 , a10 = = 15.
2 2 Solution to Exercise 4
(b) b7 = 7 − 4 = 3, b8 = 8 − 4 = 4, (a) a1 = −5, a2 = a1 + 5 = 0,
b9 = 9 − 4 = 5, b16 = 16 − 4 = 12. a3 = a2 + 5 = 5, a4 = a3 + 5 = 10,
1 2 a5 = a4 + 5 = 15.
(c) c1 = = 13 , c2 = = 21 ,
1+2 2+2
3 10 (b) b0 = 0, b1 = 2 × b0 + 1 = 1,
c3 = = 35 , c10 = = 65 . b2 = 2 × b1 + 1 = 3, b3 = 2 × b2 + 1 = 7,
3+2 10 + 2
(d) d0 = 5 × 0 − 3 = −3, d1 = 5 × 1 − 3 = 2, b4 = 2 × b3 + 1 = 15.
d2 = 5 × 2 − 3 = 7, d9 = 5 × 9 − 3 = 42. (c) c0 = 100, c1 = c0 − 50 = 50,
(e) e0 = (−3)0 = 1, e1 = (−3)1 = −3, c2 = c1 − 50 = 0, c3 = c2 − 50 = −50,
e2 = (−3)2 = 9, e9 = (−3)9 = −19 683. c4 = c3 − 50 = −100.

(f) f0 = −30 = −1, f1 = −31 = −3, (d) d1 = 1, d2 = 2/d1 = 2, d3 = 2/d2 = 1,

f2 = −32 = −9, f9 = −39 = −19 683. d4 = 2/d3 = 2, d5 = 2/d4 = 1.

(g) g2 = (−1)2−1 (2 + 1) = −3, Solution to Exercise 5

g3 = (−1)3−1 (3 + 1) = 4, (a) a3 = 91 , a4 = 1 1
12 , a5 = 15 .
g4 = (−1)4−1 (4 + 1) = −5, 1 1
g11 = (−1)11−1 (11 + 1) = 12. (b) b0 = 1, b1 = + 1 = 2, b2 = 2 + 2 = 94 .
b20 b1
Solution to Exercise 3 1 × (1 + 1) 2 × (2 + 1)
(c) c1 = = 1, c2 = = 3,
2 2
(a) (i) bn = n + 1 (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .)
3 × (3 + 1)
n+1 c3 = = 6.
(ii) bn = 2
n+1+1
n+1 Solution to Exercise 6
= (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .)
n+2 (a) When a sequence is specified using a
(iii) bn = (−1) n+1
(n = 0, 1, 2, . . .) recurrence relation such as
an = 4an−1 − 3, we need to know the
(iv) bn = 2(n + 1) − 1 value of the first term.
= 2n + 1 (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .)

7
Exercise Booklet 10

(b) The subscript range is missing, so we (b) For this sequence the first term is 6, the
don’t know the range of values of n for last term is −3 and the common
which the recurrence system holds. difference d is 27 3
5 − 6 = − 5 . Hence the
number of terms in the sequence is
Solution to Exercise 7 −3 − 6
+ 1 = 16.
The value of u0 is specified, so the recurrence − 35
relation should define each of the subsequent
The corresponding recurrence system is
terms, u1 , u2 , u3 , . . ., as a function of the term
before. Hence, since the left-hand side of the y1 = 6, yn = yn−1 − 35
recurrence relation is un , the range of values (n = 2, 3, 4, . . . , 16).
of n for the recurrence relation would
normally be n = 1, 2, 3, . . ., not n = 0, 1, 2, . . .. Solution to Exercise 11
Solution to Exercise 8 (a) Since a = 2 and d = −3, the closed form
is
(a) This sequence is not arithmetic because
the expression on the right of the xn = a + (n − 1)d
recurrence relation is not in the form = 2 − 3(n − 1)
xn−1 + d. Instead, the term xn−1 is = 5 − 3n (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .).
multiplied by 2.
The 12th term is
(b) This sequence is arithmetic, with
parameters a = 1 and d = −1. x12 = 5 − 3 × 12 = −31.
2
(c) This sequence is arithmetic, with (b) Since a = 3 and d = 23 , the closed form is
parameters a = 0 and d = 1. yn = 2 2
3 + 3 (n − 1)
2
Solution to Exercise 9 = 3 n (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .).

