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Timing alternatives for critical
applications in GNSS-denied
environments
 May 29, 2024 Jim Olsen
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Critical infrastructure and government entities are in various

stages on how to navigate GNSS vulnerabilities and how to
provide timing services in GNSS-denied environments. In
geographical areas where geopolitical tensions are high, users of
GNSS timing are already operating in GNSS-denied environments
due to the high levels of GNSS jamming and spoofing activities. In
other geographical areas where tensions are lower, GNSS 
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 jamming, or interference could be unintentional,
Embedded Focusbut concerns

related to what happens if GNSS signals are no longer available
Hardware 
for extended periods of time are real.
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There are two categories of vulnerabilities
ElectromechanicalMemory to consider including
/ StorageMotorsOptoelectronicsSensors
Software
local-area GNSS outages Design
 that affect single independent locations

EDAOperating
and wide-area GNSSSystemsSource
outages thatCode IntegrationIoTPerformanceSecurity
affect multiple locations
Development 
simultaneously. This wide area GNSS outage scenario is the
Design MethodsSolutionsManufacturingSupply ChainTest & MeasurementToolsTools & Software
motivating factor for the introduction of timing technology
Industry  Trends 
alternatives to GNSS timing receivers, as a backup timing service,
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and an alternative timing service.
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There are some levels of protection for GNSS timing receivers
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from jamming and spoofing that can be implemented today.
GNSS timing receivers are now Contact
multi-constellation. This
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technology allows for tracking of the various GNSS constellations,
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GPS, BeiDou, Galileo and Glonass with the same receiver. GNS
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timing receivers and antennas can support multi-band reception.
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These technologies provide additional resiliency as there are
additional frequency bands utilized providing for more immunity
from interference. However, these options do not support
operation in GNSS-denied environments for extended periods of
wide-area outages.

GNSS Alternatives and Approaches

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There are multiple technologies and approaches for GNSS backup
or alternate timing solutions with various attributes that attempt Advertisement
to satisfy key requirements. The key requirements fall into two
categories:

1. where they might fit in the various architectures that they are
deployed

2. the accuracy, reliability and ease of implementation

Timing based solutions can be classified in two categories:

1. receiver technologies that can reconstruct absolute UTC

traceable time are alternate signals of opportunity

2. network-based timing services and time transfer technologies
(https://www.embedded.com/)
designed to deliver high accuracy reconstruction of absolute Advertisement
 UTC traceable time Embedded Focus 

Hardware timing
What types of receiver technologies or network-based
Boards & ModulesChips & ComponentsComponentsConnectivityCoprocessorsDisplays
services are implemented will depend on the accuracy and
ElectromechanicalMemory / StorageMotorsOptoelectronicsSensors
criticality of the applications that consume the timing services.
Software  Design 
There are some additional technologies, including some software-
EDAOperating SystemsSource Code IntegrationIoTPerformanceSecurity
based approaches that are not covered in this article. GNSS
Development 
receivers would be classified for vulnerability
Design MethodsSolutionsManufacturingSupply as high. The below
ChainTest & MeasurementToolsTools & Software
table introduces timing
Industry  receiver technologies that canTrends
be 
deployed to address GNSS-denied environments.
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Architecture
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Signal of Central
Strong
Concept Method opportunity
Contact UsEditorial Contributions Guide Availability
attribute Aggregation
use cases
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Central
GNSS
Low Earth Orbital Indoor
alternate or aggregation Now
Orbit (LEO) Satellite reception
backup
edge

Interference Central
eLoran RF land- GNSS
immunity
Enhanced based alternate or aggregation TBD
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Loran transmitters backup and indoor

reception edge
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WAAS Wide
area Geostationary GNSS Easy to Central
Now
augmentation satellite backup adopt aggregation
system

Two-way
GNSS
satellite time Geostationary
alternate or Accuracy Central Now
transfer satellite
backup
(TWSTT)

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 Figure 1. Summary of selected receiver-based
Embedded technologies
Focus  that can
reconstruct absolute UTC traceable time (Source: Microchip
Hardware 
Technology)
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ElectromechanicalMemory / StorageMotorsOptoelectronicsSensors
Satellite-Based Timing
Software  Design 
Satellite based timing
EDAOperating services execute
SystemsSource Code time transfer from an
IntegrationIoTPerformanceSecurity
Development
absolute source, such as UTC. In the case of orbital satellites,
 with
Design MethodsSolutionsManufacturingSupply ChainTest
GPS, time transfer is executed, measured, and updated via an & MeasurementToolsTools & Software
Industry  Trends 
uplink as the satellites pass over master ground stations. While in
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orbit with no ground stations available for calibration, the
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satellites hold the UTC traceable time with atomic clocks on-
board the
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Technical vehicles and transmitAbout
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assigned frequency bands. For Two-Way Time Transfer over
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Geostationary Satellites (TWSTT), the time transfer is extremely
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accurate as the asymmetrical time transfer errors can be
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to the ground-based master station UTC source clocks.
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Figure 2. A two-way satellite time transfer operation (Source:
Microchip Technology)

