COMSAT Lancaster Dual Degree Programme

COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Lahore

Semester Fall 2016

Assignment # 3
Attempt all the numerical questions, which are given at the end of chapter # 6 from the text
book “Data Communications and Networking by Forouzan 5 th edition”. Also see the attached pages
from the text book in this regard.

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 Sol:

To multiplex 10 voice channels, we need nine guard bands. The required bandwidth
is then B = (4 KHz) × 10 + (500 Hz) × 9 = 44.5 KHz
14. The bandwidth allocated to each voice channel is 20 KHz / 100 = 200 Hz. As we
saw in the previous chapters, each digitized voice channel has a data rate of 64
Kbps (8000 sample × 8 bit/sample). This means that our modulation technique
uses 64,000/200 = 320 bits/Hz.
15.
a. Group level: overhead = 48 KHz − (12 × 4 KHz) = 0 Hz.
b. Supergroup level: overhead = 240 KHz − (5 × 48 KHz) = 0 Hz.
c. Master group: overhead = 2520 KHz − (10 × 240 KHz) = 120 KHz.
d. Jumbo Group: overhead = 16.984 MHz − (6 × 2.52 MHz) = 1.864 MHz.
16.
a. Each output frame carries 1 bit from each source plus one extra bit for synchronization.
Frame size = 20 × 1 + 1 = 21 bits.
b. Each frame carries 1 bit from each source. Frame rate = 100,000 frames/s.
c. Frame duration = 1 /(frame rate) = 1 /100,000 = 10 μs.
d. Data rate = (100,000 frames/s) × (21 bits/frame) = 2.1 Mbps
e. In each frame 20 bits out of 21 are useful. Efficiency = 20/21= 95%
17.
a. Each output frame carries 2 bits from each source plus one extra bit for synchronization.
Frame size = 20 × 2 + 1 = 41 bits.
b. Each frame carries 2 bit from each source. Frame rate = 100,000/2 = 50,000
frames/s.
c. Frame duration = 1 /(frame rate) = 1 /50,000 = 20 μs.
d. Data rate = (50,000 frames/s) × (41 bits/frame) = 2.05 Mbps. The output data
rate here is slightly less than the one in Exercise 16.
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e. In each frame 40 bits out of 41 are useful. Efficiency = 40/41= 97.5%. Efficiency
is better than the one in Exercise 16.
18.
a. Frame size = 6 × (8 + 4) = 72 bits.
b. We can assume that we have only 6 input lines. Each frame needs to carry one
character from each of these lines. This means that the frame rate is 500
frames/s.
c. Frame duration = 1 /(frame rate) = 1 /500 = 2 ms.
d. Data rate = (500 frames/s) × (72 bits/frame) = 36 kbps.
19. We combine six 200-kbps sources into three 400-kbps. Now we have seven 400-
kbps channel.
a. Each output frame carries 1 bit from each of the seven 400-kbps line. Frame
size = 7 × 1 = 7 bits.
b. Each frame carries 1 bit from each 400-kbps source. Frame rate = 400,000
frames/s.
c. Frame duration = 1 /(frame rate) = 1 /400,000 = 2.5 μs.
d. Output data rate = (400,000 frames/s) × (7 bits/frame) = 2.8 Mbps. We can also
calculate the output data rate as the sum of input data rate because there is no
synchronizing bits. Output data rate = 6 × 200 + 4 × 400 = 2.8 Mbps.
20.
a. The frame carries 4 bits from each of the first two sources and 3 bits from each
of the second two sources. Frame size = 4 × 2 + 3 × 2 = 14 bits.
b. Each frame carries 4 bit from each 200-kbps source or 3 bits from each 150
kbps. Frame rate = 200,000 / 4 = 150,000 /3 = 50,000 frames/s.
c. Frame duration = 1 /(frame rate) = 1 /50,000 = 20 μs.
d. Output data rate = (50,000 frames/s) × (14 bits/frame) = 700 kbps. We can also
calculate the output data rate as the sum of input data rates because there are no

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synchronization bits. Output data rate = 2 × 200 + 2 × 150 = 700 kbps.
21. We need to add extra bits to the second source to make both rates = 190 kbps. Now
we have two sources, each of 190 Kbps.
a. The frame carries 1 bit from each source. Frame size = 1 + 1 = 2 bits.
b. Each frame carries 1 bit from each 190-kbps source. Frame rate = 190,000
frames/s.
c. Frame duration = 1 /(frame rate) = 1 /190,000 = 5.3 μs.
d. Output data rate = (190,000 frames/s) × (2 bits/frame) = 380 kbps. Here the
output bit rate is greater than the sum of the input rates (370 kbps) because of
extra bits added to the second source.
22.
a. T-1 line sends 8000 frames/s. Frame duration = 1/8000 = 125 μs.
b. Each frame carries one extra bit. Overhead = 8000 × 1 = 8 kbps
23. See Figure 6.1.
24. See Figure 6.2.
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25. See Figure 6.3.
26.
a. DS-1 overhead = 1.544 Mbps − (24 × 64 kbps) = 8 kbps.
b. DS-2 overhead = 6.312 Mbps − (4 × 1.544 Mbps) = 136 kbps.
c. DS-3 overhead = 44.376 Mbps − (7 × 6.312 Mbps) = 192 kbps.
d. DS-4 overhead = 274.176 Mbps − (6 × 44.376 Mbps) = 7.92 Mbps.
27. The number of hops = 100 KHz/4 KHz = 25. So we need log225 = 4.64 ≈ 5 bits
28.
a. 24 = 16 hops
b. (64 bits/s) / 4 bits = 16 cycles
29. Random numbers are 11, 13, 10, 6, 12, 3, 8, 9 as calculated below:
Figure 6.1 Solution to Exercise 23
Figure 6.2 Solution to Exercise 24
Figure 6.3 Solution to Exercise 25
N1 = 11
N2 =(5 +7 × 11) mod 17 − 1 = 13
N3 =(5 +7 × 13) mod 17 − 1 = 10
N4 =(5 +7 × 10) mod 17 − 1 = 6
OLELYIEBHH
TDM
1 1 0 010 11 101 1 000 111 110 0 001 110 111 1 111 000 101
TDM
000000011000
101010100111
10100000
10100111
TDM
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30. The Barker chip is 11 bits, which means that it increases the bit rate 11 times. A
voice channel of 64 kbps needs 11 × 64 kbps = 704 kbps. This means that the
bandpass channel can carry (10 Mbps) / (704 kbps) or approximately 14 channels.
N5 =(5 +7 × 6) mod 17 − 1 = 12
N6 =(5 +7 × 12) mod 17 − 1 = 3
N7 =(5 +7 × 3) mod 17 − 1 = 8
N8 =(5 +7 × 8) mod 17 − 1 = 9
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