(a) The first term is a = 2 and the common The 12th term is
difference d = −1 − 2 = −3. So the y12 = 2
× 12 = 8.
recurrence system is 3
(c) Since a = 4.62 and d = 0.35, the closed
x1 = 2, xn = xn−1 − 3 (n = 2, 3, 4, . . .). form is
The fifth term is zn = 4.62 + 0.35(n − 1)
x5 = x4 − 3 = −7 − 3 = −10. = 0.35n + 4.27 (n = 1, 2, 3, . . . , 20).
(b) The first term is a = 32 and the common The 12th term is
difference d = 34 − 23 = 32 . So the
z12 = 0.35 × 12 + 4.27 = 8.47.
recurrence system is
(d) In this case, the first term is u0 not u1 so
y1 = 23 , yn = yn−1 + 2
3 (n = 2, 3, 4, . . .).
the alternative closed form is used. Since
The fifth term is a = 17.5 and d = −2.5, the closed form is
2 8 2 10
y5 = y4 + 3 = 3 + 3 = 3 . un = a + nd
= 17.5 − 2.5n (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .).
Solution to Exercise 10
The 12th term is
(a) For this sequence the first term is 2, the
last term is 152 and the common u11 = 17.5 − 2.5 × 11 = −10.
difference d is 5 − 2 = 3. Hence the
number of terms in the sequence is
152 − 2
+ 1 = 51.
3
The corresponding recurrence system is
x1 = 2, xn = xn−1 + 3
(n = 2, 3, 4, . . . , 51).

8
 Solutions to exercises

Solution to Exercise 12 Taking the natural logarithm of both

(a) The sequence (xn ) is not geometric sides of this equation gives
" $ " 1 $
because the expression on the right of the (N − 1) ln 12 = ln 4096 ,
recurrence relation is not of the form
from which
rxn−1 .
ln(1/4096)
(b) The sequence (yn ) is geometric, with N =1+ = 13.
ln(1/2)
parameters a = 10 and r = − 21 .
Hence there are 13 terms in the sequence.
(c) The sequence (zn ) is not geometric
The corresponding recurrence system is
because the expression on the right of the
xn−1
recurrence relation is not of the form x1 = 512, xn =
rzn−1 . 2
(n = 2, 3, 4, . . . , 13).
Solution to Exercise 13
(b) Suppose that the sequence has N terms,
(a) The first term is a = 1 and the common with first term y1 = 700. Then the last
ratio is r = 3/1 = 3. So the recurrence term (to 2 d.p.) is yN = 6268.01. The
system is common ratio is
x1 = 1, xn = 3xn−1 (n = 2, 3, 4, . . .). y2 770
r= = = 1.1.
y1 700
The fifth term is
Now the last term is obtained from
x5 = 3 × x4 = 3 × 27 = 81.
yN = y1 rN −1 ,
(b) The first term is a = −100 and the
common ratio is r = 10/(−100) = − 10 1
. so
So the recurrence system is yN
rN −1 = ,
yn−1 y1
y1 = −100, yn = −
10 that is,
(n = 2, 3, 4, . . .). yN
1.1N −1 = ,
The fifth term is 700
y4 1 where yN = 6268.01 (to 2 d.p.). Taking
y5 = − = − 100 .
10 the natural logarithm of both sides of this
equation gives
Solution to Exercise 14
(N − 1) ln 1.1 = ln(yN /700),
(a) Suppose that the sequence has N terms,
with first term x1 = 512. Then the last from which
term is xN = 81 . The common ratio is ln(yN /700)
N =1+ .
x2 256 ln 1.1
r= = = 21 . Substituting the approximate value
x1 512
yN = 6268.01 into this equation gives
Now the last term is obtained from
N = 23.999 997 . . . .
xN = x1 rN −1 ,
(This non-integer outcome for N arises
so
from the fact that the value of yN is not
xN
rN −1 = , exact.)
x1
Hence there are 24 terms in the sequence.
that is,
The corresponding recurrence system is
" 1 $N −1 1
8 1 y1 = 700, yn = 1.1yn−1
2 = = 4096 .
512
(n = 2, 3, 4, . . . , 24).

