Fo

rA
pt
ec
h
C
en
tre
U
se
O
Fundamentals of Java

nl
y
 y
Explain the structured programming paradigm

nl


O
 Explain the object-oriented programming paradigm

se
 Explain the features of Java as a OOP language

U
 Describe Java platform and its components

tre
 List the different editions of Java

en
 Explain the evolution of Java Standard Edition (Java SE)
C
Describe the steps for downloading and installing Java
h

ec

Development Kit (JDK)

pt
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Fo

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 2

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The most prominent use of computers is to

nl


solve problems quickly and accurately.

O
se
 The solution adopted to solve a problem is

U
provided as a sequence of instructions or
specifications of activity which enables a

tre
user to achieve the desired result.

en
Software Applications
C
h
ec

• The solution for solving a problem in the field of

information technology is achieved by developing
pt

software applications.
rA

• A software application can be defined as a collection

Fo

of programs that are written in high-level

programming languages to solve a particular problem.
© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 3
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Knowledge of Domain:

nl


O
 It plays an important role while developing software applications.
It can be defined as the field of business or technology to which a problem

se


belongs.

U
 Following figure shows the development of software application as a

tre
solution for managing various operations in a banking domain:

en
C
h
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© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 4

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Programming Languages:

nl


O
 The development of software application is done using a programming
language.

se
 A programming language is used as a medium for communicating the

U
instruction to the computer.

tre
 The programming language enforces a particular style of programming
that is referred to as a programming paradigm.

en
 Following are the two types of programming paradigm:

C
h
Structured Object-oriented
ec

Programming Programming
pt
rA

Paradigm Paradigm
Fo

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 5

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Structured Programming

nl
O
• In structured programming paradigm, the application

se
development is decomposed into a hierarchy of subprograms.

U
• The subprograms are referred to as procedures, functions, or
modules in different structured programming languages.

tre
• Each subprogram is defined to perform a specific task.

en
• Some of structured programming languages are C, Pascal, and
Cobol.
 C
Following figure displays bank application activities broken down into
h
subprograms:
ec
pt
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© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 6

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Main disadvantage of

nl


O
structured programming
languages are as follows:

se
Data is shared globally

U


between the subprograms.

tre
 Efforts are spent on

en
accomplishing the solution
rather than focusing on
problem domain. C
h
ec

 This often led to a software crisis, as the maintenance cost of

pt

complex applications became high and availability of reliable

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software was reduced.

Fo

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 7

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Growing complexity of software required change in

nl


O
programming style.

se
U
 Some of the features that were aimed are as follows:

tre
 Development of reliable software at reduced cost.

en
 Reduction in the maintenance cost.

C
Development of reusable software components.
h
 Completion of software development with the specified time
ec

interval.
pt
rA

 These features resulted in the evolution of object-

Fo

oriented programming paradigm.

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 8
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The software applications developed using object-oriented

nl


programming paradigm is:

O
Designed around data, rather than focusing only on the functionalities.

se


U
 Following shows different activities involved in the object-

tre
oriented software development:

en
C
h
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© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 9

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nl
Object-oriented Analysis (OOA) phase determines

O
the functionality of the system.

se
U
Object-oriented Design (OOD) phases

tre
determines the process of planning a system in
which objects interact with each other to solve a

en
software problem.

C
h
Object-oriented Programming (OOP) deals with
ec

the actual implementation of the application.

pt
rA

 Unified Modeling Language (UML) helps to create visual models in the system.
The actual implementation of these visual models is done using an OOP
Fo

language.

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 10

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An OOP language is based on certain principles that are as

nl


follows:

O
Object – Represents an entity which possesses certain features and

se


behaviors.

U
 Class – Is a template that is used to create objects of that class.

tre
 Abstraction – Is a design technique that focuses only on the essential
features of an entity for a specific problem domain.

en
 Encapsulation – Is a mechanism that combines data and implementation

C
details into a single unit called class.
h
 Inheritance – Enables the developer to extend and reuse the features of
ec

existing classes and create new classes. The new classes are referred to as
derived classes.
pt

Polymorphism – Is the ability of an object to respond to same message in

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different ways.
Fo

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 11

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nl
 An object represents a real-world entity.

O
 Any tangible or touchable entity in the real-world can be

se
described as an object.

U
 Following figure shows some real-world entities:

tre
en
C
h
ec
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© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 12

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nl
 Each object has:

O
 Characteristics – Defined as attributes, properties, or features
describing the object.

se
 Actions – Defined as activities or operations performed by the

U
object.

tre
 Example of an object, Dog.

en
 Properties – Breed, Color, and Age


C
Actions – Barking, Eating, and Running
h
ec
pt

 The concept of objects in the real-world can be extended to

rA

the programming world where software ‘objects’ can be

Fo

defined.

