EEE3093S - Lab - 4 2022
EEE3093S - Lab - 4 2022
EEE3093S - Lab - 4 2022
NETWORK ENGINEERING
(EEE3093S)
BASIC ROUTING & SWITCHING
19 September,
OCTOBER, 2022
2021
Venue: Red Lab
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this lab, you will be able to:
Cable a network according to the Topology Diagram.
Erase the start-up configuration and reload a router to the default state.
Perform basic configuration tasks on a router.
Configure and activate Ethernet interfaces.
Test and verify configurations.
Reflect upon and document the network implementation.
Scenario
In this lab activity, you will create a network that is similar to the one shown in the Topology
Diagram below using packet tracer (Available under resources in Vula).
You will then perform the initial router configurations required for connectivity. Use the IP
addresses that are provided in the Topology Diagram to apply an addressing scheme to the
network devices. When the network configuration is complete, ping from one device to the
other to verify that the network is operating properly.
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A network switch or switching hub is a computer networking device that connects network
segments. The term commonly refers to a network bridge that processes and routes data at the
data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Switches that additionally process data at the network
layer (layer 3 and above) are often referred to as Layer 3 switches or multilayer switches.
Cables
Three different types of cables will be used for the labs. They are straight-through cable,
console (rollover) cable and crossover cable. They differ from one another as to how the
component wires of the cable are inserted into the pins of the adapters at the two ends of the
cable (see Figure 2). In the figure, the numbers refer to pins in the adapters.
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Routers
A router is a network device that forwards network traffic along optimized paths. Router uses
networks protocols (set of network rules and algorithms) to connect different network
segments. A router allows users in a network to share a single connection to the Internet or a
WAN.
A router is an electronic device that interconnects two or more computer networks, and
selectively interchanges packets of data between them. Each data packet contains address
information that a router can use to determine if the source and destination are on the same
network, or if the data packet must be transferred from one network to another. Where multiple
routers are used in a large collection of interconnected networks, the routers exchange
information about target system addresses, so that each router can build up a table showing the
preferred paths between any two systems on the interconnected networks. A router can also be
viewed as a specialized computer that is designed to forward packets very efficiently. Like a
computer, a typical router consists of the following: CPU, Memory, System Bus, and network
interfaces (Figure 1). These components are described below.
a) CPU – The Central Processing Unit performs the computation and logical operations.
b) Interfaces – These are the network connections through which packets transverse the
router. The console and auxiliary ports are examples of the router interfaces. The console
port is an asynchronous data port for the direct terminal access to the router. Remote router
access can be provided by a modem connection to the aux port. The aux port can also be
used for WAN connection.
c) Memory – Routers have four types of memory:
i. ROM (Read Only Memory) – ROM contains power-on diagnostics, the bootstrap
program, and the operating system software loader.
ii. RAM (Random Access Memory) – RAM is for storing routing tables, the ARP cache,
fast-switching caches, and packet queuing and buffering. This memory provides
temporary (or running) memory for the router’s configurations while the router is
powered on. When the router is powered off, all the data in the RAM, including the
running configuration and routing tables, will be cleared.
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iii. NVRAM (Non-volatile RAM) – This is where the router’s configurations are saved.
As this would suggest, the NVRAM content is retained when you power down or
reboot the router.
iv. Flash (Erasable, Programmable ROM) – Flash memory holds the operating system
image (IOS Software) and macrocodes. Using flash memory allows you to update 5
software without removing or replacing chips on the processor. Flash contents are
retained when you power down or reboot the router.
Repeater:
The function at Physical Layer. A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and
retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so
that the signal can cover longer distances. Repeater have two ports, so cannot be use to connect
for more than two devices.
Hub
An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub, hub or concentrator is a device for
connecting multiple twisted pair or fibre optic Ethernet devices together and making them act
as a single network segment. Hubs work at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model. The
device is a form of multiport repeater. Repeater hubs also participate in collision detection,
forwarding a jam signal to all ports if it detects a collision.
Switch:
A network switch or switching hub is a computer networking device that connects network
segments. The term commonly refers to a network bridge that processes and routes data at the
data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Switches that additionally process data at the network
layer (layer 3 and above) are often referred to as Layer 3 switches or multilayer switches.