9
Exercise Booklet 10

Solution to Exercise 15 (c) This is an arithmetic sequence with first

(a) Since a = 0.001 and r = 3, the closed term a = 0 and common difference
form is d = −1. The first term is z0 rather than
z1 , so the closed form is
xn = arn−1
zn = 0 + (−1) × n
= 0.001 × 3n−1 (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .).
= −n (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .).
The 12th term is
The seventh term is z6 = −6.
x12 = 0.001 × 311 = 177.147.
Solution to Exercise 17
(b) Since a = −1 and r = −2, the closed form
is (a) The first point to be plotted is
(1, x1 ) = (1, 5). The second point is
yn = −(−2)n−1 (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .).
(2, x2 ) = (2, 0). The subsequent points
The 12th term is are (3, −5), (4, −10), (5, −15) and
(6, −20). The graph is as follows.
y12 = −(−2)11 = 2048.
(c) Since a = 15 625 and r = 51 , the closed
form is
" $n−1
zn = 15 625 51
(n = 1, 2, 3, . . . , 20).
The 12th term is
" $11
z12 = 15 625 51 = 1
3125 .
(d) In this case the first term is u0 not u1 , so
the alternative closed form is used. Since
a = 1 and r = 1.1, the closed form is
(b) The first point to be plotted is
un = arn " $
(1, y1 ) = 1, 7 × 2.10 = (1, 7).
= 1 × 1.1n = 1.1n (n = 0, 1, 2, . . .).
The second point is
The 12th term is " $
(2, y2 ) = 1, 7 × 2.11 = (2, 14.7).
x11 = 1.111 = 2.85 (to 3 s.f.).
The subsequent points (to 1 d.p.) are
Solution to Exercise 16 (3, 30.9), (4, 64.8), (5, 136.1) and
(a) This is a geometric sequence with first (6, 285.9). The graph is as follows.
term a = −7 and common ratio r = −1.
The closed form is
xn = −7(−1)n−1
= 7(−1)n (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .).
The seventh term is
x7 = 7(−1)7 = −7.
(b) This is neither an arithmetic nor a
geometric sequence. Each new term is
formed by the sum of the previous two
terms.
The sequence continues
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, . . . ,
so the seventh term is 8. This sequence is
known as the Fibonacci sequence.

10
 Solutions to exercises

(c) The first point to be plotted is Solution to Exercise 19

(1, z1 ) = (1, −16). The second point is
# In each case we use the expression
z1 %
(2, z2 ) = 2, − = (2, 8). 1
2 2 n (2a + (n − 1) d)
The subsequent " 1points
$ are (3, −4), (4, 2), for the sum of the series, where a is the first
(5, −1) and 6, 2 . The graph is as term, d is the common difference and n is the
follows. number of terms with
last term − first term
n= + 1.
common difference
(a) Here a = 1, d = 3 and
67 − 1
n= + 1 = 23.
3
Hence the sum is
1
2 × 23 × (2 × 1 + (23 − 1) × 3)
= 21 × 23 × 68
= 782.

Solution to Exercise 18 (b) Here a = 123, d = 1 and

(a) The sequence (un ) is arithmetic with 223 − 123
n= + 1 = 101.
common difference d = −1. Since d < 0, 1
the sequence is decreasing and un → −∞ Hence the sum is
as n → ∞. 1
2 × 101 × (2 × 123 + (101 − 1) × 1)
n
(b) Since 3 > 1, the sequence (3 ) is
= 12 × 101 × 346
increasing and 3n → ∞ as n → ∞. To
obtain (vn ) we multiply each term by the = 17 473.
positive constant 9. Hence (vn ) is
increasing and vn → ∞ as n → ∞. (c) Here a = 45, d = −2 and
1 − 45
(c) Since 0 < 0.1 < 1, the sequence (0.1n ) is n= + 1 = 23.
decreasing and 0.1n → 0 as n → ∞. (−2)
Hence the sequence (0.1 × 0.1n ) is also Hence the sum is
decreasing with limit 0. To obtain (wn ) 1
× 23 × (2 × 45 + (23 − 1) × (−2))
we add 18 to each term in this sequence, 2

