Section 220

ARCO COILED TUBING SERVICES MANUAL

Rev A - 98

PRESSURE CONTROL EQUIPMENT

Contents Page
Introduction .................................................................................................... 3
1 STRIPPER SYSTEMS ................................................................................... 4
1.1 Description ............................................................................................ 4
1.2 Stripper Functions ................................................................................. 4
1.3 Conventional Stripper ............................................................................ 5
1.3.1 Packing stack/arrangement ................................................................... 5
1.3.2 Guides and Bushings ............................................................................ 8
1.3.3 Hydraulic Operating System ................................................................. 8
1.3.4 Connection ............................................................................................ 8
1.4 Tandem Stripper .................................................................................... 8
1.5 Side Door Stripper ................................................................................. 9
1.5.1 Packing Arrangement .......................................................................... 10
1.5.2 Guides and Bushings .......................................................................... 10
1.5.3 Hydraulic Operating System (Down) .................................................... 10
1.5.4 Hydraulic Operating System (Up) ........................................................ 12
1.5.5 Well Seals .......................................................................................... 12
1.5.6 Connections ........................................................................................ 12
1.6 Tandem Side-Door Stripper.................................................................. 13
1.7 Radial Stripper .................................................................................... 13
1.7.1 Packing Arrangement .......................................................................... 14
1.7.2 Hydraulic Operating System ............................................................... 15
1.7.3 Wellbore seals .................................................................................... 15
1.7.4 Connections ........................................................................................ 15
2 BLOWOUT PREVENTERS .......................................................................... 15
2.1 Description .......................................................................................... 15
2.2 BOP Ram Functions ........................................................................... 15
2.2.1 Blind Ram ........................................................................................... 16
2.2.2 Shear Ram .......................................................................................... 16
2.2.3 Slip Ram ............................................................................................. 16
2.2.4 Pipe Ram ............................................................................................ 17
2.2.5 Shear/Seal Rams ................................................................................ 17
2.2.6 Pipe/Slip Rams ................................................................................... 17
2.3 BOP Body .......................................................................................... 18
2.4 Ram Bonnet and Actuator ................................................................... 18
2.5 Equalizing Valve .................................................................................. 20
2.6 Side Port and Pressure Port ............................................................... 20
2.7 Top and Bottom Connections .............................................................. 22
2.8 Hydraulic System ............................................................................... 22
2.9 Controls and Instruments .................................................................... 22
2.10 Pressure Testing Procedures ............................................................... 23
2.11 BOP Operating Sequences ................................................................. 25

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PRESSURE CONTROL EQUIPMENT

Contents Page
3 WELLHEAD CONNECTIONS AND CROSSOVERS ..................................... 26
3.1 Description .......................................................................................... 26
3.2 Features ............................................................................................. 26
3.3.1 API Flanges ........................................................................................ 26
3.3.1 API Flange Data ................................................................................. 28
3.4 Pin and Collar Unions .......................................................................... 29
3.4.1 Pin and Collar Union Data ................................................................... 29
3.4.2 Pin and Collar Adapters ...................................................................... 30
3.4.3 Specifying Pin and Collar Unions ........................................................ 30
3.5 Stub ACME Pin and Box Connections ................................................ 31
3.5.1 Specifying Stub ACME Pin and Box Connections ............................... 31
3.6 O-ring Seals ........................................................................................ 32
3.6.1 O-ring Size .......................................................................................... 32
3.6.2 O-Ring Materials ................................................................................. 33
3.6.3 O-ring Support .................................................................................... 33

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 COILED TUBING SERVICES MANUAL Section 220
ARCO PRESSURE CONTROL EQUIPMENT Rev A - 98

Introduction • Operating company pressure control philosophy

The pressure control equipment and practices associated • Service provider pressure control philosophy
with CT operations are designed and prepared to provide a
high degree of safety and reliability. This key feature • Requirements of applicable regulatory authority
enables CT to be widely accepted as a live well intervention
method, proven on oil and gas wells under a wide variety of Such documents may make reference to barrier principles
conditions. or philosophies and possibly identify the resulting require-
ments relating to equipment and procedures. The defini-
The pressure control equipment required and selected for tions listed below are based on general understanding of
any application depends on a number of factors. Such some commonly used terms, however these may vary
factors may relate to wellbore conditions, the application or within documents of specific organizations.
treatment to be conducted or the regulatory requirements
applicable in the region a specific wellsite. However, there • Primary Pressure Control: Equipment and practices
are always several items of pressure control equipment which provide or ensure the primary barrier against
required for any operation. The assembled equipment is wellbore pressure and fluids. Such equipment is typically
commonly referred to as the pressure control stack. In operated during normal operating conditions, e.g. equip-
assembling this equipment stack, it is not only important ment such as the stripper (including tandem or back-up
that each individual item be correctly specified and oper- stripper systems).
ated, but that each item is compatible with the specifica-
tions and functions of the assembled stack. • Secondary Pressure Control: Equipment and practices
which provide or ensure the secondary barrier against
The basic terms and principles associated with pressure wellbore pressure and fluids. Such equipment is typically
control equipment and procedures can lead to some confu- operated in support of normal operating conditions, or as
sion. This possibly results from the varying requirements a contingency, e.g. BOP, typically comprising blind ram,
brought by different operating environments (e.g., onshore/ shear ram, pipe ram and pipe ram functions, or combina-
offshore), geographical region (e.g. North Sea, West Texas, tions thereof.
Alaska), or wellbore conditions (e.g. pressure, tempera-
ture, corrosive service requirements). For the purpose of • Tertiary Pressure Control: Equipment and practices which
this manual the following terms and definitions will apply (as provide a tertiary barrier against wellbore pressure and
determined by the International Well Control Forum): fluids. Such equipment is typically operated in contin-
gency or emergency situations, e.g. Shear/seal BOP,
• Well Control: Relating to the equipment and procedures typically comprising blind ram and shear ram functions in
required for working on a well which is normally “dead”, i.e. a single ram set.
equipment and procedures associated with drilling and
workover operations and where a fluid column is the Pressure control equipment and associated issues can be
primary method of preventing the well from flowing. categorized as shown below and is the basis by which this
manual section has been structured.
• Pressure Control: Relating to the equipment and proce-
dures required for working on a well which is normally • Stripper systems
“live”, i.e. equipment and procedures associated with well
intervention operations where a physical barrier(s) is used • Blowout Preventers (BOPs)
to contain wellbore pressure and fluids.
• Wellhead Connections and Crossovers
While the technical requirements of any pressure control
stack is largely determined by the wellbore conditions and • Lubricators and Risers
intended application, there are several “non-technical”
factors which may influence the ultimate selection. • Live Well Deployment Systems

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Issues relating to the operation of pressure control equip- 1 STRIPPER SYSTEMS

ment can be categorized as follows.
1.1 Description
• Pressure Control Philosophy
The stripper assembly provides a dynamic seal or packoff
• Equipment Stack Configurations around the CT string as it is being run (or stripped) in and
out of the wellbore. Therefore, stripper seal material and
• Control and Operating Systems mechanism must be compatible with the fluid and pressure
conditions anticipated, or reasonably foreseeable.
• Function and Pressure Testing
The force required to energize the stripper sealing element
is applied hydraulically, and is controlled and monitored
from the CTU operator control station. Since the stripper is
a major item of pressure control equipment, there are
generally at least two independent hydraulic power supplies
that can be used to energize the system. Similarly, in some
cases, some redundancy of operation may be required.
This is achieved by locating two strippers in the pressure
control stack (tandem or dual stripper system).

