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ExerciseSheet2 2017

This document contains 12 questions about linear operators and operator norms on various normed vector spaces. The questions cover computing operator norms, properties of operators such as boundedness and continuity, and relationships between operator norms.

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SAKINA IBRAHIMOVA
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© © All Rights Reserved
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29 views2 pages

ExerciseSheet2 2017

This document contains 12 questions about linear operators and operator norms on various normed vector spaces. The questions cover computing operator norms, properties of operators such as boundedness and continuity, and relationships between operator norms.

Uploaded by

SAKINA IBRAHIMOVA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The University of Sydney

School of Mathematics and Statistics

2. Linear operators and the operator norm


PMH3: Functional Analysis Semester 1, 2017
Lecturer: Anne Thomas

At a later stage a selection of these questions will be chosen for an assignment.

1. Compute the operator norms of the following linear operators. Here, `p has the norm k·kp ,
for 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, and L2 (R) has the norm k · k2 .
(a) T : `1 → `1 , with T x = (x1 , x2 /2, x3 /3, x4 /4, . . .).
(b) T : `2 → `1 , with T x = (x1 , x2 /2, x3 /3, x4 /4, . . .).
Z
2
2 2
(c) T : L (R) → L (R), with T f (x) = f (x − y)e−y dy.
R

2. Calculate the operator norm of the following linear operators. Here, `p has the norm k·kp ,
for 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞, and C([−1, 1]) has the norm k · k∞ .
(a) T : `1 → `∞ with (xi )i≥1 7→ (2−i xi )i≥1 .
(b) T : `2 → `1 with (xi )i≥1 7→ (2−i xi )i≥1 .
(−1)n
(c) T : C([−1, 1]) → K with f 7→ ∞
P
n=1 n2 f (1/n).

3. Let ( P ([0, 1]), k · k∞) be the normed vector space of all polynomials p : [0, 1] → K.
(a) Is D : P ([0, 1]) → P ([0, 1]), Dp = p0 bounded? If so, compute kDk.
(b) Is T : P ([0, 1]) → P ([0, 1]), T f (x) = 0 f (t) dt bounded? If so, compute kT k.
Rx

4. Let X and Y be normed vector spaces and let T ∈ L (X, Y ). Show that if X is a Banach
space then ker(T ) is a Banach space.

5. Let X be a normed vector space, let S ⊆ X be a dense subspace of X, and let Y be a


Banach space. Show that every continuous linear operator T : S → Y extends uniquely
to a continuous linear operator T̃ : X → Y . Moreover, show that kT̃ k = kT k.

6. Show that the integral operator K on (C([0, 1]), k · k∞ ) defined by


Z 1
Kf (x) = k(x, y)f (y) dy,
0
Z 1
where k ∈ C([0, 1]×[0, 1]), has norm kKk = max |k(x, y)| dy. Calculate this explicitly
0≤x≤1 0
in the case where k(x, y) = (1 + x2 + y 2 )−1 .

7. Calculate the operator norm of the bounded linear operator T : `2 → `2 given by

T (x1 , x2 , . . .) = (x1 + x2 , x2 + x3 , x3 + x4 , . . .).

Copyright c 2017 The University of Sydney 1


8. Let X and Y be normed vector spaces and let T ∈ Hom(X, Y ) be bijective. Define the
inverse operator T −1 : Y → X by T −1 y = x if and only if T x = y.
(a) Show that T −1 ∈ Hom(Y, X).
(b) Show, by way of example, that T −1 need not be continuous, even if T is.
(c) Suppose there is a constant a > 0 such that kT xk ≥ akxk for all x ∈ X. Show that
T −1 is continuous.

9. Let `2 (Z) = {(xi )i∈Z | ∞ 2


P
i=−∞ |xi | < ∞}. This is a Banach space with the obvious norm.
Let p, q > 0. Compute the operator norm of the bounded linear operator

P : `2 (Z) → `2 (Z), P (xi )i∈Z = (pxi−1 + qxi+1 )i∈Z .

10. Let S, T : C([a, b]) → C([a, b]) be the linear operators


Z b
Sf (x) = x f (t) dt and T f (x) = xf (x) for all f ∈ C([a, b]).
a

Do these operators commute? Compute kSk, kT k, kST k and kT Sk.

11. Let A : Kn → Km be a linear operator. We can consider A = (aij ) as a matrix relative to


the standard bases of Kn and Km . If we put the p-norm on Kn and the q-norm on Km then
the operator norm of A is kAkp,q = sup{kAxkq : kxkp ≤ 1}. We write kAkp = kAkp,p .
Show that
n
X m
X
(a) kAk∞ = max |aij |. (c) kAk1 = max |aij |.
1≤i≤m 1≤j≤n
j=1 i=1
p p
(b) kAk2 = λmax (A∗ A). (d) kAk2 ≤ kAk1 kAk∞ .

Here A∗ is conjugate transpose. What can you say about general kAkp,q ?

12. Let X and Y be normed vector spaces over K.


(a) Show that if dim(X) < ∞ then each T ∈ Hom(X, Y ) is continuous.
(b) Suppose that T ∈ Hom(X, X) is surjective. Show that if dim(X) < ∞ then T is
injective. Is T necessarily injective if dim(X) = ∞?
(c) Show that if dim(X) = ∞ then X ∗ \X 0 has a linearly independent uncountable
subset.
(d) Write down a discontinuous linear functional in the case where X = C([0, 1]) with
norm k · k1 . Include a proof that your functional is discontinuous, and make your
example constructive (independent of Zorn’s Lemma).

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