Bridge
A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer (Layer of the OSI
model. In Ethernet networks, the term bridge formally means a device that behaves according
to the IEEE 802.1D standard. A bridge and switch are very much alike; a switch being a bridge
with numerous ports. Switch or Layer 2 switch is often used interchangeably with bridge
.Bridges can analyse incoming data packets to determine if the bridge is able to send the given
packet to another segment of the network.
Gate way
In a communications network, a network node equipped for interfacing with another network
that uses different protocols.
A gateway may contain devices such as protocol translators, impedance matching
devices, rate converters, fault isolators, or signal translators as necessary to provide
system interoperability. It also requires the establishment of mutually acceptable
administrative procedures between both networks.
A protocol translation/mapping gateway interconnects networks with different network
protocol technologies by performing the required protocol conversions.
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2.2 Establishing a Session with Packet Tracer
Launch the Cisco Packet Tracer from your desktop. (or download and install from VULA)
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There is also a sublevel of the Privileged Exec level, the configuration level. From privileged
mode, you can monitor devices, view the status of interfaces, or run debugging. However, if
you want to change the configuration of the router, you must enter configuration mode.
1. In the cisco packet tracer, open a Router CLI
2. Now you should be prompted with Router > which shows that you are working in the user
exec level. Use the Help command ? to see the list of available commands in the user exec
level.
Router > ?
3. When the word “more” appears, press the space bar to display the next page of
information.
4. Practice the frequently used user exec commands from table 1 by typing the
commands and pressing Enter.
Command Purpose
Router > show Show running system information
Router > where List active connections
List all commands that begin with “sh”. Note that there is
Router > sh?
no space before ? Try also arbitrary letters other than “sh”.
List all available arguments that match with some command
Router > show ? (eg. show) Note: there is space before ? Try also valid
command words other than “show”.
Commands are often abbreviated to the minimum number of letters that identifies
a unique selection. The CLI is smart enough to recognize abbreviated commands. For example
“sh” would be enough instead of “show” to issue the command: Router> show ? because
show” is the only valid command that begins with “sh”. In addition, if you enter the first few
letters of a command and hitTab, it will display the remainder of the command.
5. Press the up arrow to see or reuse the last entered command. Press it again to
go to the command before that. Press the down arrow to go back through the list.
6. Enter the Privileged EXEC level.
Router > enable [Enter]
Enter the password given to you by the lab administrator when prompted.
7. Use the Help command ? to see the list of available commands in the privileged
level.
Router # ?
Practice the frequently used privileged commands from table 2.
Table 2. Few frequently used commands in the privileged level
Command purpose
Router# dir List files on a file system
Router#co? List of commands that begin with a particular character sequence, type
in those characters followed immediately by the question mark (?)
Router#configure ? List keywords or arguments, enter a question mark in place of a
keyword or argument. Include a space before the question mark.
r1# show ip interface Learn about the status of the interfaces of this router
Router# show run View the configuration of the router
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View the Running Configuration. (There are two different
Router# show configurations stored on the router; the Running Configuration and the
running-config Start-Up Configuration. The Running Configuration is your current,
working configuration. It is stored in the RAM memory of the router.)
View the Start-Up configuration. It is the configuration that is loaded
r1# show startup
when the router initializes its boot sequence and it is stored in the
config
NVRAM of the router.
Router# show version Find the version and system information about your router
r1# show memory Find memory information about the router
8. Enter the Configuration level.
Router# configure terminal [Enter]
Practice the frequently used configuration commands from table 3. Use also the help command
“?” to see available commands.
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Traceroute:
Tracert is a command which can show you the path a packet of information taken from your
computer to one you specify. It will list all the routers it passes through until it reaches its
destination, or fails to and is discarded. In addition to this, it will tell you how long each 'hop'
from router to router takes.
nslookup:
Displays information from Domain Name System (DNS) name servers.
NOTE: If you write the command as above it shows as default your pc's server name firstly.
pathping:
A better version of tracert that gives you statics about packet lost and latency.