The stripper packer inserts are consumable items which, in

some cases, may need to be replaced during an operation.
The stripper assembly and components are therefore
Stripper designed to enable the replacement of packer inserts while
Primary presure the equipment is rigged up and the tubing is in place.
control equipment
The stripper is flange mounted to the injector head and
Quad BOP when rigged up typically supports most of the injector head
Secondary presure weight. While this weight is supported in a vertical axis, the
control equipment stripper must also be designed to withstand some lateral
loading/bending moment that would result from the injector
head movement during rigging up and operating.

Shear/seal BOP 1.2 Stripper Functions

Tertiary presure
control equipment The desired functions of modern stripper systems are
(optional) shown below. These do not apply to all strippers or every
application, however, the functions identified will have been
incorporated into some models or configurations of stripper
at some time.

• Provide a dynamic seal against wellbore fluids and

pressure

• Maintain an efficient seal throughout an operating range

of pressure, temperature and compatible fluid types

Figure 1. Primary, secondary and tertiary pressure • Enable replacement of principal sealing components with
control equipment. the CT string in place

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• Support/transmit the weight (and forces) applied by the 1.3 Conventional Stripper
injector head to the pressure control stack and wellhead
The majority of strippers in use today are of a design similar
• Provide access to the wellbore for pressure sensing to that shown in Figure 3. This conventional stripper design
equipment (pressure port) and configuration has been well proven and has evolved
from a relatively small ID and low pressure rating item (2-
• Provide access to the wellbore for application of inhibitor 1/2-in. 5,000psi), to a larger, higher rated device capable of
or lubricant operation in a wide range of aggressive environments.

• Provide lateral support and guidance for the CT string With the packing stack accessed from above, the conven-
between the injector head and the wellbore (pressure tional stripper suffers the disadvantage of relatively awk-
control stack bore) ward servicing, especially when the tubing is in place.

There are several distinct types and models of CT stripper, The principal components of a conventional stripper can be
each performing the same basic functions but using differ- summarized as follows.
ent operating principles or configuration. The evolution of
design broadly follows the sequence in which the models • Packing stack/arrangement
are listed.
• Guides and bushings
• Conventional stripper
• Hydraulic operating system
• Tandem stripper
• Connection
• Side-door stripper
1.3.1 Packing stack/arrangement
• Tandem side-door
The conventional stripper packing stack or arrangement
• Radial stripper comprises three principal components:

• Energizer

• Packer insert

• Non-extrusion ring

Energizer

The stripper energizer is generally manufactured from a

urethane sleeve which is formed around a steel spring. The
energizer is of one-piece construction and cannot be
Stripper replaced with the tubing in place (i.e. the CT string passes
mounted to through the spring). Energizers intended for use with larger
injector head tubing sizes may not have a spring.
frame base
The energizer ID and OD are specific to the stripper model
and the size/type of insert to be used.

Figure 2. Stripper location.

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Packing
arrangement Top bushing and
retaining pins

Non-extrusion ring

Mounting Packing insert

flange

Hydraulic pack
and retract
mechanism
Stripper energizer

Stripper connection to
tandem stripper, BOP
or lubricator
Lower bushing

Figure 3. Conventional stripper. Figure 4. Conventional packing stack arrangement.

Packer Insert Non Extrusion Ring

Packer inserts are formed as split sleeves of urethane, The non extrusion ring is placed between the stripper
nitrile, viton or a similar elastomeric material. The inserts packer (or energizer and inserts) and the upper wear
are assembled inside the energizer, the split construction bushing. It is manufactured from glass re-enforced teflon
enabling the inserts to be removed and replaced with the and is split at an angle to allow removal while the tubing is
tubing in place. A high proportion of the force required to in place, yet provide maximum support to the packer. The
seal the stripper packing arrangement is needed to seal the bottom of the ring is profiled to fit the bevel on top of the
vertical flow path formed by the split of the packer insert. packer or packer insert.
Interlocking packer inserts (Figure 5) have been developed
to reduce the force required, thereby reducing the operating The single greatest improvement in resistance of elas-
pressure required to maintain a seal. tomers to high-pressure failures is to limit the extrusion
gap. This is best achieved by fitting a close tolerance non-

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An alternative to the energizer and insert assembly is the

stripper packer (Figure 6). This comprises a split sleeve
which replaces both the energizer and the packer insert.
The stripper packer is generally manufactured in dual
hardness material, with the harder compound formed on the
outside or top to reduce extrusion. Being formed in two
halves enables the entire sealing element to be replaced
with the tubing in place.

A similar interlocking stripper packer, which is used without

an energizer, will operate successfully with only 25% of the
packing force required by a conventional packing arrange-
ment.

The energizers, packer inserts and stripper packers are

manufactured in a variety of sizes and materials to suite a
Figure 5. Interlocking packer insert. range of wellbore conditions. Since the stripper is a primary
pressure control item, it is essential that appropriate
components are selected and correctly installed. Some
elastomer materials fail catastrophically if exposed to
temperatures or fluids outside their rated operating range.
Consequently, provision should be made to adequately
identify the stripper parts by manufacturer, material and
hardness when they are received from the supplier.

A summary of common materials, including advantages

and disadvantages of use, is shown below.

• Urethane - A tough material that will tolerate abuse. In the

right conditions, it is generally the longest wearing mate-
rial and has a wide operating temperature range, however,
performance deteriorates rapidly as the temperature ap-
proaches 200°F.

• Nitrile - The most common oilfield rubber compound with

very good oil and water resistance. Nitrile has a higher
temperature range than urethane but has less resistance
to abrasive wear.

Figure 6. Interlocking stripper packer. • Viton - Has a high resistance to most oil and gas well
chemicals and a good resistance to gas permeation.
Viton has a higher temperature operating range, although
the abrasion resistance is not as good as nitrile or
extrusion ring which is designed to support the elastomer urethane.
(stripper insert or packer) and minimize the gap for extru-
sion. Since such related problems increase with wellbore • EPDM - Has an excellent resistance to steam and
pressure, Strippers used in high pressure operations should geothermal (hot-water) fluids. However, EPMD is not
be inspected more frequently, and the tolerance on bushing compatible with hydrocarbons. The abrasion and wear
and extrusion ring wear should be tightened. characteristics are similar to viton.

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Rev A - 98 PRESSURE CONTROL EQUIPMENT ARCO

The relative hardness of the above materials is indicated by should be capable of applying 5,000 psi although most
a “Shore A’” hardness number. In general, the higher Shore applications will require much less.
A hardness number material will better resist abrasive wear
and high-pressure extrusion. However, with a specific The stripper will be fitted with two hydraulic hoses which run
material, the compounding can be altered to extend the back to the control cabin/console. These hoses should be
temperature range and improve the wear characteristics. identified as “PACK” or “RETRACT” or suitably marked to
avoid confusion during rig up. If a single hose is used, care
1.3.2 Guides and Bushings must be taken to ensure that it is connected to the PACK
connection on the stripper during normal operations. The
Wear bushings situated above and below the packer help RETRACT port must be allowed to vent any pressure which
keep the CT centralized as it passes through the packing may occur as the piston moves into the PACK position.
arrangement. The bushing material is a bronze alloy which Venting may be achieved by removing the quick connector
ensures minimum friction and damage to the tubing as it (where fitted), or fitting a quick connector with the check
runs through the stripper. In a conventional stripper, the valve removed.
upper bushing is split and is secured by the split cap halves.
The lower bushing locates on the top of the actuating piston A double-seal arrangement, with vent to atmosphere be-
and is of single-piece construction. The force required to tween the seals of the stripper, ensures that well pressure
pack off the packing assembly is applied by the piston cannot communicate with the hydraulic system should a
through the lower bushing. seal failure occur.

