TOPIC1: APPLICATIONS OF VECTOR

1. Differentiate between scalar and vector quantity

2. State
a) Triangle law of vector addition
b) Parallelogram law of vector addition
3. Define
I) Resolution of vector
II) Relative velocity
4. A brick is pulled by a force of 4N acting northward and another force of 3N acting north-east.
Find the resultant of these two forces.
5. Two forces, one 8 N and the other 6 N, are acting on a body. Given that the two forces are acting
perpendicularly to each other, find the magnitude of the third force which would just counter the
two forces.
6. A weight of 25 N is suspended from a beam by a string; what horizontal force must be applied to
the weight to keep the string at an angle of 200 N to the vertical. What is the tension in the
string?
7. Two forces AB and AD of magnitude 40 N and 60 N respective are pulling a body on horizontal
table. If the two forces makes an angle 300 between them, find the resultant force on the, body.
8. Two ropes of 3 m and 6 m long are tied to a ceiling and their free ends are pulled by a force of
100 N as shown in the figure below. Find the tensions in each rope if they make angle 30°
between them.
9. A plane travelling at a velocity of 100 km/h to the South encounters a side wind blowing at 25
km/h to the West. What is its velocity relative to an observer on the ground?
10. Car A is moving with a velocity of 20 m/s while car B is moving with a velocity of 30 m/s.
Calculate the velocity of car B relative to car A if:
(a) They are moving in the same direction
(b) They are moving in the opposite directions.
11. A Car is travelling at 60m/s due east and a lorry is travelling at 100m/s due north. What is the
velocity of the car relative to the lorry?
12. An automobile A, travelling relative to the earth at 45km/h on a straight level road is ahead of
motor cycle B travelling in the same direction at 90 km/h .What is the velocity of B relative to A?
13. A passenger at the back of a train travelling at 15m/s relative to the earth , throws a hammer with
a speed of 15 m/s in the opposite direction to the motion of the train .What is the velocity of the
hammer relative to the earth
14. A boat heading due north crosses a wider river with a velocity of 36 m/s relative to the
water .The river has a uniform velocity of 12 m/s due south
(a) Determine the velocity of the boat with respect to an observer on the river bank
(b) If the river was flowing due east , determine the velocity of the boat with respect to an
observer on the river bank
15. A nail is being pulled using a string from a wall. The string forms an angle of 30° with the
normal. If the force being used is 10 N, part of the force will tend to bend the nail while the other
part will try to pull it out. Figure: What is the magnitude of the force:

(a) Tend to bend the nails?

(b) Tend to pull the nails out?

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 16. A body is being acted on by two forces: F1 = 18 N acting at an angle of 25° and F2 = 30 N acting
at 140° from due East. Find the resultant of the two forces, F, by separating the forces into x- and
y- components.
17. A trolley was pulled by a force of 60 N acting 300 to the horizontal .Find the vertical component
of this force.
18. A weight of 20 N rest on a plane inclined at 400 to the horizontal. What are the components of the
weight parallel and perpendicular to the plane?
19. The velocity of car B relative to car A is 8 m/s when the two cars are moving in the same
direction and 28 m/s when the two cars are moving in opposite directions. Determine the velocity
of each car
20. An airplane is taking off at a velocity of 20 m/s. Find the components of the plane’s velocity if
the take – off angle is (a) 700 (b) 450 (c) 600
21. A river is flowing at a velocity of 2m/s due south .A person in a boat wants to move across the
river at 10 m/s.
a) In which direction should the person move?
b) At what velocity should the person move the boat?
22. A box is being pulled on the floor using a string. The string makes an angle of 300 with the box
as shown in the figure below

If the force being applied at the string is 200 N, find:

a) The force which tends to lift the box
b) The force which tends to pull the box forward
23. A car moves 5 km east 3 km south, 2 km west and 1 km north. Find the resultant displacement
24. A plane is flying at a velocity of 100 km/hr. and wind is blowing at a velocity of 25 km/hr. if the
blowing wind is
(a) head
(b) tail Find the resultant plane velocity relative of to an observer on the grounds
25. A motorboat traveling 5 m/s, East encounters a current traveling 2.5 m/s, North.
(a) What is the resultant velocity of the motor boat?
(b) If the width of the river is 80 meters wide, then how much time does it take the boat to travel
shore to shore?
(c) What distance downstream does the boat reach the opposite shore?
26. A man is walking inside a bus which is travelling at 56.2 km/hr. If the speed of the man relative
to the ground is 55.8 km/h, is the man walking towards the front or the back?
27. A boat is travelling at 8.9 km/h. relative to the water in a river .The boat aims to straight for the
opposite bank of the river which is 120.9 wide. If the speed of the water in the river is 2.9 km/h,
how far downstream will the boat be when it reaches the opposite side?
28. A boat is travelling at 9.8 km/h relative to the water in a river wants to get a fishing camp that is
5.2 km upstream .If the speed of the water in the river is 6.0 km/h, how long will it take the boat
to reach the camp?
29. A plane is flying at a velocity of 300 km/h, relative to the air towards 3000 from due east .The
plane is flying amidst a wind blowing at 85 km/h relative to the ground towards 2250 from due
east. What will be the velocity of the plane as observed on the control tower on the ground
30. An airplane is flying east at 200 km/h, which is its velocity relative to the air ,while a 100 km/h
wind blows towards the north – east .What is its resultant velocity ?
31. A plane is flying due east with a velocity of 100 m/s when it encounters a wind moving at a
velocity of 20 m/s . Find the resultant velocity of the plane if the direction of the wind is due

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 (a) East
(b) West
(c) South
(d) South – East
32. An airplane is taking off at a velocity of 20 m/s. Find the components of the plane’s velocity if
the take – off angle is
(a) 700
(b) 450
(c) 600
33. A River is flowing at a velocity of 2 m/s due south .A person in a boat wants to move across the
river at 10 m/s
(a) In which direction should the person move?
(b) At what velocity should the person move the boat?
34. Two forces ,P and Q are applied on a small boat stuck in a shallow stream as shown below

Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the two forces
35. The diagram in the figure below shows a block being pushed along a track .If a force of 20 N is
applied in direction A at an angle of 600 , what is the resolved part of the force in direction B ?

36. A Vehicle moving at a speed of 80km/hr. emits smoke from its exhaust pipe in opposite direction
at 50 km/hr. with respect to the vehicle .Determine the speed of smoke with respect to the ground
37. When two motorbikes are approaching each other at constant speed ,the linear distance between
them decreases at 7 km/hr. .When moving in the same direction ,the linear distance between them
decreases at 3 km/h Determine the velocity of each motorbike
38. A car is travelling due north at 45 km/hr. .It turns and then travels due east at 72 km/hr. .Find the
magnitude and direction of the resultant velocity of the car
39. A Mass 3 kg hangs at the end of a string .Find the horizontal force needed to pull the mass
sideways until the string is at 300 to the vertical .Find also the tension in the string
40. An air craft heads north – west at 320 km/hr. relative to the wind .The wind velocity is 80km/hr.
from the south .Find the velocity of the aircraft relative to the ground
41. A deep-sea diver dives at an angle of 300 with the surface of water and follows a straight – line
path for a distance of 220 m. How far is the diver from the surface of water?
42. A velocity of magnitude 40 m/s is directed at an angle of 400 east of north .Represent this
velocity on paper
43. A car travels 3 km due north ,then 5 km north–east .Represent these displacements graphically
and determine the resultant displacement
44. Two forces , one of 12 N and another of 24 N, act on a body in such a way they make an angle of
300 with each other .Find the resultant of the two forces
45. A motorboat travelling 4 m/s ,East encounters a current travelling 3.0 m/s ,North
a) What is the resultant velocity of the motorboat?
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 b) If the width of the river is 80 m wide, then how much time does it take the boat to travel
shore to shore?
c) What distance downstream does the boat reach the opposite bank?
46. A plane can travel with a speed of 80 mil/hr. with respect to the air .Determine the resultant
velocity of the plane if it encounters a
(a) 10 mil/hr. headwind
(b) 10 mil/hr. crosswind
(c) 10 mil/hr. tailwind
(d) 60 mil/hr. crosswind
47. Find the horizontal and vertical components of a force of 10 N acting at 300 to the vertical
48. A weight of 25 N is suspended from a beam by a string; what horizontal force must be applied to
the weight to keep the string at an angle of 200 to the vertical .What is the tension in the string?
49. A car covered a displacement of 10 km due 300 ,then15 km due 1200 and finally 8 km due
2700 .Find the total displacement covered by the car
50. A man using a 70 kg garden roller on a level surface ,exerts a force of 200 N at 450 to the
ground .Find the vertical force of the roller on the ground
A) If he pulls
B) If he pushes the roller
51. A plane mirror is approaching you at a speed of 10 m/s you can see your image in it. At what
speed will your image approach you?

