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FINAL PROJECT DRAFT: SPEAKING NOTES

Final Project Draft: Speaking Notes

Student Name Here

Geo-200

Southern New Hampshire University

Moving to Norway

Slide 1 - Moving to Norway

Hello, and thank you for joining me for today’s presentation. I’m excited to announce that in a

few short weeks I will be moving to Norway, specifically the Western Norwegian Fjords area.

While I know this will be a change from North American Core that I have grown to know and

love, the move to Northern Europe will provide me opportunity to immerse myself in the culture,

traditions and environment of Norway that I’m sure I will quickly adapt to. I wanted to take this

opportunity to speak with all of you about the similarities and differences of the regions, and

why this move is so important to me, both personally and professionally.

Slide 2 - North American Core Region

I thought it might be nice for us to start with what is familiar, and I’m sure you all recognize

the areas of this map. Here we have what is known as the North American Core Region. You

can see noted the cities of Boston, New York, and Washington, D.C. Did you also know that

this region includes the areas as far west as St. Louis and as far north as Ottawa, Canada? In

preparing for our talk today, I, personally, was surprised to learn that the only New England

states included in this designated economic core region are Connecticut, Rhode Island and

Massachusetts. The remaining states of New England are considered too economically

undeveloped comparatively (Nijman, 2015).

If you were to break this region down into geographic coordinates, you can see that it

comprises the area from the eastern border of Massachusetts at 41.6929’, -69.9324’ west to St

Louis, MO at 38.6174’, -90.1838, and north to south from Ottawa, Ontario at 45.3823’, -

75.6688’ to Washington, D.C. at 38.8988, -77.0392 (Google, n.d.). As those coordinates can be

a little abstract unless you have a GPS or GIS map application on hand, more descriptively this
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region includes upper portions of Michigan and Wisconsin, marking the northern border of the

Core region, with Iowa and Missouri as the western border, and Kentucky, Virginia and West

Virginia bordering the south. Areas once key to manufacturing, known as the Rust Belt, are also

included: Detroit, Michigan, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, along with areas of farmland such as

in Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and many major metropolises: New York City, Toronto, and

Philadelphia, leading the Core to be considered the economic center of North America.

Slide 3 - The Lands of the North American Core

So, our next couple of slides are going to be taking us through a few of the North American

Core’s more notable features. I thought it would be helpful to remind us all why we love this

area so much, both the lands and the people. Who knows, maybe by the end of this presentation

I’ll have changed my mind and decide to stay! Wouldn’t you all love that? Okay, so, let’s take a

closer look on some of the Core regions awesome physical features and topography. To begin

with, our wonderful temperate climate. Hot, humid summers, and cold, snowy winters. Well,

we all know how much I enjoy a good cold winter, so it shouldn’t surprise you I’m moving even

further north to Norway. And just as I am here in Massachusetts, the move to the Norwegian

Fjords will have me right on the coastline. I’d say one of the biggest climate differences is here,

in Pennsylvania the Blue Ridge Mountains have a temperate rainforest (Gannon, 1998), won’t be

finding one of those in Norway. But as I’m not a huge fan of rainy, wet forests I don’t think the

loss will be greatly felt.

Here in the North American Core, as you all are well aware, we do have quite the range in

terrain. Coasts and waterways, mountains and valleys all make up the region’s topography. The

waterways of this region, such as the Ohio and Allegheny Rivers and Lake Erie, are of particular

importance, as prior to reliable car travel, these features provided the means for economic
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development in the area (United States Geological Survey Water Resources, n.d.). This terrain

and climate though does relate to our most significant natural hazards: weather extremes, climate

change and fault lines. Thankfully the Eastern Fault line is currently quite inactive and little

cause for concern (United States Geological Survey, Fault Lines, n.d.). I will be able to sleep

easy once I’m off in Europe knowing that the chance I’ll hear you all succumbed to an

earthquake is quite low. I already know you folks can all successfully weather even the harshest

nor’easter.