When performing a pull test or pulling out of the hole, the CT Typical examples of stripper control and hydraulic systems
connector will typically contact the lower stripper bushing. are shown in Figure 7. Provision is made in this example for
This gives a positive indication on the weight indicator that the use of a second or tandem stripper. The principle of
the CT connector is at surface. Since this action effectively operation on units which have provision for only one stripper
energizes the stripper packing arrangement it is advisable will be similar.
to use only the minimum force required to confirm connec-
tor or tool location. 1.3.4 Connection

Uneven wear of the bushing material may indicate an The bottom connection of a conventional stripper was
alignment problem with the injector head chains or the historically made up to the top connection of the BOPs.
stripper mount. (Typically a Bowen-type pin and collar 6-5/16-in. OD, Acme
4 TPI 4-3/8-in. sealbore diameter.) However, to enable
1.3.3 Hydraulic Operating System some flexibility in rig up and accommodate the many
connections found in pressure control equipment, a range
The majority of strippers currently in use are dual acting, i.e. of connections may be commonly found on strippers.
there is provision to PACK and RETRACT the stripper
actuator piston hydraulically. The major advantage of this A wellhead pressure port is located on the body of the
system is that the bottom bushing is lowered hydraulically stripper, just above the bottom connection. Hoses, piping
enabling an easier and quicker change of packing ele- and fittings used tapped off this port must have a working
ments. pressure rating equal to that of the stripper (commonly
10,000 psi). They must also be suitable for use with
The hydraulic system supply and control arrangement will corrosive/hazardous wellbore fluids, e.g. H2S.
varies between coiled tubing units. However, this must be
compatible with the requirements of the stripper model in 1.4 Tandem Stripper
use, e.g. minimum and maximum pressures. To provide
necessary contingency levels, there are generally at least Tandem stripper assemblies are designed to be used in
two independent sources of hydraulic pressure to operate conjunction with a fixed stripper fitted to the CT injector
the stripper. Most commonly this include an air-operated head. This configuration provides a backup or contingency
hydraulic pump and a manual back up. Both systems stripper facility should the primary stripper fail or wear out

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ARCO PRESSURE CONTROL EQUIPMENT Rev A - 98

STRIPPER STRIPPER
#2 #1

RETRACT NEUTRAL PACK RETRACT NEUTRAL PACK

STRIPPER SYSTEM PRESSURE

5000 PSI MAX
#2 #1
STRIPPER STRIPPER

STRIPPER
PRESSURE ADJUST
AIR REG. CONTROL

Figure 7. Stripper controls and instrumentation.

during operation. Several secondary or backup stripper The components and operating principals of the tandem
systems have evolved in recent years. stripper are similar to those described for the conventional
stripper assembly above. When selecting a tandem strip-
In order to simplify the terminology, the following definitions per, the material and operating specifications should gen-
are used in this manual. erally be equal to, or greater than, those of the primary
stripper.
• Dual Stripper - Dual strippers were originally designed to
be fitted as an adaptation of the primary stripper, i.e. the 1.5 Side Door Stripper
dual stripper assembly cannot be removed to allow single
stripper operation without reassembly of the primary The side-door stripper was developed by Texas Oil Tools
stripper. (TOT) to permit easier access to the stripper packing
arrangement. While conventional stripper systems require
• Tandem Stripper - Tandem strippers are designed as a the packing to be removed from the top of the stripper
complete assembly, with appropriate connections top assembly, (i.e. within the injector-head frame) strippers of
and bottom. In this way, removal or installation is a the side-door design allow the packing arrangement to be
straightforward process which allows greater flexibility removed from the side (i.e. below the injector head). This
with equipment rig-up. configuration provides several advantages.

The illustration in Figure 8 shows a Texas Oil Tools (TOT) Since there is no longer a requirement for access to the
Model DT Tandem Stripper Packer. The features noted stripper from above, the stripper assembly can be mounted
below apply to this model of stripper, although generally, closer to the injector-head chains. In this way, the amount
they will apply to any model of tandem conventional of exposed, unsupported CT is reduced. This is an impor-
stripper. tant consideration when snubbing against high wellhead
pressures.

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Rev A - 98 PRESSURE CONTROL EQUIPMENT ARCO

Top connection The upward operating system is a relatively recent devel-

opment which overcomes several of the disadvantages
associated with the downward operating system while
further increasing the access and utility provided by the
stripper.
Packing
arrangement The principal components of a side-door stripper are similar
in function, although different in operation, to that of a
conventional stripper and can be summarized as follows.

• Packing stack/arrangement

• Guides and bushings

Hydraulic pack
and retract • Hydraulic operating system
mechanism
• Well seals

• Connections

1.5.1 Packing Arrangement

The OD of the side-door stripper packing arrangements is

3.50 in. Interlocking packing inserts manufactured in this
size do not require an energizer, thereby increasing the
Bottom connection to amount of material available for extended wear (Figure 11).
BOP or lubricator However, if it is desirable to use the standard sized packing
inserts (2.50-in. OD) in the side-door stripper, a split,
interlocking energizer (3.50-in. OD x 2.50-in. ID) is avail-
able.

1.5.2 Guides and Bushings

Figure 8. Typical tandem stripper assembly.
The upper wear bushings of the side-door stripper are
The packing arrangement is more accessible, therefore considerably longer than those of the conventional stripper.
inspection and replacement are easier and safer - espe- This increases the stability of the CT within the stripper and
cially when the tubing is in place. By fully retracting the improves centralization which in turn promotes a longer
stripper hydraulic function, the packing arrangement is fully packing life. The degree of acceptable wear on bushings
exposed for inspection or replacement. A stop-guard de- and non- extrusion rings will depend on the wellhead
vice locating on the side-door prevents accidental opening pressures to be encountered. High wellhead pressures
of the packer cylinder sleeve during normal operation. require that the extrusion ring functions more effectively
than with low pressures.
Sidedoor strippers are available in two distinctly different
operating systems: 1.5.3 Hydraulic Operating System (Down)

• Downward operating hydraulic system (Figure 9). On earlier models of side-door stripper, the hydraulic
packoff mechanism is located above the packing arrange-
• Upward operating hydraulic systems (Figure 10). ment. In this configuration the operating system is isolated
with no means for wellbore pressure to access the hydraulic

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Hydraulic pack
and retract
mechanism

Mounting
Mounting
flange
flange

Side-door and
packing
arrangement

Side-door and
packing
arrangement
Hydraulic pack
and retract
mechanism

Bottom connection to
Bottom connection to
tandem stripper, BOP
tandem stripper, BOP
or lubricator
or lubricator

Figure 9. Side-door stripper - downward operating Figure 10. Side-door stripper - upward operating
hydraulics. hydraulics.

chamber in the event of a seal failure. However, in to this applied to the stripper to enable an efficient seal. If the test
system of operation, the hydraulic force applied to the pressure is bled off quickly on conclusion of the pressure
stripper packing must first overcome the force exerted by test, a sudden high force may be applied to the tubing
the wellhead pressure before a packoff can be efficiently through the stripper packing. If the tubing geometry and
achieved. specifications are not sufficient to withstand this force,
some significant collapse damage may occur.
Certain operating conditions may result in the application of
damaging forces. For example, while pressure testing the The hydraulic supply and the controls/instrumentation
pressure control equipment rig up, a relatively high “well- required for successful operation of the side-door stripper
head pressure” will be applied by the test pump (e.g. 5000 are the same as that described for the conventional stripper
psi). A corresponding hydraulic pack pressure will be system.