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 TOPIC 2: FRICTION
1. A)Define friction
B). friction force applicable in fluids is called
2. What are
a) Methods of increasing friction
b) Methods of reducing friction
3. Friction is a coin with 2 sides. Briefly discuss both its sides
4. Anything must work upon the law. List down the 4 laws which operate friction
5. Assim is a footballer and he has a question that why does he face difficulties when starting to drag
his kit bag than when moving it?
6. Which is the greatest friction between static and limiting friction?
7. A block of mass 270kg is pulled along a horizontal surface. If the coefficient of kinetic friction
between the block and the surface is 0.4. What is the friction force acting on the block as it slides?
8. A box of mass 2kg rest on a horizontal surface, a force of 4.4 N is required to just start the box
moving. What is the coefficient of static friction between the block and the surface?
9. An aluminum block of mass 2.1kg rests on a steel platform. A horizontal force of 15N is applied to
the block
A) Given that coefficient of limiting friction 0.6, will the block move?
B) If will move, what will be its acceleration. Given that coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.47.
10. A brick starts sliding with 6m/s across a concrete horizontal surface floor and the coefficient of
friction between the two surfaces is 0.4. How far will it travel before coming to rest?
11. Find the static friction between a block of wood of mass 10kg placed on a table. A minimum force of
50N is required to make the block just move on the top.
12. A mass is placed on an inclined plane such that it can move at constant speed, when slightly tapped.
If the angle of the plane makes with the horizontal plane is 300 . Find the coefficient of kinetic
friction.
13. A mass of 5 kg is placed on a plane inclined at an angle of 300 to the horizontal. What is the
accelerating force required to pull the mass up the plane if the coefficient of friction is 0.5?
14. A block of wood of mass 5kg is placed on a rough plane inclined at 600 . Calculate its acceleration
down the plane if coefficient of friction between the block and the plane is 0.32
15. Calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction between the surface of a table and a block of wood when
5 kg block of wood is moving on the table and experiencing a frictional of 5 N.
16. A box weighing 2 kg is at rest on a wooden floor. The coefficient of static friction is 0.6 and the
coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.35.
a) What minimum force is required to start the box sliding?
b) What minimum force is required to keep it sliding at a constant velocity?
17. A 12 kg box is being pulled across a level floor by a force of 60 N. If the acceleration of the box is 2
ms-2 ,What is the force of friction between the box and the floor
18. A 0.5 kg object is given an initial velocity of 3 m/s after which it slides a distance of 8 m across a
level floor. What is the coefficient of kinetic friction between the object and the floor?
19. The coefficient of kinetic friction between a block of wood and a wooden inclined plane at an angle
of 400 is 0.126. If the friction acting on the sliding prism is 42 N, calculate the mass of the prism.
20. Calculate the friction force acting on a carton box of mass 9 kg which is moving over a surface .The
coefficient of kinetic friction between the two surfaces is given as 0.45.
21. The coefficient of friction between a particle of mass 8 kg, and a rough horizontal plane is 0.4. Given
that a horizontal force of 29 N acts on the particle as shown in the figure below. Would it start to
move

