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EELE341 SignalsAndAmplifiers

The document discusses signals and amplifiers. It defines different types of signals and their characteristics. It also defines different types of amplifiers based on their input and output signals. The document provides examples of different signal waveforms and amplifier circuit models.

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9 views17 pages

EELE341 SignalsAndAmplifiers

The document discusses signals and amplifiers. It defines different types of signals and their characteristics. It also defines different types of amplifiers based on their input and output signals. The document provides examples of different signal waveforms and amplifier circuit models.

Uploaded by

rewaa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EELE341 Electronics I

Signals and Amplifiers


C H A P T E R 01

Signals and Amplifiers

Ali Zeki
Signals
♦ A fundamental function of electronic circuits is to process signals.
♦ Signals contain information about a variety of things and activities in
our physical world. Example - information about weather: air
temperature, humidity, pressure, etc.
♦ To process the information by electronic systems, the signal must first
be converted into an electric signal, i.e., -usually- into a voltage or
current, by a device called “transducer”.
♦ An electric signal source can be represented by either (a) Thévenin or
(b) Norton forms.
An arbitrary voltage signal vs(t)
♦ Here, a signal is shown which does not exhibit repetitions over a
fixed period (is not periodic – no fixed frequency). It’s magnitude
changes with time in an arbitrary fashion.
♦ It’s difficult to model such a signal mathematically.
A sine-wave voltage signal of amplitude Va and
frequency f = 1/T (unit is Hz).
♦ We can speak about "angular frequency" (ω = 2πf , unit is rad/s),
as well.
♦ Then, we can express this signal as, va = Va sin ωt .
♦ This signal is periodic over a period of T.
A symmetrical square-wave voltage signal of
amplitude V and fundamental frequency f0
♦ This signal is also periodic.
♦ With help of Fourier Series, a periodic signal can be expressed
as a sum of infinite number of sinusoids, whose frequencies are
harmonically related.
♦ Here: v(t) = 4(V/π)(sin ω0t + ⅓ sin 3ω0t + 1/5 sin 5ω0t + . . . )
( ω0 : fundamental angular frequency )
The frequency spectrum (or line spectrum) of the
periodic square wave
♦ The signal is represented in the frequency domain.
♦ Magnitude relationships of the harmonics (frequency
component) would be different for a different periodic signal.
The frequency spectrum of a non-periodic signal (like
the arbitrary signal example) can also be obtained by
using Fourier Transform.
♦ Obviously, here, we cannot talk about spaced frequency components
(harmonics). The frequency spectrum is continuous.
Amplifiers
Below are, (a) Circuit symbol for amplifier. (b) An amplifier with a
common terminal (ground) between the input and output ports.
Amplifiers (...cont.)
Below are, (a) A voltage amplifier fed with a signal vI(t) and connected to a
load RL . (b) Transfer characteristic of a linear voltage amplifier with
voltage gain Av.
For a linear voltage amplifier,
vO(t) = Av vI(t)
DC power supply:
Below: (a) An amplifier that requires two dc supplies (shown as
batteries) for operation (b) Simplified representaition.

DC power delivered to the amplifier: Pdc = VCCICC + VEEIEE


Power balance equation: Pdc + PI = PL + Pdis
Pdis : the power dissipated in the amplifier
PI : the power drawn from the signal source
PL : the power delivered to the load
An amplifier transfer characteristic that is linear except
for output saturation.
Symbol convention to be employed throughout the course

The instantaneous signal (iB) can be given as the sum of the DC part (IB)
and the AC part (ib): iB(t) = IB + ib(t)
DC part is the average of the signal over time, and AC part is the amount
of deviation of the signal from the average.
Note: Maximum absolute deviation from average is called amplitude (Ib) of AC part.
Circuit models for amplifiers
Below: (a) Circuit model for the voltage amplifier, (b) The voltage amplifier
with input signal source and load.
Av’ : Unloaded voltage gain
Ri : Input resistance
Ro : Output resistance
For (b), note the signal divisions (attenuations) at the input and output sides
The four amplifier types
Voltage amplifier (Av) : input & output signals are voltage
Current amplifier (Ai) : input & output signals are current
Transconductance amplifier (Gm) : input is voltage, output is current
Transresistance amplifier (Rm) : input is current, output is voltage
Determining the output resistance of a voltage amplifier

Input signal (vi) Load is


is set to zero replaced
(short circuit) by a test
signal (vx)
Example: Transistor AC (small signal) models
Below: (a) "Small-signal" circuit model for a bipolar junction transistor
(BJT). (b) The BJT connected as an amplifier with the emitter as a common
terminal between input and output (called a common-emitter amplifier).
(c) An alternative small-signal circuit model for the BJT.
Questions?

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