so (wn ) is decreasing and wn → 18 as = 12 × 23 × 46

n → ∞. = 529.
(d) Since 5.3 > 0, the sequence (5.3n ) is
increasing and 5.3n → ∞ as n → ∞. To
Solution to Exercise 20
obtain (xn ) we multiply each term by the (a) Each term in the series has the form
negative constant −3. Hence (xn ) is 5 × 2n−1 . Therefore, the first term is
decreasing and xn → −∞ as n → ∞. a = 5, the common ratio is r = 2 and the
9 number of terms is n = 8. Hence the sum
(e) Since −1 < − 10 < 0, the sequence
"" 9 $n $ is
− 10 alternates in sign and " $
" 9 $n a (1 − rn ) 5 1 − 28
− 10 → 0 as n → ∞. To obtain (yn ) = = 1275.
we multiply each term by the negative 1−r 1−2
constant −5. Hence (yn ) also alternates
in sign and yn → 0 as n → ∞.
n
(f) Since −7.1 < −1, the sequence ((−7.1) )
alternates in sign and is unbounded.
Multiplying each term by the positive
constant 2 and subtracting 7.1 does not
affect this behaviour, so (zn ) also
alternates in sign and is unbounded.
11
Exercise Booklet 10

(b) The terms of the series form a geometric (e) The sum can be written as
sequence with closed form
153 + 163 + 173 + · · · + 453
" $n−1
xn = 32 − 21 (n = 1, 2, 3, . . . , 7). = (13 + 23 + 33 + · · · + 453 )
(The last term is obtained by multiplying −(13 + 23 + 33 + · · · + 143 ).
32 by − 21 six times, so the number of The formula for the cubes of the first n
terms is n = 7). The first term is a = 32 natural numbers is
and the common ratio is r = − 12 . Hence
1
the sum is 13 + 23 + 33 + · · · + n3 = n2 (n + 1)2 .
# " 1 $7 % 4
n
a (1 − r ) 32 1 − −2 So
= " 1$
1−r 1 − −2 153 + 163 + 173 + · · · + 453
129/4 = 14 × 452 × 462 − 14 × 142 × 152
=
3/2 = 1 071 225 − 11 025
43 = 1 060 200.
= .
2
Solution to Exercise 22
Solution to Exercise 21
(a) This is an infinite geometric series with
(a) The formula for the first n natural
first term a = 5 and common ratio r = 51 .
numbers is
Since −1 < r < 1, the series has a sum,
1
1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + n = n(n + 1). namely
2
a 5 25
Here n = 49, and so = 1 = 4 .
1−r 1− 5
1
1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + 49 = × 49 × 50 (b) This is an infinite geometric series with
2
= 1225. first term a = 2 and common ratio r = 45 .
Since r > 1, the series does not have a
(b) We use the same formula as in part (a). sum.
Here n = 75, and so
(c) This is an infinite geometric series with
1
1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + 75 = × 75 × 76 first term a = 12 and common ratio
2 r = − 34 . Since −1 < r < 1, the series has
= 2850.
a sum, namely
(c) Using the results of parts (a) and (b) 1 1
a
gives = "2 3 $ = 2
= 27 .
1−r 7
1 − −4 4
50 + 51 + 52 + · · · + 75
(d) This is an infinite geometric series with
= (1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + 75) " $3
first term a = 31 and common ratio
− (1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + 49)
r = 31 . Since −1 < r < 1, the series has a
= 2850 − 1225 sum, namely
= 1625. " 1 $3 1
a
(d) The formula for the squares of the first n = 3 1 = 27 1
2 = 18 .
1−r 1− 3
natural numbers is 3

1 2 + 2 2 + 3 2 + · · · + n2
1
= n(n + 1)(2n + 1).
6
Here n = 25, and so
12 + 22 + 32 + · · · + 252
1
= × 25 × 26 × 51
6
= 5525.