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 13

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A software object has state and behavior.

nl


O
 ‘State’ refers to object’s characteristics or attributes.

se
 ‘Behavior’ of the software object comprises its actions.

U
 Following figure shows a software object, a Car with its state and
behavior:

tre
en
C
h
ec
pt
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Fo

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 14

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The advantages of using objects are as follows:

nl


O
• They help to understand the real-world.

se
1

U
• They map attributes and actions of real-world

tre
entities with state and behavior of software

en
2 objects.

C
h
ec
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© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 15

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In the real-world, several objects:

nl


O
 Have common state and behavior.
Can be grouped under a single class.

se


 Example: All car objects have attributes, such as color, make, or model.

U
 Class:

tre
 Can be defined that a class is a template or blueprint which defines the

en
state and behavior for all objects belonging to that class.
 Following figure shows a car as a template and a Toyota car as an object or
instance of the class: C
h
ec
pt
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© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 16

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Class comprises fields and methods, collectively called as

nl


members.

O
Fields – Are variables that depict the state of objects.

se


 Methods – Are functions that depict the behavior of objects.

U
tre
en
C
h
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© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 17

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Following table shows the difference between a class and an

nl


object:

O
se
Class Object

U
Class is a conceptual model Object is a real thing

tre
Class describes an entity Object is the actual entity

en
Class consists of fields (data Object is an instance of a class
members) and functions
C
h
ec
pt
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© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 18

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It is one of the most popular OOP language.

nl


O
 It helps programmers to develop wide range of applications that
can run on various hardware and Operating System (OS).

se
It is also a platform that creates an environment for executing

U


Java application.

tre
 It caters to small-scale to large-scale problems across the

en
Internet.

C
Java applications are built on variety of platforms that range
h
from:
ec

 Embedded devices to desktop applications

pt

 Web applications to mobile phones

rA

 Large business applications to supercomputers

Fo

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 19

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Java Origins: Embedded Systems

nl


O
• Team of engineers from Sun Microsystems wanted to

se
design a language for consumer devices.

U
• Project was named as ‘Green Project’.

tre
• Team included: James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and
Patrick Naughton.
1991

en
• Efforts were taken to produce portable and a platform
independent language that can run on any machine.
C
• Result was evolution of Java.
h
• Initially called ‘OAK’ and later renamed to Java .
ec
pt
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Fo

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 20

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Java Wonder: Internet

nl

• Internet and Web started emerging and was used

O
worldwide.

se
• Sun Microsystems turned Java into an Internet
programming language.
1995

U
• It emerged as a Web technology that added dynamic

tre
capabilities to the Web pages.
Java Moved: Middle-tier

en


• Sun Microsystems defined Servlets API to generate

C
dynamic HTML for Web pages and Enterprise JavaBeans
h
1997 for developing business logics.
ec
pt

• Sun Microsystems released three versions for free under

rA

General Public License (GPL)

• These are: Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE), Java
2006
Fo

Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE), and Java Platform

Micro Edition (Java ME)
© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 21
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Java Ahead: Acquisition

nl


O
• Sun Microsystems was acquired by Oracle Corporation.

se
• The project Coin was launched to enhance Java
programming language.

U
2009 • Java EE 6 was released with simplified development and

tre
deployment model.

en
C
• The specification for Java 7 was approved by the Java
Community Process (JCP).
h
2010
ec
pt
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Fo

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 22

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Java is a high level OOP language as well a platform used for developing

nl


applications that can be executed on different platforms.

O
 It is characterized by following features:

se
Simple

U
tre
• Inherits its syntax from predecessor programming languages,
such as C/C++.

en
• Helps programmers to adapt to Java language without any
extra skills and extensive trainings.
C
• Eliminates the use of pointers, operator overloading, and
h
multiple inheritance features supported by predecessor
ec

languages.
pt
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Fo

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 23

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Object-oriented

nl
O
• Java is a pure OOP language that uses classes and objects that
address to the real-world problem domains.

se
• Even, the application development in Java starts with a class
designing.

U
tre
Robust

en
• C and C++ languages - Dynamic memory allocation/deallocation is
done manually through pointers that resulted in memory related
errors.
C
h
• Java incorporates:
ec

• Strong memory management - Handles memory allocation and deallocation using

Garbage Collection Mechanism that destroys unused objects in memory
pt

automatically.
rA

• Exception handling mechanism - Stops abnormal termination of code at runtime.

• Compile-time checking – Ensures variables are declared which contain specific type
of data.
Fo

• Run-time checking – Ensures purity of Java code during execution.

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 24

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nl
Secure

O
se
• Security checks applied at different layers ensures that the Java
programs are protected against malicious codes.