The GNSS alternatives in the receiver category consisting of Low

Earth Orbit (LEO) and eLoran timing receivers both have similar
attributes such as the potential to deploy antennas indoors to
receive the signals from the transmitters. Both technologies are
also subscription based so the reception of the timing signals are 
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not a free service like the GPS/GNSS timing services that are
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 subsidized by the government. BothEmbedded
technologies come
Focus  close to
being able to provide the same accuracy as the GPS/GNSS timing
Hardware 
services. The LEO satellite timing services transmit signals that
Boards & ModulesChips & ComponentsComponentsConnectivityCoprocessorsDisplays
are 1,000 times stronger than GNSS mid Earth orbit satellites, so
ElectromechanicalMemory / StorageMotorsOptoelectronicsSensors
they are muchSoftware
less susceptible
 to low level interference.
Design 
EDAOperating
The eLoran SystemsSource
receiver approach hasCode IntegrationIoTPerformanceSecurity
an advantage over the LEO
Development 
timing concepts, as the LEO approach has the same vulnerabilities
Design MethodsSolutionsManufacturingSupply ChainTest & MeasurementToolsTools & Software
as GNSS because they are also satellite based and susceptible to
Industry  Trends 
jamming and physical attacks. Conversely, eLoran is not space
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based and is much more difficult to jam as the signal strength of
Communications
the ground based 100 KHZ signal is very strong. The signal
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 of the Subscribe

earth and can also be received, to some extent, underwater. In

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addition, eLoran
Logintransmitters can transmit on a data channel that
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to provide correction information but can also
enhance integrity and reduce vulnerabilities by enabling receivers
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to only use authorized transmitting stations. connect-authorize)

There are two-way time transfer techniques that can be executed

over geo-stationary satellites using receivers. The first technology
is an alternative to GNSS. TWSTT is a highly accurate method of
time transfer. It requires a ground station with a source to clock to
transmit the time information in an uplink to a geostationary
satellite that recovers and transmits the signal on a downlink to a
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ground station with a receiver that also can calculate and remove
asymmetrical delays of the links to reconstruction extremely
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accurate time transfer. Time transfer accuracy levels of a few
nanoseconds or picoseconds can be achieved. The TWSTT is a
timing service that needs to be engineered and is not available
without specific interaction with a satellite provider that is willing
to offer availability on a channel.

The Wide Area Augmentation System

The Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) is another
technology that can be used to transfer time over geostationary
satellites. The WAAS provides augmentation information over the
national airspace system that covers the U.S. and Canada with
only a few satellites to enhance the accuracy and integrity of GPS 
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 signals used for Position Navigation Embedded
and TimingFocus
(PNT)
applications. WAAS is widely used in aircraft for navigation
Hardware 
enhancements. The following describes the WAAS operations.
Boards & ModulesChips & ComponentsComponentsConnectivityCoprocessorsDisplays
ElectromechanicalMemory / StorageMotorsOptoelectronicsSensors
Wide Area Reference Stations (WRS) detect errors in the GPS
signals. Software  Design 
EDAOperating SystemsSource Code IntegrationIoTPerformanceSecurity
The information from WRS is transmitted to WAAS Master
Development
Stations
Design (WMS).
MethodsSolutionsManufacturingSupply ChainTest & MeasurementToolsTools & Software
Industry  Trends 
The WMS generates a WAAS user message every second that
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is sent to WAAS GPS receivers over geostationary satellites.
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The WAAS receivers use this information in the message to
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correct errors to enhance integrity and improve accuracy.
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Architecture
Network
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timing Strong Central
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Concept Method Availability
use attribute connect-authorize)
Aggregation
cases
Edge

Virtual Accurate
primary and
reference Optical GNSS redundant,
Central Now
time Ethernet alternate no single Advertisement
clock point of
(vPRTC) failure Advertisement

Assisted
GNSS
Partial Optical Backup No Central
timing holdover Now
support Ethernet GNSS scenario aggregation
(APTS) Proxy

Two-way GNSS Long

time alternate distance
Optical Central Now
transfer or and
(TWTT) backup accuracy
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 Embedded Focus 
Long
White
Optical GNSS distance Central
Rabbit Hardware  Now
(WR) Ethernet alternate
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& ComponentsComponentsConnectivityCoprocessorsDisplays
aggregation
accuracy
ElectromechanicalMemory / StorageMotorsOptoelectronicsSensors
Software  Design 
EDAOperating SystemsSource Code IntegrationIoTPerformanceSecurity
Development
Figure 3. Summary of selected network-based timing services
 and
Design MethodsSolutionsManufacturingSupply ChainTest &
time transfer technologies (Source: Microchip Technology) MeasurementToolsTools & Software
Industry  Trends 
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Network-Based and Terrestrial-Based GNSS
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Alternatives
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based timing About us  Protocol
Time Subscribe

(PTP) are widely deployed in critical infrastructure to address

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GNSS/GPS-denied environment concerns.
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There are three basic timing architecture for GNSS/GPS timing
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receivers:
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1. Local GNSS/GPS timing receivers at the edge or end points
where the timing service is consumed. This architecture concept
is referred to as a fully distributed GNSS/GPS timing
architecture.