Slide 4 - Its People

And now, to the wonderful people of the North American Core. I shall indeed miss you all.

We really do have quite the interesting mix of folks in the region. As with all of the USA, we of

course officially communicate in American English, but you can hear a wide range of languages

and dialects spoken depending on where you live or are visiting. Spanish, Portuguese, Italian,

French, German and even Dutch. I have to say, I’ve always enjoy sitting on public transit and

just listening to the diversity of languages spoken in our region.

Despite the range of languages though, sadly this region is well known for its continued

racial segregation, especially in certain cities. Boston, MA and Detroit, MI to name a two. In

Boston, a recent report said over 60% of Black and Hispanic residents would need to move in

order to diversify the city (Tucker, 2019). In terms of religion, those of practicing faiths in the

region subscribe, primarily, to a number of Christian denominations: Roman Catholic, Lutheran

and Protestant being the top three (Pew Research Center, n.d.). Though you will find people

practicing Judaism, Islam and Buddhism throughout.

Much of the region’s culture continues to have strong historical ties. This region does

contain a number of the original colonies after all. I think looking to Pennsylvania to check out
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the diversity of cultures in this area is helpful. In Pennsylvania alone, we have a more blue-

collar economy and culture in the Western third with history of Pittsburgh, for example, built on

the steel mills. As you move east through the state you come to the rural, agriculture and raw

materials economies and the cultural ties to hard work, the mines, and Amish cultural traditions

of rejecting technology, and strong community. Today, sadly, the areas tied to a raw material

economy in this region suffer from severe poverty, limited educational resources, and poor

medical care. Then we move the state capital of Philadelphia, rich in history, culture, arts, and

politics (Greater Philadelphia Cultural Alliance, 2004). These three distinct types of culture,

economic dependence, and history pervade through the North American Core region.

Speaking a bit more to the economy of the region, as mentioned raw materials have long

played a role including agriculture and fossil fuels such as coal. But another key economic area

has been the role of water ways in maritime trade. Without the coastal regions, and development

of interior waterways and canals to effectively move people, goods and ideas, this entire region

may never have developed to the level it is currently. These waterways are why this region is the

most densely populated region in North America. For example, New York City houses over

27,000 people per square mile (Department of City Planning, 2015). While, overall this region

contains more people than other similar sized areas of North America, it is not without more

sparsely populated spaces or population decrease even in urban spaces. Detroit being a prime

example. The city was just a few short decades ago the 5th most populous city in the USA, it is

now only the 18th (Owens & Rossi-Hansberg, 2019). The economic downturn with the

outsourcing of jobs in the auto industry is primarily to blame for Detroit’s struggles. In general,

rural areas throughout the region are, of course, more sparsely populated than urban

environments.
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Slide 5 - Human – Environmental Impacts

Of course, the North American Core isn’t all rainbows and roses. We have to keep this real

after all. Being the most densely populated area of North America and one of the most

developed isn’t without its down sides. So, now we get to talk about a few more depressing

points: human – environmental impacts. Yes, we humans have for sure contributed to a number

of significant changes to the landscape. Let’s begin with those very important waterways and

coastlines. As I mentioned in the last slide, the coasts and interior rivers and great lakes of this

region were key to its development and eventually becoming an economic force in North

America. Without the rivers, lakes and ports, people and goods would not have so readily been

able to move throughout the region. Of course, we humans are always wanting the mold the

environment to make our lives easier, and improve our financial prospects, so it should surprise

no one we humans have had significant impact on the water ecologies of the area. Let’s take a

moment to consider the engineering feat that is the Erie Canal. The Erie Canal was a crucial

feature to improving transit in the region, and increasing access (and population) of areas such as

Michigan. Unfortunately, with increased use of the Hudson River, the canals locks and required

dams, the ecosystem of the river was also changed. The canal makes for easier introduction of

non-native invasive species, like zebra mussels and round gobies, to the region, which out

compete native flora and fauna, causing the delicate ecosystems of the watershed to shift out of

balance (US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013).