U
• Java programs that are accessed on the network are known as

tre
applets.
• Java applies security to applets by placing them in a sandbox that

en
ensures it should not have direct access to files or resources

C
available on the local system.
• Java Virtual Machine (JVM) which is a runtime environment for
h
executing Java programs applies its own security features to Java
ec

language.
pt

• JVM ensures that the code loaded for execution is well-formed and
rA

conforms to Java standards.

Fo

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 25

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nl
Architecture Neutral and Portable

O
se
• Supports portability by converting application into architecture
neutral bytecode during compilation.

U
• Java has defined language specifications, such as size of

tre
primitive data types and operators that are independent of the
hardware platform.

en
• For example, an integer variable in Java always occupies 32 bits
on whichever machine the code is executed.
C
• These features satisfies the major goal of Java language which is
h
‘Write once, run anywhere’.
ec
pt

Multithreaded
rA

• Allows a single program to perform multiple tasks

Fo

simultaneously with different threads.

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 26

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nl
Distributed

O
• Supports distributed programming in which resources can be

se
accessed across the network.

U
tre
Dynamic

en
• At runtime an application can dynamically decide which classes
it requires and loads them accordingly.
C
• This gives new perspective to Java for designing and developing
h
applications.
ec
pt
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Fo

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 27

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Is a software-only platform that runs on top of other

nl


O
hardware-based platforms.

se
 Contains Java Runtime Environment (JRE) with

U
components namely:

tre
 Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

en
 Java class library also referred to as Java Programming
Interface (Java API)
C
h
ec
pt
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Fo

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 28

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It is an executable engine that creates an environment for

nl


executing Java compiled code, that is, bytecode.

O
It is known as a virtual machine because it is an imitation of a

se


Java processor on the physical machine.

U
 There are different implementations of JVM available for

tre
different platforms, such as Windows, Unix, and Solaris.

en
C
h
ec
pt
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© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 29

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Bytecode:

nl


O
 Is an intermediate form closer to
machine representation.

se
 Is an optimized set of instructions

U
executed by the Java runtime
environment.

tre
 This environment is known as

en
JVM.
 The same bytecode can be
executed by different C
h
ec

implementations of JVM on
pt

various platforms.
rA
Fo

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 30

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It is a large collection of ready-made software components.

nl


O
 These components are classes and interface grouped into
libraries referred to as packages in Java.

se
Example:

U


The Swing library provides classes for User Interface (UI) components.

tre


 The Input/Output (I/O) library provides the standard interface for reading

en
and writing data into files stored in the system.

C
h
ec
pt
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© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 31

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Java Standard Edition (Java SE) - Is a base platform and enables

nl


to develop console and networking applications for desktop

O
computers.

se
 Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE) - Is built on top of Java SE

U
platform and provides a standard specification for developing

tre
and deploying distributed, scalable, and multi-tier enterprise

en
applications.
Java Mobile Edition (Java ME) - Is a robust platform for

C
developing embedded Java applications for consumer electronic
h
ec

devices, such as mobiles, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), and

TV set-top boxes.
pt
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Fo

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 32

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Provides two software components:

nl


O
 JRE
JRE provides JVM and Java libraries that are used to run a Java program.

se


 JDK

U
 Known as Java Development Kit (JDK).

tre
 Is a binary software development kit released by Oracle Corporation.
 Is an implementation of Java and distributed for different platforms, such as

en
Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, and so on.

C
 Contains a comprehensive set of tools, such as compilers and debuggers that
are used to develop Java applications.
h
ec
pt
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© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 33

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Development Tools – Include tools used for compiling, running,

nl


debugging, and documenting a Java application.

O
se
U
API - Provides the core functionality of the Java programming

tre


language.

en
 Deployment Tools – Provides software for deploying the
C
developed applications to end-users.
h
 User Interface Toolkits - Enables the developer to create
ec

graphical interfaces in a Java application.

pt

 Integration libraries - Enable developers to access and

rA

manipulate database and remote objects in an application.

Fo

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 34

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Table lists the different releases of JDK.

nl

Releases Implementation

O
JDK 1.0 Creation of packages with classes in the standard library

se
JDK 1.1 Included an event delegation model for Graphical User
Interface (GUI) package AWT, JavaBeans, and Java

U
Database Connectivity (JDBC) API

tre
JDK 1.2 (Java 2) Included a new graphical API, named Swing. Also, added
APIs for reflection and collection framework (based on data

en
structure)

C
JDK 1.3 Included a directory interface to lookup for components,
named, Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI)
h
JDK 1.4 Included regular expression API, assertions, exception
ec

chaining, channel-based I/O API, an XML API for parsing

pt

and processing
rA

JDK 1.5 Included new features in the language such as for-each

loop, generics, annotations, and auto-boxing
Fo

JDK 1.6 Included script language, visual basic language support, and
improvements in the GUI
© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 35
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Java SE 7 is the new major release of Java with internal version

nl


number as 1.7.