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 22. A wooden block of mass 8 kg is resting on a wooden table. If the coefficient of static friction
between the pair is 1.3 , Calculate the minimum horizontal force required to just slide the box .Given
that g = 10 N/ kg
23. A 3 tones lorry is resting on a tarmac road .The lorry requires a minimum force of 12000 N in order
for it to just move .Determine the coefficient of static friction between the lorry’s tires and the road
24. A crate of soda with mass 40 kg will just begin to slide with constant speed down a rough ramp
(slope) at 300 to the horizontal .What is the coefficient of static friction.
25. A boy applies a horizontal force of 12 N on a metal solid block of mass 3.4 kg resting on a concrete
floor .Given that the coefficient of static friction between the pair is 0.56 and g = 10 N/ kg
26. A box of mass 5 kg is at rest on a wooden floor. If the coefficient of static friction between the box
and the floor is 0.6, what minimum external force is required to set the box sliding?
27. Define the following
a) Rolling friction
b) Sliding Friction
28. A 0.5 kg object is given an initial velocity of 3 m/s after which it slides a distance of 8 m across a
level floor, what is the coefficient of kinetic friction between the object and the floor?
29. A box weighing 2 kg is at rest on a wooden floor .The coefficient of static friction is 0.6 and the
coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.35
a) What minimum force is required to start the box sliding
b) What minimum force is required to keep it sliding at a constant velocity?
30. In a car, the brakes stop the tires while friction between the tires and the road surface stops the
car .On a wet road the coefficient of kinetic friction between the road surface and the tire is 0.1 .Two
cars, A and B, are travelling at a speed of 15 m/s and 30 m/s ,respectively .Brakes are suddenly
applied on each of the cars .How far will each of the cars travel before coming to rest?
31. A rectangular box of mass 10 kg rests on an incline with a coefficient of static friction of 0.55 and
coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.25
a) At what angle will the box begin to slide?
b) If the incline is kept at that angle after the box begins to slide, what will be the box‘s
acceleration?
32. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the tires of a car and the road is 0.7. The car brakes are
applied and it travels a distance of 120 m before stopping .What was the car’s velocity just before the
brakes were applied?
33. A box of mass 5 kg is at rest of a wooden floor. The coefficient of static friction is 0.42 and the
coefficient of dynamic friction is 0.15. Find its acceleration if a force of :
a) 15 N is applied to the box
b) 25 N is applied to the box
34. A 42 kg refrigerator is sitting on the back of a stationary pick – up .The coefficient of static friction
between the refrigerator and the pick – up bed is 0.44 .At what rate can the pick – up accelerate
without the refrigerator sliding off the back?

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 35. A 6 kg mass is resting on a horizontal surface .It is determined that a force of 20 N will start the
object sliding and keep it sliding with an acceleration of 0.83 m/s2 .What are the coefficients of static
and kinetic friction between the mass and the surface ?
36. What is the normal reaction of the body of mass 10kg placed on an inclined plane of angle 30˚c?
37. A concrete block of mass 10kg rests on a table. It is found that when a horizontal force of 4kg weight
pulls the mass, it is just beginning to slide on the table. Find the coefficient of static friction
38. A block of wood rests on a sloping plank which makes an angle of 31˚ with the horizontal. If the
block suddenly begins to slide down hill, what is the coefficient of static friction?
39. A box of mass 50 kg is dragged on a horizontal floor by means of a rope tied to its front. If the
coefficient of kinetic friction between the floor and the box is 0.30, what is the force required to
move the box at uniform speed?
40. A car of mass 1200 kg is brought to rest by a uniform force of 300 N, in 80 sec. What was the speed
of the car?
41. A loaded trailer weighing 10kg is being towed across level ground .The coefficient of dynamic
friction is 0.25. What is the frictional force of the trailer?
42. A block of wood just slides without acceleration down an inclined plane of 25˚ to the horizontal.
What is the coefficient of dynamic friction?
43. Define the following terms (a) Limiting friction (b) Normal reaction (c) Viscosity (d) Coefficient of
Friction
44. (a) State the laws of friction
(b). Explain, why Friction is friend and foe?
45. A brick is sliding at 8m/s across a concrete horizontal surface floor and the coefficient of friction
between the two surfaces is 0.5 How far will it travel before coming to rest?
46. Show that the acceleration of a stone sliding at a velocity ,v across a concrete horizontal surface floor
is given by a = 𝜇𝑔 where 𝜇 is the coefficient of friction between the stone and the floor and g =
acceleration due to gravity
47. A mass of 5 kg is placed on a plane inclined at an angle of 300 to the horizontal .What is the
accelerating force required to pull the mass up the plane if the coefficient of friction is 0.5?
48. A block of metal with a mass of 20 kg requires a horizontal force of 50 N to pull it with uniform
velocity along a horizontal surface. Calculate the coefficient of friction between the surface and the
block.
49. A Car of weight 1000 N is moving with uniform speed .If the kinetic friction acting on the car is 500
N , calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction
50. A wooden box of mass 30 kg rests on a rough floor. The coefficient of friction between the floor and
the box is 0.6. Calculate
(a) The force required to just move the box.
(b) If a force of 200 N is applied to the box, with what acceleration will it move?
51. Describe how friction is minimized by the following methods: (a)Lubrication (b) Use of bearings (c)
Streamline flow
52. A boy is pulling a box of mass 10 kg. What is the normal force and the frictional force if the
coefficient of static friction? ( g = 10 N/kg)
53. A 50 g mass is placed on a straight track slopping at an angle of 450 to the horizontal as shown from
the figure below calculate
(i) Acceleration of the load as it slides down the slope
(ii) The distance moved from rest in 0.2 seconds