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Lab 42 Practical
(30 marks)
Instructions:
Save your screenshots at every stage of the experiment and paste with the solution as a single file
(.doc, .pdf, or .jpg).
If you are in doubt, ask any of the tutors.
Hand-in your screenshots and the solution from the last sheet on vula before leaving the lab.
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5. Enter the aux line and set the password
Router(config)# line aux 0 [ENTER]
Router(config-line)# password auxpassword [ENTER]
Router(config-line)# login
Router(config-line)# exit [ENTER]
Save your screenshot at this stage of the experiment and paste with the solution as a single file
(.doc, .pdf, or .jpg).
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________ [2 marks]
8. The output shows the encrypted secret password, and the unencrypted user EXEC
passwords. Exit the session, (Router#exit) and restart it again (press ENTER). Now both the
router’s user EXEC and privileged EXEC mode should ask you for a password (let’s assume
you remember them).
Password Recovery:
Upon booting, the router loads the IOS program from flash memory. The IOS then finds a
configuration (startup-config) file in NVRAM. This is then copied into RAM and called
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(running-config) and used to run the router. NVRAM has a software register, the value of
which controls the router’s boot sequence. The passwords were saved into NVRAM with the
command copy run start. Changing the router’s boot sequence (by changing the register value)
to avoid the NVRAM will therefore bypass the passwords, and allow the router to be reset.
9. Check the value of the config register with:
Router# sh ver [ENTER]
10. For this lab, you will remove all the passwords by entering the
configuration mode:
Router# config t [ENTER]
Router(config)# no enable secret [ENTER]
Remove the console port password:
Router(config)# line con 0 [ENTER]
Router(config-line)# no password [ENTER]
Router(config-line)# exit [ENTER]
Remove the auxiliary port password:
Router(config)# line aux 0 [ENTER]
Router(config-line)# no password [ENTER]
Router(config-line)# exit [ENTER]
Remove the telnet password:
Router(config)# line vty 0 4 [ENTER]
Router(config-line)# no password [ENTER]
Router(config-line)# exit [ENTER]
11. Change the register value to 0x2102 to boot from NVRAM (startup-config), and leave the
configuration mode:
!!!! IT IS EXTREMELY CRITICAL THAT YOU ENTER THE CORRECT REGISTER VALUE!!!!!
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________ [2 marks]
13. Reboot the router and check that it does not prompt you for passwords.
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2.5 Static Routing
Objective
To establish connectivity between two Local Area Networks (LANS) on a Wide Area Network
(WAN) link using static routing.
Introduction
IP routing is automatically enabled on Cisco routers, for this lab, we are using packet tracer to
demonstrate a real-world scenario (Packet Tracer is available under resources in Vula).
Router(config)#ip routing
There are two main ways a router knows where to send packets. Either through static routes,
or the router can learn routes by employing a dynamic routing protocol. These days static
routes are generally used in very simple networks or in particular cases that necessitate their
use. To create a static route, the administrator tells the router operating system that any
network traffic destined for a specified network layer address should be forwarded to a
similarly specified network layer address. In the Cisco IOS this is done with the ip route
command. Static routes can be configured by specifying the next-hop ip address of the adjacent
router or by specifying the outgoing interface. The syntax is as follows:
Router(config)#ip route [destination network] [subnet mask] [next-hop ip address]
Or
Router(config)#ip route [destination network] [subnet mask] [outgoing interface]
For example
Router(config)# ip route 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.7.1
Or
Router(config)# ip route 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 serial 0/0
Two things need to be said about this example. First, the packet destination address must
include the subnet mask for that destination network. Second, the address it is to be forwarded
to is the specified address of the next router along the path to the destination or the outgoing
interface.
Preparation
The following resources are required:
• Two PCs as end devices (Generic work-station)
• Two Routers (1941 series)
• Two Switches (2960-24TT series)
• Four straight through cables
• Two Console Cables
• 1 serial cable
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Experiment
Step 1:
Open Packet tracer from the list of available programs in the computer
Step 2:
You are required to set up the network as shown in the diagram.