12
 Solutions to exercises

Solution to Exercise 23 Solution to Exercise 25

21
&
(a) Let s = 0.171 717 . . .. The repeating
group, ‘17’, is 2 digits long, so multiply s (a) 5 + 6 + 7 + · · · + 21 = n
n=5
by 102 , to obtain
10
&
100s = 17.171 717 . . . = 17 + s. (b) 15 + 25 + 35 + · · · + 105 = n5
17 n=1
Hence 99s = 17 and s = 99 .
So 9
&
17
(c) 1 + 22 + 33 + · · · + 99 = nn
0.171 717 . . . = 99 . n=1
(b) Let s = 0.024 624 624 . . .. To deal with
Solution to Exercise 26
the zero after the decimal point, multiply n
&
s by 10 to give (a) Using k = 21 n(n + 1), we have
10s = 0.246 246 246 . . . . k=1
55
&
The repeating group, ‘246’, is 3 digits 1
long, so multiply each side by 103 , to k= 2 × 55 × (55 + 1) = 1540.
k=1
obtain
n
&
10 000s = 246.246 246 246 . . . (b) Using k 2 = 16 n(n + 1)(2n + 1), we
= 246 + 10s. k=1
246 41
have
Hence 9990s = 246 and s = = 1665 . 10
9990 &
So k2 = 1
× 10 × (10 + 1) × (2 × 10 + 1)
6
41
0.024 624 624 . . . = 1665 .
k=1
= 61 × 10 × 11 × 21
(c) Let s = 0.356 435 643 . . .. The repeating
group, ‘3564’, is 4 digits long, so multiply = 385.
s by 104 , to obtain
Solution to Exercise 27
10 000s = 3564.356 435 643 . . . n
& n
&
= 3564 + s. (a) Using k = 12 n(n + 1) and 1 = n,
3564 36 k=1 k=1
Hence 9999s = 3564 and s = 9999 = 101 . we have
So &15 15
& 15
&
2.356 435 643 . . . = 2 + 36
= 238 (k + 6) = k+6 1
101 101 .
k=1 k=1 k=1
Solution to Exercise 24 = 12 × 15 × 16 + 6 × 15
99
& = 120 + 90
(a) (n + 1) = 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + 100 = 210.
n=0
n
&
15
& (b) Using k = 12 n(n + 1) and
(b) 3n−1 = 3 + 32 + 33 + · · · + 314 k=1
n=2 n
&
5
& k 3 = 14 n2 (n + 1)2 , we have
(c) (5n + 2) = 2 + 7 + 12 + · · · + 27 k=1
n=0 22 '
& ! 22
& 22
&
k3
17k − = 17 k− 1
11 k3
11
k=1 k=1 k=1
1
= 17 × 2 × 22 × 23
2
− 1 1
11 × 4 × 22 × 232
= 4301 − 5819
= −1518.

13
Exercise Booklet 10

(c) We have (d) This is an infinite geometric series with

" $1−1 3
12
& 12
& 6
& first term a = 34 × − 34 = 4 and
(3 + 2k) = (3 + 2k) − (3 + 2k). common ratio r = − 34 . Since −1 < r < 1,
k=7 k=1 k=1 the series has sum
3 3
Now a
= 4
= 4
= 37 .
&12 12
& 12
& 1−r 1 − (− 34 ) 7
4
(3 + 2k) = 3 1+2 k
k=1 k=1 k=1
(e) This is an infinite geometric series with
first term a = 0.2 and common ratio
= 3 × 12 + 2 × 21 × 12 × 13
r = 2. Since r > 1, the series doesn’t have
= 36 + 156 a sum.
= 192.
(f) This is a finite series composed of the
Similarly, standard series
&n
6
& 6
& 6
& 2 1
k = 6 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) and
(3 + 2k) = 3 1+2 k k=1
k=1 k=1 k=1 &n

=3×6+2 × 12 × 6×7 k = 12 n(n + 1). We have

k=1
= 18 + 42
15
& 15
= 60. " 2 $ &
2k − k = (2k 2 − k)
Hence k=5 k=1
&4
&12 " $
(3 + 2k) = 192 − 60 = 132. − 2k 2 − k .
k=7 k=1

Now
Solution to Exercise 28 15 15 15
& " 2 $ & &
(a) This is a finite arithmetic series with first 2k − k = 2 k2 − k
term a = 6, common difference d = 3 and k=1 k=1 k=1
number of terms =2× 1
6 × 15 × 16 × 31
78 − 6 1
− 2 × 15 × 16
n= + 1 = 25.
3 = 2480 − 120
So the sum of the series is
= 2360.
1
n(2a + (n − 1)d) Similarly,
2
1 4
& 4
& 4
&
= × 25 × (2 × 6 + (25 − 1) × 3) " 2 $
2 2k − k = 2 k2 − k
= 1050. k=1 k=1 k=1
1
(b) This is the same series as in part (a), with =2× 6 × 4 × 5× 9
first term a = 3 × 1 + 3 = 6, common − 21 × 4 × 5
difference d = 3 and number of terms = 60 − 10
n = 25. So the sum of the series is 1050.
= 50.
(c) This is an infinite geometric series with
" $1 Hence
first term a = − 73 = − 73 and common
&15
ratio r = − 73 . (2k 2 − k) = 2360 − 50 = 2310.
Since −1 < r < 1, the series has sum k=5