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1.5.4 Hydraulic Operating System (Up) systems are required for this design of stripper. The PACK
and RETRACT hydraulic system operates as normal using
The more recent models of side-door stripper incorporate the supply and controls typically associated with conven-
an upward acting operating system which, like conven- tional or earlier side-door stripper systems. An additional
tional strippers, utilizes wellhead pressure to assist in hydraulic system is required to open and close the side-
making/maintaining the pack-off. Two separate hydraulic door, thereby allowing access to the internal components.
In many cases this additional supply is provided by a
temporary system (hand pump) connected only when
servicing is required. Safety latches acting on the door
assembly prevent accidental opening during normal use.
Upper tubing
guide
1.5.5 Well Seals

The design of both side-door strippers (upward and down-

ward actuation) exposes one seal on the side-door mecha-
nism to wellhead pressure. To provide a backup, in the
event of a seal failure with the tubing in place, a standby
Tubing guides seal is located in a recess in the side-door body. In the
event of a seal failure, wellhead pressure must be isolated
by the BOPs to allow the packer cylinder sleeve to be safely
retracted. The failed seal can then be cut and removed and
the standby seal relocated in the seal recess. Safety
considerations which apply when changing the packing
arrangement with the tubing in place will also apply when
replacing the M-Seal.

Upper bushing 1.5.6 Connections

To enable greater flexibility and to allow high pressure

operations to be undertaken without elastomeric seals in
Upper extrusion the pressure control stack connections, some recent
ring stripper models are equipped with a flanged bottom connec-
tion. The flange connection can then be fitted with one of the
following connectors:
Stripper
packer
• Pin and collar adapter

Lower extrusion • Hydraulic quick connector

ring
• Flanged connection to tandem stripper

Lower bushing On more recent models of side-door stripper, the main

components are designed to accommodate a range of top/
bottom subs which enable different connection configura-
tions to be easily fitted. As with all connections, it is
essential the mating faces are maintained in good condition
and the connection is adequately identified to ensure that
Figure 11. Side-door stripper packing and bushing pressure control stack components can be properly made
arrangement. up with the necessary crossovers or adapters.

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1.6 Tandem Side-Door Stripper • Reduced height - In many applications, especially off-
shore, significant height restrictions are imposed. The
The TOT Tandem Side-Door Stripper is an adaptation of the radial stripper is shorter although wider than conventional
side-door stripper described above and is designed to allow or side-door stripper models.
the packing arrangement to be inspected and replaced
easily with the tubing in place. Used in conjunction with the • Retractable packing elements - The stripper packing and
side-door stripper, the packing arrangements can be changed bushings can be fully retracted hydraulically, thereby
in both strippers as often as is required. This provides a high enabling full bore access through the stripper. This facility
degree of contingency and enables CT operations to be is useful if externally upset components are to be run
completed safely in a wide range of aggressive conditions, through the pressure control stack. Also, when used in
e.g. high-temperature, high-pressure or in conditions where tandem stripper equipment configurations, retracting the
the tubing surface may result in extreme stripper wear. packing and bushings ensures that no unintentional wear
will occur.
The illustration in Figure 12 identifies the main features of
the TOT Tandem Side-Door Stripper. The model illustrated
includes an optional integral chemical injection system.
This may be used for the injection of a wide variety of
Top connection
inhibiting or lubricating fluids between the two strippers.

Several CT applications, especially CT completion related

activity, require the assembly of external components or
passage of externally upset components through the pres-
sure control stack. The configuration of modern tandem Tubing guides
strippers is designed to complement such operations by and door operat-
enabling the internal components (packing and bushings) ing system
to be removed to provide through-bore access. When used
in conjunction with other pressure control equipment, the
access window can also provides a safe means of attach-
ing external components (e.g. hanger slips) to the CT
string.
Side-door and
packing
1.7 Radial Stripper
arrangement
The operating principles for radial strippers are significantly
different to those of conventional or side-door stripper
systems. While both the conventional and side-door strip- Hydraulic pack
pers energize the stripper packer by the application of axial and retract
force (up or down) the radial stripper is energized by mechanism
actuators acting radially (Figure 13).

This unique configuration incorporates features which offer

several advantages over alternative designs.

• Single piece body - The body of a radial stripper is forged

from a single steel block, eliminating threads or welds Bottom connection to
which are potential leak paths or high-stress areas under BOP or lubricator
high bending forces.

Figure 12. TOT tandem side-door stripper.

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Figure 13. Radial stripper.

• Convenient packer replacement - similar to side-door

models, the radial stripper consumables are accessed
from the side, below the injector head.

The principal components of a radial stripper are similar in

function, although different in operation, to that of conven-
tional or side-door stripper systems and can be summa-
rized as follows.

• Packing stack/arrangement

• Hydraulic operating system

• Wellbore seals

• Connections

1.7.1 Packing Arrangement

The packing and bushing components of a radial stripper

are similar but not interchangeable with side-door stripper
components. Force applied by the hydraulic actuators is
transferred through the energizer to the bushings (upper
and lower) and the stripper packer. As the stripper mecha-
nism is actuated, the bushings close around the CT string.
Once the bushings segments have engaged, the applica-
tion of further force will energize the packer to effect a seal. Figure 14. Typical quad BOP assembly.

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Since the tubing guides and bushings operate (PACK and Coiled tubing BOPs are typically equipped with four sets of
RETRACT) in conjunction with the stripper packer it is rams, hence the designation quad BOP (Figure 14). How-
essential that they are inspected and cleaned regularly to ever, some of the ram function can be combined, e.g.,
ensure proper operation of the stripper seal and to minimize shear/seal, pipe/slip, enabling a variety of BOP configura-
any risk of damage from incorrect closure on the tubing tions. BOPs are now available with one, two, three or four
surface. ram sets, each which can be equipped with a variety of ram
functions to enable the desired functional and safety
1.7.2 Hydraulic Operating System specifications to be met.

The force to energize (operate) a radial stripper is provided The BOP rams are hydraulically actuated, although rams
by a set of opposing hydraulic ram assemblies. The may be actuated and locked manually under certain condi-
assemblies are double acting enabling positive PACK and tions. All ram functions require that the tubing must be
RETRACT functions with a high degree of control. The stationary before activation. Severe damage to the BOP
configuration of the energizer/packer assembly and a and CT may result if this requirement is not observed.
pressure equalizing port connecting the ram cavity and the
lower wellbore, means that wellhead pressure has a rela- The BOP may be considered as a barrier or line of defense
tively small bearing on the hydraulic pressure required to against a producing well, allowing well operations, produc-
operate the stripper. tion and simultaneous activities to proceed in a controlled
and safe manner. In many cases, the existence and
An additional hydraulic function/system is used to assist in maintenance of these barriers have legal requirements.
removal of the stripper bonnets for packer/guide inspection Consequently, the efficiency of the various BOP functions
and replacement. This system typically utilizes a tempo- must not be jeopardized by improper operation or by
rary supply (handpump) connected for inspection and operation outside of the design limits to which the equip-
servicing purposes. ment is certified.

1.7.3 Wellbore seals 2.2 BOP Ram Functions

The integral construction of the stripper means only two The components for each of the BOP rams are assembled
seals (in addition to the stripper packer) are exposed to onto a stainless steel ram body. The design provides for
wellbore pressure and fluids. Internal and external seals are easy maintenance and interchangeability of parts, allowing
fitted to the bonnet/piston rod assembly. the same ram body to be used over a range of CT sizes, e.g.
by changing pipe seal or slip inserts.
1.7.4 Connections
The ram functions detailed and illustrated below generally
Radial strippers are typically configured with flange con- apply regardless of the BOP configuration.
nections top and bottom. This enables a wide variety of
adapters or quick-latch connectors to be fitted without Single function Rams
adding excessive height to the assembled stack.
• Blind rams - designed to close and seal when there is no
2 BLOWOUT PREVENTERS CT or toolstring in the BOP body.

2.1 Description • Shear rams - designed to close on and cut through the CT
string and any installed conductors or conduits.
The function of the CT blowout preventer (BOP) is to
provide a means of holding the CT and isolating the wellbore • Slip rams - designed to close on and hold the CT without
pressure during emergency, unusual and normal operating damaging the tubing surface.
situations. The configuration of the BOP rams and side-port
facility allows well control operations to be conducted under • Pipe rams - designed to close on and seal around the CT
a variety of conditions. when in place.