Step 3:
Configure static IP addresses for the two workstations as shown below:
WORKSTATION 1 ACTIVITY
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WORKSTATION 2 ACTIVITY
Step 4:
Enter configuration mode on the router (Cape Town)
WORKSTATION 1 ACTIVITY
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Step 7:
Configure the GigabitEthernet0/0 on the CapeTown router
CapeTown(config)# interface GigabitEthernet0/0
CapeTown(config-if)# ip address 192.168.4.1 255.255.255.0
CapeTown(config-if)# no shutdown // Turn on the interface
CapeTown(config-if)#exit
CapeTown(config)#exit
Step 8:
Configure the serial interface GigabitEthernet0/1 on the CapeTown router
CapeTown(config)# interface GigabitEthernet0/1
CapeTown(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
CapeTown(config-if)# no shutdown
CapeTown(config-if)#exit
CapeTown(config)#
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Step 11:
Change the name of the router to Durban
Router(config)# hostname Durban
Step 12:
Configure the FastEthernet interface GigabitEthernet0/0 on the Durban router
Durban(config)# interface GigabitEthernet0/0
Durban(config-if)# ip address 192.168.8.1 255.255.255.0
Durban(config-if)# no shutdown // Turn on the interface
Durban(config-if)# exit
Durban(config)#
Step 13:
Configure the serial interface GigabitEthernet0/1 on the Durban router
Durban(config) interface GigabitEthernet0/1
Durban(config-if) ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
Durban(config-if) no shutdown
Durban(config-if)# exit
Durban(config)#
Save your configuration using the following command
Durban# copy run start
Step 14:
Display the ip routing table on the Cape Town router.
The networks that are directly connected to the router are denoted by C. If a route is not in the
routers to which the host is connected, the host cannot reach the destination host.
WORKSTATION 1 ACTIVITY
CapeTown# show ip route
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Step 15:
Display the ip routing table on the Durban router.
The networks that are directly connected to the router are denoted by C. If a route is not in the
routers to which the host is connected, the host cannot reach the destination host.
WORKSTATION 2 ACTIVITY
Durban# show ip route
Ping Command
The ping utility is used to test network connectivity. The ping command sends a packet to the
destination host and then waits for a reply from that host. Results from the ping command can
help to evaluate path-to-host reliability, delays over the path and whether the host is reachable
or is functioning. The ping output displays minimum, maximum and average times it takes for
a ping packet to find a specified host and return. The ping command uses internet control
message protocol (ICMP) and is a basic testing mechanism for network connectivity.
Exclamation marks (!) indicate each successful echo. One or more periods (.) indicates a
timeout while waiting for a packet from the ping target.
Example: ping any device within the network to check your connectivity.
You are required to show your own set up of the network as in Step 2 (page 13)
Save your screenshot (of your configuration on packet tracer) and paste with the solution as a
single file (.doc, .pdf, or .jpg).
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________ [2 marks]
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Answer the questions on pages 18-19 & 21-23
Fill in your details and submit with your screenshots as a single
document/file on vula before the end of the lab.
STUDENT NAME
STUDENT NUMBER
UIN
SESSION
DATE & TIME
WORKSTATION 1 ACTIVITY
Step 16:
Q: From workstation 1, use the command prompt to ping the Fast Ethernet interface of the
Cape Town router at 192.168.4.1. Was the ping successful? [2 marks]
__________________
Q: From workstation1, use the command prompt to ping workstation 2 at 192.168.8.2. Was the
ping successful? 2 marks] ____________________
Why? [3 marks]
______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Step 17:
Configure static routes to the network 192.168.8.0 on the CapeTown router.
CapeTown(config)#ip route 192.168.8.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2
Display the ip routing table on the CapeTown router. The network denoted by S is the static
route that was configured.
CapeTown#show ip route
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WORKSTATION 2 ACTIVITY
Step 18:
Configure static routes to the network 192.168.4.0 on the Durban router.
Durban(config)#ip route 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1
Display the ip routing table on the Durban router. The network denoted by S is
the static route that was configured.