2. Distributed GNSS/GPS timing architecture where the timing

receivers are located at aggregation points in the network and a Advertisement

PTP grandmaster function is included in the timing receivers to

deliver PTP timing services to the end points. This architecture Advertisement

is very common for 5G telecom fronthaul networks.

3. A centralized timing architecture where timing is delivered

from the core of the networks using PTP timing services. This
concept is referred to as a virtual Primary Reference Time Clock
(vPRTC) where a PRTC function can be created at various
aggregation or drop points in a network without GNSS/GPS. A
vPRTC enabled by highly accurate PTP time transfer from the
centralized GNSS/GPS source clock. These source clocks are
typically a system referred to as an Enhanced Primary Reference
Time Clock (ePRTC). The ePRTC systems consist of at least one
GNSS/GPS timing receiver with ePRTC algorithms and at least 
(https://www.embedded.com/)
one cesium atomic clock standard.
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 What is the best way to address GNSS/GPS-denied environments
Embedded Focus 
and vulnerabilities? Reduce the number of GNSS/GPS timing
Hardware 
receivers. The vPRTC architecture with ePRTC technology reduces
Boards & ModulesChips & ComponentsComponentsConnectivityCoprocessorsDisplays
the dependency on GNSS/GPS by reducing the number of
ElectromechanicalMemory / StorageMotorsOptoelectronicsSensors
receivers andSoftware
also protects
 from wide area outages Designas the ePRTC

usesEDAOperating
enhanced holdover technology
SystemsSource Code of the cesium atomic clocks
IntegrationIoTPerformanceSecurity
along with the ePRTC algorithms that allows it to maintain
Development  highly
accuracy toMethodsSolutionsManufacturingSupply
Design UTC for months without a GNSS/GPS timing reference.
ChainTest & MeasurementToolsTools & Software
In addition,Industry
a vPRTC can be configured for bidirectional Trends 
PTP flows
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from redundant ePRTC clock sources so there is no single point of
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and traffic
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Figure 4. vPRTC for GNSS vulnerability and resilient timing (Source:
Microchip Technology)

Network based PTP timing services can also be deployed to

provide a backup to GNSS/GPS receivers and other timing signals
of opportunity. The ITU standard G.8261 outlines the concept of
assisted partial timing support (APTS) that can be used to create a
GNSS/GPS proxy by calibrating out asymmetrical time error
between locations. If the GNNS signal is compromised at the
gateway location the APTS architecture can maintain UTC
time/phase for very long periods of time as long as the asymmetry
profiles do not change to a profile that was not previously
captured. 
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 Embedded Focus 

Hardware 
Boards & ModulesChips & ComponentsComponentsConnectivityCoprocessorsDisplays
ElectromechanicalMemory / StorageMotorsOptoelectronicsSensors
Software  Design 
EDAOperating SystemsSource Code IntegrationIoTPerformanceSecurity
Development 
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Industry  Trends 
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Figure 5. Assisted Partial TimingContact

Support (APTS) operation (Source:
UsEditorial Contributions Guide
Microchip Technology)
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To provide timing services in GNSS/GPS-denied environments for
extended periods of time there is a menu of options and
technologies available. Additional timing signals of opportunity or
architectural changes from distributed to centralized timing
architectures that leverage the capabilities of large-scale atomic
clocks provide robust solutions. Depending on the critical
infrastructure, the requirements, and the network models
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involved, an assessment can be conducted to zero in on the best
options. As they always say, “timing is everything.”
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 Embedded Focus 
Jim Olsen is a solutions architect in the
frequency and time systems (FTS) business
Hardware  unit
at Microchip
Boards & ModulesChips Technology
& ComponentsComponentsConnectivityCoprocessorsDisplays
(https://www.microchip.com/).
ElectromechanicalMemory He has extensive
/ StorageMotorsOptoelectronicsSensors
Software
experience
 Design 
in designing and implementing
EDAOperating network
SystemsSource Code
synchronizationIntegrationIoTPerformanceSecurity
and timing
Development
architectures in more than  He first
50 countries.
Design MethodsSolutionsManufacturingSupply ChainTest & MeasurementToolsTools & Software
joined Microchip in 1984 and has since served in a wide range of
Industry  Trends 
service, sales and marketing roles. In 2000, he transitioned to an
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emerging and advanced technology’s role, helping identify new
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technologies and investment opportunities. He is currently
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in his solutions About us  of market
a variety Subscribe
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governmentLogin
market segments. Olsen speaks regularly at
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industry seminars and events and his numerous articles and
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whitepapers on synchronization and timing have appeared in
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Implementing SDR-based GNSS/GPS simulators:

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(https://www.embedded.com/gnss-correction-service-
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Testing with SDR-based GPS/GNSS simulators:

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