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 54. A 5 kg block is resting on a horizontal surface .Given that the coefficient of static friction is 0.57 g =
10 N/kg
(a) What is the frictional force required to just move the block?
(b) What force must be applied to the block to keep it moving at constant velocity?
(c) Determine its acceleration if a force of 35 N is applied
55. A force of 8.0 N gives a 3.0 kg mass an acceleration of 0.6 m/s2 to the right
a) What is the limiting friction on the block?
b) Determine the coefficient of static friction required to produce a net kinetic force of 6.0 N? (g
=10 N/kg)
56. A 53.0 kg block slowed by friction has an acceleration of -0.1 m/s2 .Determine the force of friction
on the block
57. A 10.0 kg solid sliding along a horizontal surface is brought to rest after 30 minutes
(a) Name the force that caused it to stop
(b) Determine the magnitude of the force that caused it to stop (Given that: 𝝁𝒌 = 0.45 , g = 9.8
N/kg )
TOPIC 3: LIGHT
1. Define light
2. Mention and define the 2 types of curved mirrors
3. Briefly explain the following terms
a) Centre of curvature
b) Pole
c) Radius of curvature
d) Principal focus
e) Focal length
f) Principal axis
4. Provide the advantages of
a) Convex mirrors
b) Concave mirrors
5. Juma is a boy at kuota dhambi sec. school and he observed the bending of spoon as it enters the cup
filled with tea. Briefly describe his observation and laws which rule the condition of his observation
6. In terms of light refraction, not all rays completely bend and not all completely stand straight. Briefly
justify the statement
7. Emerging of light rays is a physical change. Support the statement
8. Why a fish deep in the water appears to be at the surface by an observer?
9. Briefly relate
a) Critical angle and total internal reflection
b) Critical angle and refractive index
10. What are the 2 main conditions for total internal reflection to occur
11. Briefly describe the formation of mirages
12. An object 5 cm tall is placed 15 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm. By means of
accurate graphical construction, determine the position and nature of the image formed.
13. An object 5 cm tall is placed 12 cm in front of a convex mirror of focal length 20 cm. By means of
accurate graphical construction, determine the position and nature of the image formed.
14. An object 3 cm high is placed 30 cm away from a concave mirror of focal length 12 cm. using the
mirror formula, find the position, the height and the nature of the image formed.
15. A concave mirror with a radius of curvature of 30 cm produces an inverted image 4 times the size of
an object placed on its principal axis. Determine the position of the object and that of the image
16. An object 30 cm high is placed 20 cm away from a convex mirror of focal length 25 cm. Describe
the image formed.
17. When a ray of light is travelling from air to glass, the angle of refraction is 300 . If the refractive
index of the glass is 1.5. Determine the angle of incidence,
18. A fish appears to be 0.9 m below the surface of water of refractive index 4/3 when viewed directly
from above. What is the true depth the fish is?