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Combination Function Rams the tubing has been severely deformed a significant
restriction may hinder well kill operations.
• Shear/seal - combination shear and blind ram functions
The cutting profiles of the blades shown in Figure 16 are
• Pipe/slip - combination pipe and slip ram functions designed to minimize the tubing distortion when the cut
is made. Cutting blades are generally made from high-
2.2.1 Blind Ram strength, high-hardness materials. However, it is com-
monly known that these types of materials are suscep-
Blind rams are designed to isolate pressure from the well tible to sulfide stress cracking (SSC) when exposed to an
while the BOP bore is unobstructed by CT or a bottom- hole H2S environment. Since in the course of operation the CT
assembly. When the ram set has closed, the configuration BOP may well be exposed to H2S, a compromise is made
of seals on each ram body is designed to use the pressure in the design and construction of the BOP shear blades.
differential from below to assist in keeping the ram closed The blades are case hardened only. This results in a
(Figure 15). The greater the pressure differential acting from hardened outer shell surrounding a softer inner core which
below the ram, the greater will be the force keeping the rams maintains the integrity of the blade in an H2S environ-
closed. Even moderate differential pressure will exert ment. Blades which are hardened throughout may fail due
sufficient force to prevent the rams being opened hydrau- to SSC before they are actually used.
lically by the ram actuators.
2.2.3 Slip Ram
To allow the rams to be opened in these circumstances,
and to prevent the severe damage which would occur to the Slip rams are designed to close on, and hold, the CT in
ram face seal when opened under pressure, equalizing the BOP. This must be achieved while causing minimal
valves are fitted to each ram set capable of isolating damage to the tubing surface, since even apparently
pressure, e.g., blind rams and pipe rams. No attempt minor damage to the tubing surface may cause prema-
should be made to open the blind rams until the differential ture failure due to fatigue or localized corrosion (Figure
pressure across the rams has been equalized. 17).

Since the operation of the blind ram does not depend on the
CT, it is not required to be changed when the BOP is
dressed for a change in CT size.
Ram body
Front and rear seals are commonly manufactured from seal
Viton to provide the best service in an H2S environment;
however, seals of alternative materials are available for
Steam or Arctic service.

2.2.2 Shear Ram Ram body

Shear rams are designed to cut the CT and any wireline or

hydraulic line that may have been installed in the CT string.
With the CT cut and the upper portion removed from the Ram seal
BOP bore, the blind rams may be closed to isolate and Retainer
control the well pressure. bar

A major consideration in the design of any tubing shear

equipment is the deformation which occurs to the cut ends
of the tubing, since, in most cases, it is desirable to pump
kill fluid through the tubing once the cut has been made. If
Figure 15. Typical blind ram configuration.

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Ram body Retainer

screw

Shear
blade

Shear
blade
(inverted)

Figure 16. Typical shear ram configuration.

The hardened slip inserts are profiled to match the OD of the assist in keeping the ram closed. In such models, no
CT string and are designed to hold the tubing against attempt should be made to open the rams until the
upward or downward force. Slip inserts over a range of CT differential pressure has been equalized (Figure 19).
sizes are available for use in each ram body.
The shear rams used in quad and combi BOPs are
2.2.4 Pipe Ram designed to minimize the deformation to the tubing while
the cut is made, thereby permitting kill fluid to be pumped
Pipe rams are designed to close and seal around the CT. through the suspended CT string. This is not a primary
Pipe rams almost are always fitted to the bottom ram set consideration in the case of shear/seal BOPs. However, a
on a BOP. In this configuration, the resulting seal is as side port is generally fitted to the shear/seal BOP body
close to the wellhead as possible (Figure 18). allow kill fluid to injected below the rams.

Like the blind rams, the pipe-ram body is fitted with a rear 2.2.6 Pipe/Slip Rams
seal which uses the wellhead pressure to apply a force
acting to keep the rams closed. No attempt should be made Pipe/slip rams are designed to seal around the CT string
to open the pipe rams until the differential pressure across and secure it against upward and downward forces. The
the rams has been equalized. design incorporates a number of moving parts in the ram
body is more complex than a any of the other rams
2.2.5 Shear/Seal Rams described. The principal reason for this complexity is the
need to apportion the closing force between the holding
Shear/seal rams are designed to cut the CT and seal the action (slip ram function) and the sealing efficiency (pipe
wellbore. The rams should be capable of cutting the CT ram function). For example, it would be undesirable for the
string and sealing without the need for the cut tubing to fall, pipe ram function to prevent sufficient ram travel or force to
or be extracted from, the sealing elements of the ram. safely hold the CT string in the slips.

Some models of shear/seal BOP have the ram seals Most models of pipe/slip rams have the ram seals config-
configured to use the pressure differential from below to ured to use the pressure differential from below to assist in

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keeping the ram closed. In such models, no attempt should

be made to open the rams until the differential pressure has
Ram body been equalized (Figure 20).

2.3 BOP Body

To avoid potential weaknesses associated with joints,

connections or welds, almost all BOP bodies are manufac-
tured from a solid steel block. The top, bottom and side- port
connections on the BOP bodies, currently produced, are
commonly flange-type connections incorporating a ductile
metal seal ring. However, earlier versions of the body are
Retainer machined with a pin and collar box top connection.
pin
Slip insert Internal surfaces of the BOP body are generally coated with
tuff-green plastic to provide protection against corrosive
fluids.

Most current models of BOP have the hydraulic fluid

passages pre-drilled through the BOP body and ram bon-
Figure 17. Typical slip ram configuration.
nets. In this way, the requirement for external plumbing is
minimized, thereby reducing the possibility of system
leaks or damage while handling or rigging up the BOP.
Ram body
The common means of describing a BOP is by size (bore)
seal
and the number of ram sets, e.g., quad (4), combi (typically
2), triple combi (3) or shear/seal (typically 1). Typical BOP
configurations for each type are shown in Figure 21 through
Figure 24.

2.4 Ram Bonnet and Actuator

Ram body
The ram bonnet and actuator form a complete assembly
which must be removed to inspect or replace the ram
bodies and inserts. The well pressure seals and hydraulic
system seals are separated by a vent and weep hole to
prevent accidental pressuring of the hydraulic system in
the event of a well- pressure seal failure.

The ram position is indicated by the ram indicator rod which

is attached to the actuator piston. Full travel of the indicator
Retainer rods should be observed each time the rams are function
bar tested (Figure 25).
Ram seal
Ram actuator are generally fitted with a manual locking or
closing facility which is operated by a handwheel on the end
of the actuator. Manual operation is limited to closing and
locking the BOP rams only - the rams must be hydraulically
Figure 18. Typical pipe ram configuration. opened, once the locking mechanism has been retracted.

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Ram body
seal

Shear/seal blade

Ram body

Retainer
bar
Shear/seal blade
(inverted)

Figure 19. Typical shear/seal ram configuration.

Ram seal Ram seal

Slip insert
Push rod Push rod
Pipe ram

Ram body Ram body

Figure 20. Typical pipe/slip ram configuration.