a − 73 − 37 3
= = 10 = − 10 .
1−r 1 − (− 37 ) 7

14
 Solutions to exercises

(g) This is an infinite arithmetic series with (d) Using the formula
first term a = 3 × 1 = 3 and common
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3
difference d = 3. An infinite arithmetic
series has a sum only when the first term and substituting a = x/3y and b = 3y
and common difference are both zero, so gives
this series doesn’t have a sum. ' !3
x
(h) Using the rules for manipulating series + 3y
3y
gives ' !3 ' !2
x x
∞ #
& " 1 $k " 1 $k % &∞
" 1 $k &∞
" 1 $k =
3y
+3
3y
(3y)
2 − 4 = 2 − 4 . ' !
k=1 k=1 k=1 x 2
+3 (3y) + (3y)3
These are infinite geometric series with 3y
a = r = 21 and a = r = 14 , respectively. In x3 x2
= + + 9xy + 27y 3 .
both cases, −1 < r < 1 so the sum is 27y 3 y
given by a/(1 − r). Hence
(e) Using the formula
∞ #
& " 1 $k " 1 $k % 1 1
− = 2
− 4 (a + b)4 = a4 + 4a3 b + 6a2 b2 + 4ab3 + b4
2 4 1 1
k=1
1 − 2 1 − 4
and substituting a = −p and b = −q gives
1
=1− (−p − q)4
3
2 = (−p)4 + 4(−p)3 (−q) + 6(−p)2 (−q)2
= .
3 + 4(−p)(−q)3 + (−q)4
Solution to Exercise 29 = p4 + 4p3 q + 6p2 q 2 + 4pq 3 + q 4 .
(a) Using the formula Solution to Exercise 30
2 2 2
(a + b) = a + 2ab + b (a) Using
and substituting a = X and b = 2Y gives n n!
Ck = ,
(X + 2Y )2 = X 2 + 2X × 2Y + (2Y )2 k! (n − k)!
= X 2 + 4XY + 4Y 2 . we have
8 8! 8!
(b) Using the formula C8 = = = 1.
8!(8 − 8)! 8!
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
8! 8!
and substituting a = 1 and b = −a3 gives (b) 8 C0 = = =1
0!(8 − 0)! 8!
" $2 " $ " $2
1 − a3 = 12 + 2 × 1 × −a3 + −a3 8 8
(c) C1 = =8
= 1 − 2a3 + a6 . 1
5 5×4
(c) Using the formula (d) C2 = = 10
2×1
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3 9 9×8×7
(e) C6 = 9 C3 = = 84
and substituting a = x and b = −1 gives 3×2×1
10 × 9 × 8 × 7 × 6
(x − 1)3 (f) 10
C5 = = 252
5×4×3×2×1
= x3 + 3x2 (−1) + 3x(−1)2 + (−1)3
101 101 × 100
= x3 − 3x2 + 3x − 1. (g) C99 = 101 C2 = = 5050
2×1