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 19. A beaker of height 10 cm is filled with water. An optical pin which is at the bottom of the beaker is
then viewed from the top of the beaker. How far does the pin appear from the surface, if the
refractive index of water is 4/3?
20. Refractive index of glass is 1.5 .If the speed of light in vacuum is 3 x 108 m/s, find the velocity in
medium
21. The refractive index for a ray of light travelling from air to oil (ano) is 5/3, while that for a ray
travelling from air to glass (ang) is 3/2. What is the refractive index for a ray travelling from glass to
oil?
22. A coin at the bottom of a jar of glycerin appears to be 13.2 cm below the surface of the glycerin.
Calculate the height of the column of glycerin in the jar given that the refractive index of glycerin is
1.47.
23. The refractive index of water is 4/3. Find the speed of light in water given that the speed of light in
air is 3.0 x 108m/s
24. Water is poured into a beaker to a depth of 24 cm. To an eye looking vertically down through the
water, the bottom of the beaker appears to be raised 6 cm from the bottom of the beaker. Determine
the refractive index of the water.
25. . A certain glass material has a refractive index of 2.5. What is its critical angle?
26. The critical angle of paraffin is 450 . What is the refractive index of paraffin?
27. An object 10 cm tall stands vertically on the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length 10 cm and
at a distance of 17 cm from the lens. By means of accurate graphical construction find the position,
size and nature of the image formed
28. An object 8 cm tall is placed 20 cm in front of a convex lens of focal length 16 cm. By means of
accurate graphical construction, determine the position, size and nature of the image formed.
29. An object 0.05 m high is placed 0.15 m in front of a convex lens of focal length 0.1 m. Find, by
construction, the nature, the position and the size of the image.
30. An object is placed 12 cm from a convex lens of focal length 18 cm. using the lens formula. Find the
position of the image
31. An object is placed 10 cm from a concave lens of focal length 15 cm. using the lens formula,
determine the nature and the position of the image.
32. object 2 cm high is placed 24 cm from a converging lens. An erect image which is 6 cm high is
formed. Find focal length of the lens
33. The focal length of a converging lens is 10 cm. How far should the lens be placed from an
illuminated object to obtain an image which is five times the size of the object on a screen?
34. The object is placed 20 cm from a converging lens for focal length 15cm. find the position, the
magnification and the nature of the image
35. Find the nature and position of the image of an object, placed 10cm from a diverging leans of focal
length 15cm (concave).
36. The apparent depth of a certain point at the bottom of water pond is 25cm. find the real depth of this
point given that the refractive index is 4⁄3
37. An object stands vertically on the principle axis of a converging lens of focal length 10mm and at a
distance of 17mm from the lens. Find the position, size and nature of the image.
38. Calculate the critical angle for air and water medium if the refractive index of water is 4⁄3.
39. Given that the refractive index of glass is 1.5, what is the value of the critical angle?
40. Given that the refractive index of ethyl alcohol is 1.36. Find the apparent depth in the beaker if the
real depth of the optical pin is 52cm.
41. A fish is located 10m deep in the liquid when viewed from the top. The depth of the fish is 8m. Find
the refractive index of the liquid.
42. If the light has a velocity of 3x108 and has a velocity 1.97 X 108 m/s in the glass.
(a) What is the refractive index of the glass?
(b) Calculate the refractive index for light traveling from glass to air.
43. The refractive for light traveling from air to water is 1.3. Find the refractive index of light travelling
from water to air.
44. A small pin 3cm high is placed 30 cm away from a concave mirror of focal length 12cm. By using
the mirror formula, find the position, the height and the nature of the image formed.

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 45. An object 2cm is high erected 8cm in front of a concave mirror of radius of curvature 10cm. by
graphical method, find the position, size and nature of the image.
46. A small spring is 4 cm long is kept at 10cm in front of the converging mirror of radius of curvature
12 cm. By scale drawing, determine the position, size and state the nature of the image formed.
47. A convex mirror produces an image that is 22 cm behind the mirror when an object is placed 34 cm
in front of the mirror .What is the focal length of the mirror
48. A concave mirror has a focal length of 40 cm .How far from the mirror must an object be placed to
produce an image that is (
a) Twice the size of the object
b) Half the size of an object
c) 40 times the size of the object
49. Show that to obtain an image with a magnification of M using a concave mirror with a focal length f,

the object distance ,u, is given by

50. What happens to the image formed by (a) A Convex mirror (b) A Concave mirror as the object
distance is decreased?
51. Parallel light rays from a distant star are incident on a concave mirror with a radius of curvature of
120 cm .How far from the mirror will the star’s image be formed ?
52. An object is placed 18 cm from a concave mirror. An image that is twice the size of the object is
formed .Determine the image distance and the focal length of the mirror
53. A Converging lens forms an upright image that is four times the size of the object .Given that the
focal length of the lens is 20 cm , determine the object distance
54. The lens of a slide projector focuses an image of height 1.5 m on a screen placed 9.0 m from the
projector. If the height of the picture on the slide is 6.5 cm , determine
(a) The distance between the slide (picture) and the lens
(b) The focal length of the lens
55. An object 2 cm high is placed 9 cm from a convex lens of focal length 6 cm .Determine the position
and nature of the image formed
56. A rectangular glass block 5 cm thick is placed on top of the page of a book .If the refractive index of
the glass block is 1.53, calculate apparent depth of the letters on the book
57. A ray of light is incident at an angle of 600 on a block of glass of refractive index 1.5 .Determine the
angle of refraction of the ray
58. A small coin was placed at the bottom of a tall glass containing some water and viewed from
above .The real and apparent depths of the coin were then measured .By varying the depth of the
water in the jar ,the following readings were obtained