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When closing the rams manually, the hydraulic control 2.5 Equalizing Valve
valve for the applicable ram set must be placed in the close
position to allow the hydraulic fluid to vent back to the An equalizing valve is fitted to each ram set of capable of
hydraulic reservoir. If this is not possible, the hydraulic sealing in the BOP bore. Since the design of sealing rams
connectors on the BOP or the control lines must be allowed uses the well pressure to maintain an effective closure, this
to vent freely. pressure must be equalized before attempting to open the
rams (Figure 26).
The number of turns made by the handwheels must always
be counted. This is to confirm the rams have traveled the The equalizing valve is integral to the BOP body and does
full distance required to achieve a closing seal, and not require or involve any external plumbing. A 1/4-in. Allen
conversely, that the rams may be fully opened by reversing key is used to open and close the valve; however there is
the number of applied turns. no visual indication of the valve position. The valve must
always be left in the closed position when not in operation,
If the rams are hydraulically closed, they may be locked in but a full function test should be performed prior to every
place by the same procedure. If any of the BOP rams are job.
to be closed and left unattended for prolonged periods, they
should be manually locked. 2.6 Side Port and Pressure Port

Before hydraulically opening the rams and resuming opera- The side port, often called the kill port, is located between
tions, the manual locking mechanism must be fully re- the shear rams and the slip rams. The flanged connection
tracted. Severe damage will result to the internal compo- is commonly fitted with a Weco 1502 union adapter to allow
nents of the actuator if an attempt is made to hydraulically a kill valve and line to be rigged up to the BOP. This allows
open the actuator while the manual locks are closed. well control fluids to be pumped down the CT/well tubular
annulus, or down the CT following operation of the shear
NOTE: It is common practice to post a notice on the rams.
operator’s console when any of the BOP functions have
been manually locked, or if the side-port valve (kill valve)
is left open. This is particularly important when the opera-
tion is being conducted by crews on a shift rota.

Blind/shear rams
Blind
rams

Shear
rams Pipe
rams
Slip
rams
Slip
Pipe rams
rams

Figure 21. Typical quad BOP configuration. Figure 22. Typical triple-combi BOP configuration.

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Blind/shear rams

Shear/seal ram

Pipe/slip rams

Figure 23. Typical combi BOP configuration. Figure 24. Typical shear/seal BOP configuration.

Figure 25. BOP hydraulic actuator components.

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To avoid exposure of the BOP to abrasive or corrosive 2.8 Hydraulic System

fluids, the side port should only be used to circulate fluids
during well control operations or when pressure testing the Since the BOP is a major item of well control equipment, it
BOP and well control equipment prior to commencing an is generally capable of being operated from several hydrau-
operation. lic supplies. These supplies generally consist of a powered
supply, i.e., hydraulic supply from the CTU power pack, and
The pressure port is typically located above the blind rams, backup pneumatic or manual pumps. In addition, all CTUs
allowing wellhead pressure to be monitored only when the are equipped with an accumulator which stores hydraulic
blind rams are open. power, allowing the BOP rams to be cycled several times
following engine shutdown.
2.7 Top and Bottom Connections
The BOP accumulator allows limited operation of all BOP
It is becoming common for the BOP body to have flange functions following shutdown of the power-pack engine.
connections on the top and bottom. This is advantageous Most CTUs are fitted with a 10-gal capacity bladder-type
for the following reasons. accumulator which is pre-charged with nitrogen gas. The
capacity of an accumulator to store energy is a function of
Crossovers or adapters can be fitted to allow a wide range the accumulator volume, precharge pressure and system
of connections to be used. operating pressure.

Some CT applications and clients require that the BOPs be 2.9 Controls and Instruments
located directly above the wellhead using only metal- to-
metal seals in the connection. All BOP controls and instruments are located in the control
cabin. Generally, the BOPs require at least two control
If the threads on a crossover or adapter become damaged, levers to be shifted to operate the rams. This is to prevent
it is a relatively simple process to change the adapter, accidental or unintentional closure of the BOP rams. A
pressure test the flange connection and resume operation. typical layout of controls and instrumentation is shown in
BOPs with machined thread connections may not be so Figure 27.
easy to maintain, because work done on the BOP body may
require that the BOP be NDT inspected and certified.

Needle
valve
Seals

Valve
body

Figure 26. BOP equalizing valve assembly.

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Following rig up, it is essential that a check is made to The following pressure and function testing procedures are
ensure that the controls correspond to the correct ram set recommended before every CT operation. Function test
operation. and pressure test results should be recorded (pressure
tests recorded on electronic file or Martin Decker recorder,
2.10 Pressure Testing Procedures function tests should be noted on the operation report).

Since there any many possible variations in how CT • Function test of each BOP ram, including a test of the
pressure control equipment can be rigged up and operated, backup hydraulic supply system.
pressure test procedures must be prepared for the specific
operation to be conducted. In general, test pressures need • Function test of each equalizing valve.
to be defined for the BOP pressure test procedure of any rig
up. The first known as PT1 is defined as the minimum of the • Pressure test the BOP body, blind ram and wellhead
following pressures. connections (including flanges, hydraulic release con-
nectors, crossovers, kill line and kill valve) to the
• 1-1/2 times the maximum possible wellhead pressure. pressure PT1.

• The maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) of the • Pressure test the CT, pipe ram and stripper to PT2.
BOP, connectors or crossovers.
• Rig up BOP to wellhead and secure all hydraulic connec-
• The MAWP of the wellhead. tions, function test each BOP actuator; close and open.
Use accumulator supply.
The second pressure is identified as PT2 and is the
minimum of PT1 and the PMAW for the CT.

SHEAR RAM BLIND RAM

CLOSE OPEN CLOSE OPEN

SLIP RAM PIPE RAM

CLOSE OPEN CLOSE OPEN

ON
OFF

BOP SUPPLY
BOP PRESSURE BOP SUPPLY PRESSURE

Figure 27. Typical BOP control and instrumentation layout.

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• Visually inspect tattletale travel, BOP bore and ram faces. • It is recommended that the weight indicator be zeroed
following an upward movement of the CT.
• Rig up treating equipment lines from pump unit(s) to CT
reel, wellhead and CT). Fill lines with pressure test fluid • Close the slip rams and pull test to the maximum pickup
and test lines. tension predicted for this job by the tubing forces model
or Tmax, whichever is least. (With tapered strings, Tmax for
• Ensure that each isolation valve is tested, including the the thin wall tubing could be less than the maximum
reel manifold internal valve. pickup tension that will occur with the thicker wall tubing.)

• With the CT stabbed and secured in the injector head and • Close the pipe rams and open the pipe ram equalizing
sufficient traction system tension applied, fill reel with valve and close the isolation valve mounted on the BOP
fluid. kill line.

• A safety clamp is recommended as a means of securing • With the stripper system pressure at zero, pump through
the CT in the injector head. the CT until fluid is seen leaking past the stripper packing.

• Flush as required to remove debris from the reel. • Extreme care must be taken when pumping fluid due to the
restriction of the equalizing port.
• Fill the BOPs with fluid through the kill line or flow tee, and
close the blind rams. • Close the pipe ram equalizing valve. Pressure test the
pipe rams by pumping through the CT to the pressure PT2.
• Open the blind ram equalizing valve and establish
circulation through the equalizing port. • Energize the stripper packer (minimum hydraulic pressure
250 psi).
• Due to the extreme restriction of the equalizing port and
the potential for plugging it is recommended that a • Open the pipe ram equalizing valve and test the stripper
centrifugal pump is used to establish circulation. and connections above the BOP.

• Close the blind ram equalizing port and pressure test BOP • When the pressure has equalized, and no leaks are
through the kill line or flow tee to P T1. apparent, open the pipe rams. If the test pressure de-
creases, restore to PT2.
• Bleed off the pressure through the treating line. With the
pressure at zero, open the blind rams. • Bleed off pressure through the kill line or flow tee and open
the slip rams.
• Fit the CT connector and BHA. Pull test CT connector
(minimum 10,000 lb, maximum Tmax ). Hold tension for a • Increase the traction hydraulic system pressure as
minimum of five minutes; during this time check the required and pressure test through the kill line or flow tee
condition of the hydraulic load cell. Release the tension against the check valve to the Pcol value output by a
on the connector and with connector tagging the stripper software model. For dual acting load cells, check the
zero all depth counters. compression indicated due to the pressure test. For
single acting load cells, ensure that the limit bolts are
• Rig up the injector to the BOP, zero the weight indicator, properly adjusted.
and RIH to a point where the CT is positioned across the
pipe rams. • Bleed off the pressure through the kill line.