Durban#show ip route
Step 19:
Configure workstation 2 Gateway to be 192.168.1.2
WORKSTATION 1 ACTIVITY
Step 20:
Configure workstation 1 Gateway to be 192.168.1.1
Step 21:
Q: From workstation1, use the command prompt to ping workstation 2 at 192.168.8.2. Was the
ping successful? [2 marks] ____________________
Why? [2 marks]
______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Q: Why is a static route needed on both routers? [5 marks]
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Kindly clear your static route in order to understand RIP configuration using:
Durban(config)#no ip route 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1
CapeTown(config)#no ip route 192.168.8.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2
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2.6 RIP-Routing Information Protocol
Objective
The objective is to learn how to configure Routing Information Protocol (RIP) on a network.
You will use relevant IOS commands to monitor RIP routing updates between routes and to
control RIP updates messages. After completing this lab you know how to:
Configure RIP on Routers with different network connections and interfaces
Interpret the RIP routing update messages traveling between the routers with debug
commands.
Modify the default timers for routing updates on Cisco router
Test connectivity between RIP routers and routing updates are exchanged between
routers
Understand how Split-Horizon works and when you may need to disable it.
Background
RIP is one of the first distance vector routing protocols. It was designed for ease of use and for
small networks. RIP is implemented by many host computers as well as networking devices,
and it is the choice of many network administrators for small networks or for confined areas of
larger networks. RIP uses a metric called ‘hops’, which is simply a count of the number of
links traversed on a path.
This is an adequate metric in networks composed of homogeneous media, for example, an all
Ethernet network. However, the simple metric does not account for different types of media or
for the congestion of traffic in the network. Also, the original specification of RIP was
incapable of measuring hops greater than 16, limiting the maximum network diameter.
This limitation was originally included to mitigate convergence delays and handle count to
infinity problems. RIP was available for almost every protocol suite; DecNet, Novell, and so
on. Integrated routing is the practice of maintaining a single routing table for all RIP-discovered
paths, which permitted network administrators to configure only one RIP (usually TCP/IP) to
cut down on update traffic.
Configuring RIP
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WORKSTATION 1 ACTIVITY
STEP 22:
Create a RIP routing process
When you are in configuration mode, create a RIP routing process with the router rip
command.
STEP 23:
Add the network(s) to participate in RIP
Next, the network(s) participating in the RIP routing process must be specified using
the network subcommand. For Cape Town router, the networks to add are 192.168.1.0
and 192.168.4.0.
STEP 24:
Verify that RIP is configured on Cape Town router
Now, use the show ip protocols command to verify that RIP is configured. The output
shows that the routing protocol RIP has been configured and is routing for the networks
192.168.4.0 and 192.168.1.0.
Save your screenshot and paste with the solution as a single file (.doc, .pdf, or .jpg).
________________________________________________________________[2 marks]
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WORKSTATION 2 ACTIVITY
STEP 25:
Enter configuration mode on Durban router
Telnet into Durban router and enter configuration mode using the config t command.
Step 26:
Create a RIP routing process.
When you are in configuration mode, create a RIP routing process with the router rip
command.
Step 27:
Add the network(s) to participate in RIP.
Next, specify the network(s) participating in the RIP routing process by using the
network subcommand. Add 192.168.1.0 and 192.168.8.0
Step 28:
Verify the RIP configuration on Durban router.
Check to see that you have configured RIP correctly; use show ip protocols command.
In the show ip protocols output, you should notice that Durban router has already
received RIP update on interface GigabitEthernet0/0.
Save your screenshot and paste with the solution as a single file (.doc, .pdf, or .jpg).
________________________________________________________________[2 marks]
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Step 29:
View the routing table on Durban router.
Use the show ip route command to view the routing table of Durban router. You should
now be able to see the networks learned via RIP in the routing table.
Save your screenshot and paste with the solution as a single file (.doc, .pdf, or .jpg).
________________________________________________________________[2 marks]
WORKSTATION 1 ACTIVITY
STEP 30:
View the routing table on Cape Town router.
Use the show ip route command to view the routing table of Cape Town router.
Save your screenshot and paste with the solution as a single file (.doc, .pdf, or .jpg).
________________________________________________________________[2 marks]
Goodluck.
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