By plotting an appropriate graph from the results, determine the refractive index of the water

59. The refractive index of water is 1.33 and that of glass is 1.5 .Calculate the critical angle for:
(a) a glass – air interface
(b) a water – air interface
60. A pin at the bottom of a basin full of water appears to be 6 cm from the surface .Given that the
refractive index of the water is 4/3, what is the actual distance of the pin from the surface?
61. Given that the refractive index of water is 4/3, what is the angle of refraction of the ray of light?
62. Paraffin has greater refractive index than water
a) What information does the above statement give with regard to the relative velocities of light in
paraffin an in water
b) Draw a diagram to demonstrate the path of a ray of light when passing from water into a layer of
paraffin oil floating on top of it
63. When an object is placed 25 cm from a convex lens , an inverted image which is twice as large as the
object is formed .How far from the lens must the object be placed to obtain an image four times the
size of the object ?

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 64. An object 5 cm high is placed 25 cm from a convex lens with a focal length of 20 cm .Using the lens
formula, determine position, size and nature of the image formed
65. An object 20cm high is placed 40cm from a concave mirror of focal length 15 cm. determine the
position, nature and size of the image formed by drawing a ray diagram
66. A ray of light strikes a rectangular glass block at an angle of 450 to the surface of the glass .Given
that the refractive index of the glass with respect to air is 1.5. Determine the angle of refraction
67. A ray of light is shone through a rectangular glass prism at an angle of 550 to the air glass interface
as shown in the figure below

the glass block is 12 cm long and 10 cm wide .Calculate the distance the ray of light travels through the
glass before emerging into the air (𝑎𝜇𝑔 = 1.5)

68. Define angle of incidence and angle of refraction .State the laws of refraction of light
69. What is meant by the refractive index of a substance? If the velocity of light in a vacuum is 3.0 x 10 8
m/s ,find the velocity of light in crown glass of refractive index 1.52
70. Distinguish between (a) Converging and diverging lenses (b) Real and Virtual images. Draw two
diagrams ,one showing a converging lens producing a real image and the other showing the same
lens producing a virtual image
71. A 4.0 cm bulb tall light bulb is placed a distance of 8.3 cm from a concave mirror having a focal lens
of 15.2 cm .Determine the image distance and the image size .What additional information do the
answers give?
72. An object is at a distance of 30 cm from a convex lens of focal length 10 cm .Find by graphical
method the position and nature of the image formed
73. An object is placed 20 cm from (a) convex lens (b) Concave lens of focal length 16 cm .Find the
position, nature and linear magnification of the image produced 42. List out the factors on which the
refractive index of a medium depends
74. What is meant by the refraction of light? Define incident, refracted and emergent rays of light
75. A glass prism has three sides of angle 600 .A ray of light falls on one of the faces and the angle of
incidence is 480 .The ray is refracted and now travels parallel to the second face. When it reaches the
third face it is again refracted and emerges from the prism .Find
(a) The refractive index of the glass prism
(b) The angle between the ray entering the prism and the ray leaving the prism
76. A glass prism has two parallel sides which are 6 cm apart .A ray strikes one of the two parallel sides
at an angle of incidence of 500 .Find by drawing the perpendicular distance between the ray entering
the prism and the ray leaving the prism
77. A Swimming pool is 2 m deep .Given that 𝝁water = 1.33. How deep does it appear to be when (a)
Completely filled with water (b) Filled halfway with water
78. Give scientific reasons for the following observations: (a) A pencil dipped obliquely into water
appears to be bent at the point where it enters the water (b) A light ray passing from air to glass
bends closer to the normal (c) The speed of light in diamond is less than the speed of light in ice
79. Explain the meaning of the following terms (a) Refraction of light (b) Angle of incidence (b) Angle
of refraction (c) Refractive index
80. A ray of light is passing from air into water along PQ .The ray strikes the bottom surface at T instead
of R as shown in the figure below calculate (a) the angle of incidence (b) the angle of refraction (c)
the refractive index