15
Exercise Booklet 10

Solution to Exercise 31 Solution to Exercise 32

(a) By the binomial theorem with n = 7, (a) By the binomial theorem with n = 8,
a = x and b = −1, the first four terms in a = x and b = −y, each term in the
the expansion of (x − 1)7 are expansion is of the form
8
x7 + 7 C1 x6 (−1) + 7 C2 x5 (−1)2 Ck x8−k (−y)k = 8 Ck (−1)k x8−k y k .
+ 7 C3 x4 (−1)3 The term in x5 y 3 is obtained when k = 3.
7×6 5 7×6×5 4 Hence the coefficient of x5 y 3 is
= x7 − 7x6 + x − x
2! 3! 8
C3 (−1)3 = 56 × (−1) = −56.
= x7 − 7x6 + 21x5 − 35x4 .
(b) By the binomial theorem with n = 7,
(b) By the binomial theorem with n = 6, a = 1 and b = 2a, each term in the
a = 2x and b = 3y, the first four terms in expansion is of the form
the expansion of (2x + 3y)6 are
7
Ck (1)7−k (2a)k = 7 Ck × 2k ak .
(2x)6 + 6 C1 (2x)5 (3y) + 6 C2 (2x)4 (3y)2
+ 6 C3 (2x)3 (3y)3 The term in a2 is obtained when k = 2.
Hence the coefficient of a2 is
= 64x6 + 6 × 25 × 3 × x5 y
7
6×5 C2 × 22 = 21 × 4 = 84.
+ × 24 × 32 × x4 y 2
2! (c) By the binomial theorem with n = 12,
6×5×4 a = 2g and b = − 12 h, each term in the
+ × 23 × 33 × x3 y 3
3! expansion is of the form
= 64x6 + 576x5 y + 2160x4 y 2 + 4320x3 y 3 . 12
" $k
Ck (2g)12−k − 21 h
(c) By the binomial theorem with n = 9, and " $k
with a replaced by 2a and b replaced by = 12 Ck × 212−k − 21 g 12−k hk .
−b, the first four terms in the expansion The term in g 6 h6 is obtained when k = 6.
of (2a − b)9 are Hence the coefficient of g 6 h6 is
(2a)9 + 9 C1 (2a)8 (−b) + 9 C2 (2a)7 (−b)2 12
" $6
C6 × 26 − 12 = 12 C6 = 924.
+ 9 C3 (2a)6 (−b)3
(d) By the binomial theorem with n = 16,
9×8
= 512a9 − 9 × 28 × a8 b + × 27 × a7 b2 a = y and b = −2/y, each term in the
2! expansion is of the form
9×8×7
− × 26 × a6 b3 ' !k
3! 16 16−k 2
Ck y −
= 512a9 − 2304a8 b + 4608a7 b2 − 5376a6 b3 . y
' !k
(d) By the binomial theorem with n = 8, 16 k 16−k 1
= Ck (−2) y
a = 2 and b = − 21 k, the first four terms in y
" $8
the expansion of 2 − 21 k are = 16
Ck (−2)k y 16−k y −k
" $ " $2 = 16
Ck (−2)k y 16−2k .
28 + 8 C1 × 27 − 21 k + 8 C2 × 26 − 21 k
" $3 The term in y 2 is obtained when
+ 8 C3 × 25 − 21 k
" $ " $2 16 − 2k = 2, which gives k = 7. Hence
8×7
= 256 − 8 × 27 21 k + × 26 12 k 2 the coefficient of y 2 is
2! " $
16
8×7×6 " $3 C7 (−2)7 = 11 440 × −27
− × 25 21 k 3
3! = −1 464 320.
= 256 − 512k + 448k 2 − 224k 3 .

16
 Solutions to exercises

(e) By the binomial theorem with n = 5,

a = x and b = y/x, each term in the
expansion is of the form
# y %k
5
Ck x5−k = 5 Ck x5−k (x−1 )k y k
x
= 5 Ck x5−k x−k y k
= 5 Ck x5−2k y k .
The term in xy 2 is obtained when k = 2
(giving the power of x as 5 − 2k = 1).
Hence the coefficient of xy 2 is
5
C2 = 10.

Solution to Exercise 33
By the binomial theorem with n = 10, and
with a replaced by a3 and b replaced by
−2/a2 , each term in the expansion is of the
form
' !k
10 3 10−k 2
Ck (a ) − 2
a
10 k 30−3k
" −2 $k
= Ck (−2) a a
10
= Ck (−2)k a30−3k a−2k
10
= Ck (−2)k a30−5k .
(a) The term in a25 is obtained when
30 − 5k = 25, which gives k = 1. Hence
the coefficient of a25 is
10
C1 (−2)1 = 10 × (−2) = −20.
(b) The term in a−10 is obtained when
30 − 5k = −10, which gives k = 8. Hence
the coefficient of a−10 is
10
C8 (−2)8 = 45 × 28 = 11 520.
(c) The constant term is the term in which
the power of a is zero. This is obtained
when 30 − 5k = 0, which gives k = 6.
Hence the constant term is
10
C6 (−2)6 = 210 × 26 = 13 440.
(d) For a term in a2 , we need 30 − 5k = 2.
The solution to this equation is not an
integer, so there is no term in a2 .

17