• POH and tag the stripper, to correlate depth and ensure

that the CT did not collapse.

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NOTE: Where there is insufficient room to run the BHA

below the pipe rams, it is recommended that the test is
conducted with a minimum BHA consisting of the CT
connector, check valves and circulation tool. On success-
ful completion of this test the remainder of the BHA is
installed and an integrity test is conducted on the BOP/
injector head connection.

2.11 BOP Operating Sequences

The increasing sophistication of CT applications and de-

ployment techniques often requires the BOP rams to be
functioned in several ways or combinations.

Isolation of the wellbore pressure with no CT in the BOP

• Before closing the blind rams, the operator must confirm

that the BOP bore is unobstructed.

Isolation of the wellbore pressure with CT in the BOP bore

• Record the weight indicator reading before closing the

slips (if time permits).

• The slip rams should always be closed prior to closing the

pipe or shear rams.

• When opening the BOP rams, the pipe rams should be

opened before the slip rams.

Shearing the CT

• Close the slip rams.

• Close the pipe rams.

• Apply 1,000 to 2,000 lb tension to the CT and close the

shear rams.

• Withdraw the CT from the BOP sufficient to close the blind

rams. If possible, the tubing should be kept inside the
stripper. However, in conditions of poor visibility, it is
preferable to ensure that the tubing is clear of the blind
rams.

• Close the blind rams and open the shear rams.

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3 WELLHEAD CONNECTIONS AND CROSSOVERS There are three types of connection which are commonly
used when rigging up CT and pressure control equipment:
3.1 Description
• API flange
The connection between CT pressure control equipment
and the wellhead is critical in any CT operation. A pressure- • Pin and collar unions
tight connection is almost inevitably required. The connec-
tion may also have to support the weight of the CT pressure • Stub ACME pin and box connections
control equipment, the injector head and suspended tubing.
In some applications (e.g. operating from a semi submers-
Flanged connections and pin and collar connections are
ible), the connection must be capable of supporting the
commonly found on permanent production wellheads, while
weight of the tubing string and flowhead while operating at
the stub ACME pin and box type of connection is normally
the rated pressure.
used when connecting to temporary flow or testing equip-
ment.
Safety is a critical factor. Manufacturers have to subject
their products to a vigorous program of quality control and
Whatever connection is used, full compatibility with the
independent testing before the connection can be used by
connection specified by the client or third party is an
the industry.
obvious minimum requirement. The inconvenience, ex-
pense and embarrassment of providing incorrect or incom-
There are several types of connection commonly used in a
patible connections or crossovers can be avoided in most
variety of sizes and service ratings. Although on most
cases by conducting adequate checks. Actual physical
occasions the connection will be made to the client’s
checks, by making up connections or unions prior to
wellhead or equipment, it is sometimes necessary to liaise
loading out equipment, should be conducted wherever
with third-party companies (e.g. well testers) to ensure that
possible.
the connections are compatible.
3.3.1 API Flanges
Correct identification of all connections and crossovers is
essential to ensure that the CTU is rigged up safely and
efficiently. When pressure control equipment and the wellhead are
connected by API flanges, the usual configuration is to
3.2 Features have a studded flange facing up and an open flange facing
down. This allows for easier aligning and securing of
Exact specifications and tolerances for a wide range of components, lower rig upheight and is a general convention
connections have been set by the American Petroleum to ensure that equipment is correctly assembled. However,
Institute (API). This ensures that the connections, which due to the increasing number of special applications, it is
are produced by a number of different manufacturers, are recommended that a check be made of the assembly
freely compatible. configuration.

All connections and crossovers should be completed to the There are two types of API flange used in connecting
relevant API specifications. Reference to such specifica- pressure control equipment and the wellhead: 6B and 6BX
tions is contained in API Standard 6A – Wellhead Equip- flanges. The main difference between these flange types is
ment. illustrated in Figure 28.

Connections which have been manufactured to API speci- The API 6B flanges are of ring joint type and are not
fications are normally stamped with the API logo and designed for face to face makeup. The connection makeup
identifier. Connections which are not API approved must be bolting force reacts on the metal ring gasket. 6B flange
clearly identified and physically checked for compatibility. joints use R or RX ring gaskets, which are described below.

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The API 6BX flanges are also of ring joint type but are
designed for face-to-face makeup (Figure 29). The connec-
tion makeup bolting force reacts primarily on the raised face
of the flange. Therefore, at least one of the flanges in a 6BX
connection must have a raised face. 6BX flange joints use
BX ring gaskets, which are described below.
BX ring
Ring gaskets have a limited amount of positive interfer-
ence, which ensures that they will be joined in a sealing
relationship with the ring groove sides which are pitched at Closed
Standoff
23°. These gaskets should not be reused. face

The differences between these gasket types are as follows.

RX and BX gaskets provide a pressure-energized seal. R or RX
Note however that RX and BX ring gaskets are not ring
interchangeable. R ring gaskets are energized only by the
makeup bolt force of the connection. All BX rings have a
pressure passage while only selected sizes of RX rings are API 6B flange API 6BX flange
machined with the passage.

An example of the different ring gasket profiles is shown in Figure 28. API 6B and 6BX flanges.
Figure 30.

B
E
C

D
A
H

F G

A = Nominal bore (in.) E = Bolt circ. diameter

B = Flange OD (in.) F = Number of bolts
C = Face OD (in.) G = Bolt hole diameter
D = Flange height (in.) H = R or RX ring number

Figure 29. API flange features.

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3.3.1 API Flange Data When specifying API flanges, the following information
should be presented:
There are a number of dimensions which need to be
provided when specifying the size of an API flange. Full • Type of flange (6B or 6BX)
details of API flange data and size ranges are contained in
API Specification 6A. • Pressure rating

API flanges are specified by size and pressure rating. The • Nominal bore
pressure rating is commonly defined in “lb” rather than psi
(e.g. a 3-1/8-in. 5,000-lb flange). • Flange OD

There are four series of ring-joint flange connections • Face OD (where applicable)
commonly found on wellhead and pressure control equip-
ment: • Flange height

• Bolt circle diameter

• 3,000 lb.
• Bolt hole diameter
• 5,000 lb.
• Number of bolts
• 10,000 lb.
• Service (H2S or STD)
• 15,000 lb.
• Type of ring gasket (R, RX or BX)

• Ring gasket groove/pitch diameter

"R" Ring gaskets - oval or octagonal in crossection

Rx ring gasket Bx ring gasket

(asymetric octagonal) (with pressure passage)

Figure 30. R, RX and BX ring gasket profiles.

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ARCO PRESSURE CONTROL EQUIPMENT Rev A - 98

3.4 Pin and Collar Unions Within each basic union design there may be several minor
design differences. These may include the manner in which
The pin and collar union is the most commonly used the collar is retained on the pin and the machined finish on
connection in the well service industry. Pin and collar the collar exterior surface. Consequently proper identifica-
unions are made to many different designs and specifica- tion of the union will, in most cases, require close exami-
tions, some of which are interchangeable. In some cases, nation and accurate measurement of the sealbore.
two union halves from unions of differing design appear to
correctly makeup. However, the difference in the specifica- 3.4.1 Pin and Collar Union Data
tion and tolerance results in a dangerously weak connec-
tion, which will probably fail before the apparent pressure There are several ways in which a union design, or
rating is reached. To avoid such errors, great care must be manufacturing standard, can be quickly identified. The
exercised in the identification and connection of unions. location of the seal arrangement and a profile of the mating
surfaces are useful means of quickly identifying the union
The most common unions encountered during CT opera- design.
tions are designed to the following company standards:
Figure 31 shows the features typically found on a pin and
• Otis collar union.