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 81. A ray of light passing from air into oil at an angle of incidence 300 .Calculate the angle of refraction
in oil if the velocity of light in air is 3.0 x 108 m/s and that in a transparent oil is 2.2 x 108 m/s
82. The light ray passing from glass to air is monochromatic and has a frequency of 4 x 1014 Hz and a
wave length of 5 x 10-7 m in glass (a) What is meant by monochromatic? (b) Calculate the velocity
of light in glass (c) Calculate the velocity of light in air (refractive index of glass is 1.50)
83. In an attempt to determine the refractive index of a glass block , a student finds the displacement
produced due to refraction by glass as d and apparent thickness of the block as y as shown in the

figure below. Show that the refractive index of glass may be expressed as

84. A ray of light passes from a liquid to air. Calculate the critical angle for the liquid – air interface ,if
the velocity of light in the liquid is 2.4 x108m/s, while in air is 3.0 x 108 m/s
85. In a transparent liquid container, an air bubble appears to be 12 cm when viewed from one side and
18 cm when viewed from the other side (see the figure below).Where exactly is the air bubble, if the
length of the tank is 40 cm?

86. In a fish aquarium (as shown in the figure below) the image of a fish seems to be 30 cm when seen
from side A and 42 cm when seen from side B. Calculate the length of the fish tank , if the refractive
index of water is 1.33

87. Calculate the critical angle of a material of refractive index 2

88. Sunlight making an angle of 600 with the horizontal enters a pool which is 50 cm deep .Determine
the distance travelled by the sunlight in the water (Refractive index of water = 1.33)
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 89. An observer looks into a water tank half filled with water .If the height of the tank is 180 cm. A solid
that is 80 cm beneath the water surface is seen to be 60 cm below the water surface. Determine
(a) The Refractive Index of water
(b) the vertical displacement of the solid
90. when is an image formed said to be virtual

TOPIC 3: LIGHT PART II

1. Define the following terms
a) prism
b) incident ray
c) emergent ray
d) angle of deviation
e) apical angle
f) color
g) rainbow
h) spectrum
i) polychromatic light
j) monochromatic light
2. Explain what is meant by a spectrum .Describe with the aid of a diagram how would you obtain the
spectrum of white light
3. Distinguish between a pure and an impure spectrum. Explain with the aid of a diagram how a pure
spectrum can be produced in the laboratory .How are the colours of the spectrum recombined?
4. A beam of white light is allowed into a dark room through a hole .In the dark room ,the beam falls on
a white screen .How will the screen appear if:
a) a piece of red glass is placed in the path of the beam
b) a piece of green glass is placed between the screen and the red glass?
5. Explain, giving examples , what is meant by:
(a) additive combination of colours
(b) subtractive combination of colours
6. Why does an object appear coloured when light falls onto it?
7. Explain, giving examples, what is meant by primary, secondary and complementary colours. A flag
has a green disc on a yellow background .How will the flag appear in:
(a) green light
(b) red light
(c) blue light
8. State , giving a reason for each answer, the colour that results when:
(a) a blue light and a yellow light are mixed
(b) blue paint and yellow paint are mixed
9. What color would be seen if white light is viewed through: (a) a red filter? (b) a cyan filter? (c) an
orange filter?
10. A book which looks red in white light is viewed in magenta light. In what color does it appear?
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 11. White light is viewed through a combination of a yellow filter and a red filter held in contact. What
color is seen
12. Explain the meaning of the term ‘’dispersion’’ of white
13. Explain why the result of mixing blue and yellow paints is very different from that of mixing blue
and yellow lights
14. A painter has a blue – green (cyan) paint which she wants to make pure green. What color pigment
should she add to the paint? Explain your answer
15. Briefly explain, why the sky looks blue?
16. Under pure yellow light what will be the appearance of the blue piece of cloth?
17. Danger signs along the road as well as tail and brake lamps of motor vehicles rear are painted red.
Briefly explain the reason behind.
18. Explain each of the following:-
(a) The appearance of a blue flag when viewed in day light through a sheet of red glass
(b) The appearance of a red flag with green stripes when viewed in day light through a sheet of green
glass
(c) The appearance of a man wearing blue shirt and red trousers, holding a handkerchief of green
color when viewed in the pure yellow light
19. A rectangular glass prism of thickness 15cm is place over an ink mark on a piece of paper. Ho high
is the ink mark apparently raised?(refractive index of glass 3/2)

TOPIC 4: OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

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