O
The lists of new features that are incorporated in the language

se


are as follows:

U
 Supports the use of String class in the switch decision-making

tre
construct.

en
 Integer types can be assigned with a binary number value.
 Supports the use of underscore character ( _ ) between the digits of a
numeric value. C
h
 An expandable try statement called try-with-resources
ec

statement used for automatic resource management.

pt

 Constructor of a generic class declaration can be replaced with an empty

rA

set of parameters (<>).

 Enhancement in exception handling mechanism. In exception handling
Fo

code, a single catch can be used to handle one or more exceptions.

 Compiler warnings generated for varargs methods has been improved.
© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 36
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nl
O
On Oracle site, click

se
Download button to install

U
the JDK on download page

tre
en
C
h
ec
pt
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Fo

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 37

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nl
O
se
On Java SE Development Kit 7
Downloads Web page, click

U
Accept License Agreement.

tre
The agreement outlines that the
user agrees to Oracle by

en
installing the JDK

C
h
ec
pt
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© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 38

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nl
O
se
U
tre
To download JDK 7 for

en
Windows 32-bit OS, click
jdk-7u11-windows-
i586.exe under C
h
Download
ec
pt
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Fo

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 39

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nl
O
se
U
tre
In the Save As dialog

en
box, select the location
C to save the JDK
installer and then, click
h
ec

Save
pt
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Fo

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 40

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Double-click the installer icon and follow the instructions

nl


provided by the JDK installer.

O
The installer installs development tools, source code, and the JRE

se


in the default directory, C:\Program Files\Java.

U
 Following figure shows the directory structure of the installed

tre
JDK on the system:

en
C
h
ec
pt
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Fo

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 41

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Following table lists the common directories that are part of the

nl


typical JDK installation:

O
se
Directory Description

U
bin Contains tools that are used for developing a
Java application, such as compiler and JVM

tre
db Contains a relational database named

en
Apache Derby

C
include Contains header files that are used to interact
with C applications
h
jre Represents the JRE used by the JDK
ec
pt
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Fo

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 42

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To work with JDK and Java programs, certain settings need to be

nl


made to the environment variables .

O
Environment variables are pointers pointing to programs or other

se


resources. The variables to be configured are as follows:

U
 PATH - Set to point to the location of Java executables (javac.exe and java.

tre
exe).

en
 CLASSPATH - Specifies the location of the class files and libraries needed
by the Java compiler to compile applications.
C
h
ec
pt
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Fo

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 43

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To set the value for the PATH variable, perform the following

nl


steps in Windows 7:

O
Right-click My Computer icon on the desktop and then, click Properties

se


from the context menu.

U
 Click Advanced system settings link on the left tab.

tre
 Under Advanced tab, click Environment Variables.
In the System variables area, select the PATH variable and then, click Edit

en


button to enter the JDK installation folder path.


C
Type path of the bin folder in the Variable Value text box.
h
 For example, the path can be:
ec

C:\ WINDOWS\system32;C:\WINDOWS;C:\Program
pt

Files\Java\jdk1.7.0\bin
rA
Fo

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 44

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To set CLASSPATH variable in Windows 7, perform the following

nl


steps:

O
Right-click My Computer icon on the desktop and click Properties from

se


the context menu.

U
 Click Advanced system settings link on the left tab.

tre
 Under Advanced tab, click Environment Variables.
In the System variables area, click New button.

en


 Type CLASSPATH in Variable Name and then, type C:\<jdk _

C
installation _ folder> in the Variable Value.
h
ec
pt
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Fo

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 45

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The development of application software is performed using

nl


a programming language that enforces a particular style of

O
programming, also referred to as programming paradigm.

se
In structured programming paradigm, the application

U


development is decomposed into a hierarchy of

tre
subprograms.

en
 In object-oriented programming paradigm, applications are
C
designed around data, rather than focusing only on the
h
functionalities.
ec

The main building blocks of an OOP language are classes

pt

and objects. An object represents a real-world entity and a

rA

class is a conceptual model.

Fo

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 46

 y
Java is an OOP language as well a platform used for

nl


developing applications that can be executed on different

O
platforms. Java platform is a software-only platform that

se
runs on top of the other hardware-based platforms.

U
The editions of Java platform are Java SE, Java EE, and Java

tre


ME.

en
 The components of Java SE platform are JDK and JRE. JRE
C
provides JVM and Java libraries that are used to run a Java
h
program. JDK includes the necessary development tools,
ec

runtime environment, and APIs for creating Java programs.

pt
rA
Fo

© Aptech Ltd. Introduction to Java/Session 1 47