• Bowen

• Texas Oil Tools

• Flopetrol

• Schlumberger
Thread
• Hydrolex OD
Sealbore
diameter

Pin assembly

Collar

Seal arrangement
and location

Box assembly

Nominal ID

Figure 31. A typical pin and collar assembly.

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COILED TUBING SERVICES MANUAL
Rev A - 98 PRESSURE CONTROL EQUIPMENT ARCO

3.4.2 Pin and Collar Adapters Confirmation must be made that all adapters, regardless of
type or size, have been correctly identified and that they
Adapters may used to connect a pin and collar union to a fulfill the pressure and service requirements of the applica-
different type of fitting. There are two types of adapter tion.
commonly in use:
The specifications (mentioned previously) that apply to the
• Flanged pin and collar adapter, used to connect a pin and flange and pin and collar connections also apply to the
collar union to an API flange. See Figure 32. relevant adapter connections.

• Threaded pin and collar adapter, used to connect a pin and 3.4.3 Specifying Pin and Collar Unions
collar union to a stub ACME pin and box connection. See
Figure 33. Pin and collar unions are called out by the thread OD, thread
pitch and seal bore diameter:
The type of adapter required is obviously determined by the
wellhead fittings. Threaded adapters are generally required • Thread OD - Unions are commonly available with a thread
on wellheads of a low pressure rating. Each type of adapter OD range of 4-3/4-in. to 13-in.
comes in a large variety of size and pressure combinations.
• Thread Pitch - Most unions are machined with a 4-
Threaded adapters may be machined with a pressure threads-per-inch (TPI) ACME thread; however, some
sealing thread, e.g. EUE tubing thread, or may be machined unions are designed with a 5 TPI pitch. A double-start, 4-
with an ACME type thread and fitted with single or double TPI thread, which effectively halves the number of collar
seals. Flanged adapters are generally associated with rotations required to make up the union, is a design
wellheads of medium to high pressure rating and are also variation commonly found on Bowen- compatible unions.
available in a wide variety of flange and union combina-
tions.

Figure 32. Flanged pin and collar union adapter. Figure 33. Threaded pin and collar union adapter.

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ARCO PRESSURE CONTROL EQUIPMENT Rev A - 98

• Sealbore Diameter - Measurement of the sealbore diam- determined by the standard to which the thread has been
eter is critical for accurate union identification. Several machined. Whenever the stub ACME threads are speci-
unions may use the same thread OD and pitch but differ fied, the standard and/or the dimensions must be given.
in sealbore diameter.
3.5.1 Specifying Stub ACME Pin and Box Connections
When ordering or specifying pin and collar unions, the
following information should be presented: Stub ACME pin connections are called out by the thread
OD, thread pitch and seal arrangement.
1. Type of union (e.g. Bowen, Otis)
• Thread OD
2. Thread OD
Pin threads are commonly machined in a range from 4-3/
3. Thread pitch (TPI) 8 in. to 8-1/4 in.

4. Single or double lead thread • Thread pitch

5. Sealbore diameter Thread pitch in this type of connection is commonly 4 or

6 TPI.
6. Nominal and actual bore
• Seal arrangement
7. Collar OD
The original design of many of these connections fea-
8. Pressure rating tured only one O-ring. The industry drive toward double-
seal isolation has resulted in some double seal options
9. Service

3.5 Stub ACME Pin and Box Connections

The stub ACME pin and box connection is commonly found

on temporary well testing flowheads. In most cases, the
lifting nubbin or handing sub is attached to the flowhead
using this type of connection.

It generally features a modified ACME type thread, which

allows easy assembly yet is strong enough to support the
high tensile loads associated with this type of application.
Single or double O-rings located at the nose of the pin
provide the seal without requiring a high torque to the
connection. A stub ACME pin and box connection is shown
in Figure 34.

NOTE: The designation ACME thread refers to a 4-TPI

square-cut thread which is 0.1350 inches in depth (such as
commonly found on the pin and collar unions, e.g. Bowen).

Stub ACME threads are a modification of this standard and

are commonly available in 4, 6, 8 and occasionally 10 TPI. Figure 34. Features of a stub ACME pin and box
The dimensions of the thread and connection will be connection.

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Rev A - 98 PRESSURE CONTROL EQUIPMENT ARCO

being built. The double-seal pin is longer than that of the The operating temperature, pressure and fluid compatibility
single, and the two connections are not generally inter- of a seal application are taken into account at the time of
changeable. the O-ring selection.

When ordering or specifying stub ACME pin and box The extrusion gap is determined by the component design,
connections the following information should be presented. component wear or distortion under operating conditions.

• Thread OD 3.6.1 O-ring Size

• Thread pitch (TPI) O-rings are commercially available in a wide range of sizes.
The diagram in Figure 35 illustrates the standard means of
• Seal configuration (single or double) measuring and classifying O-rings by size.

• Service Identification of O-ring size is commonly made by a code

numbering system which complies with the American
• ID of connection components Standard Number 568A (AS 568A). This system has also
been adopted as standards set by DIN 3771 (Part 1) and
• Standard or compatibility (e.g. Otis or Schlumberger ISO 3601 (Part 1).
Flowhead)
Many manufacturers and suppliers of O-rings and compo-
3.6 O-ring Seals nents integrate the three digits of the standard numbering
system into the part numbering system for the O-rings in
The O-ring is commonly used to provide a pressure-tight their assembly.
seal in a wide variety of applications. O-rings are suitable
for use in wellhead connections and crossovers because:

• An effective seal is possible over a wide range of

temperatures and pressures.

• The seals and backup rings are easily installed.

• Torque or alignment of the connection is not critical.

Cross section
• The seal area design is simple and does not require
complex machining or additional strengthening. ID

• O-ring failure is generally easily identified.

• Replacing an O-ring is relatively inexpensive.

Criteria which affect the efficiency of an O-ring seal include:

• Temperature

• Pressure

• Fluid compatibility

• Extrusion gap Figure 35. Standard O-ring dimensions.

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3.6.2 O-Ring Materials • EPDM (Ethylene-Proylene Rubber)

The elastomer from which the O-ring is manufactured must Has excellent resistance to extreme temperatures but is
be chosen to suit the intended seal application. A wide not compatible with mineral oils. Commonly used in
range of materials is used to manufacture stock O-rings steam or geothermal service equipment.
which are commonly available for use in every industry. O-
rings suitable for use in the oilfield will generally be The hardness of the O-ring elastomers is generally given as
manufactured from the types of elastomer shown below: a Shore A number – the higher the number, the harder the
material. A softer O-ring material settles into the micro fine
• Nitrile (Acryl-Nitrile Butadiene Rubber- NBR) imperfections of the seal surface more easily than that of
a hard material. This is an advantage where the system
The most common oilfield rubber compound. Has good oil pressure is low; therefore, the general rule is for low
and water resistance although is not suitable for use in pressure equipment use a softer O-ring.
H2S environments.
3.6.3 O-ring Support
• Viton (Fluorocarbon Rubber - FPM)
In high-pressure applications, it is common for the O-ring to
Excellent oil resistance and greater temperature resis- be supported by a ring or device to minimize extrusion.
tance than Nitrile. Resistant to effects of H2S; conse- Figure 36 shows two commonly used methods of minimiz-
quently it is widely used on H2S service equipment. ing extrusion, and therefore improving high pressure reli-
ability.
• Hydrin (Epichlorohydrin Rubber - CO, ECO)
O-rings which are supported by a Parbak support last longer
Has good low-temperature flexibility and resistance to and are less prone to failure in service.
effects of hydrocarbon fluids. Is widely used in Arctic
service equipment.

Metallic ring with a profile to

match the seal groove minimizes
the extrusion gap as components
Parbak backup ring shift during operation

Parbak backup ring

O-ring
O-ring

Figure 36. O-ring support rings.

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