The Hudson Bay also experienced negative changes due to human impacts. In New York

City, the once fertile oyster beds that filtered the Hudson Bay contributing significantly to the

health of the ecosystem, were destroyed both for food and because of the shipping industry.

Now, initiatives, such as the Billion Oyster Project, are attempting to repopulate oysters to
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restore cleanliness and health to the area (Janis, et al., 2016). Thankfully, we humans can do so

much to positively impact the environment when we put our minds to it!

Pennsylvania is rich in coal, resulting in changes to the topography from coal strip mining,

and damage to the areas watersheds from coal-mine drainage. Essentially removing mountain

tops to gain access to coal deposits, strip mining is incredibly devastating to the ecology of the

region. Not only do the risks of landslides increase, but freshwater streams are often destroyed

or buried, forests are razed and burned releasing their stored carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

contributing further to global warming, and entire ecosystems disappear (United States Census

Bureau, 2019).

Finally, another significant human influence on the Core region are the number of population

dense cities in the region. With tens of thousands of people per square mile in each of these

cities, the landscape must be changed to support sanitation, housing, transportation, and

employment. In Boston, what was once a small peninsula with numerous bays and waterways,

was systematically filled in to create made land for homes, business and other infrastructure.

The topography of the city of Boston today would be unrecognizable to someone familiar with

the land 200 years ago.

Slide 6 - Northern Europe Region

Now that we have covered the wonderful place I have called home for the past three and a

half decades, you all get to learn a few fascinating details about where I’m moving to – Northern

Europe! Aren’t you all excited?! I know I am! As we did with the North American Core

region, we’re going to go through a few slides all about Northern Europe; the who, what and

where’s of the land. Northern Europe is made up of the countries of Iceland, Norway, Sweden,

Finland and Denmark. The majority of the region is bordered by bodies of water: the
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Norwegian, Baltic and North Seas. Only Denmark, bordered in the south by Germany, and

Finland, bordered to the east by Russia, have land-based boundaries outside the region (Nijman,

2015). The island of Iceland is completely surrounded by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, and

is over 1400km from Norway, and the rest of the region. Ranging from 71’ N to 54.59’N

latitude this region is known as the Nordic part of Europe, and portions of Finland, Sweden,

Norway and Iceland are in the arctic circle (The World Factbook, 2018). While much of this

region has few people, the areas of Finland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark closest to western

European core countries, are more densely populated and included in the European core as well.

Denmark, Sweden and Finland are a part of the European Union, and the countries of Northern

Europe provide much by way of primary, secondary and tertiary economies to surrounding

regions.

Slide 7 - The Lands of Northern Europe

Much of Northern Europe is an isolated, remote region. The most northern reaches of the

region, being near or part of the arctic, bring a frigid, often inhospitable climate, of ice, snow,

and long winters. Areas of Norway though, where not to worry I will be living, experience more

of a maritime climate with mild winters, cool summers, and plentiful precipitation (World

Factbook, 2018). Other portions of the region find their climate influenced by the many

mountain ranges found throughout, with colder winters, less precipitation, and warmer summers.

A physiography of mountains, fjords, glaciers, and valleys make up the primary topography of

Northern Europe. Iceland experiences the most natural hazards of all the countries of the region

with seismic activity causing volcanoes and earthquakes. Some of these events, cause minor

earthquakes in Norway across the water from Iceland, and tsunamis (Nadim, et al., 2008).
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Remaining countries of the region have few natural hazards, primarily those related to

mountainous terrain: landslides, avalanche, and floods.

Slide 8 - Its People

One of the things I am most looking forward about this move is getting to meet the people of

Northern Europe. This region has a number of interesting characteristics with respect to cultural

norms and languages. Nordic Europeans speak a variety of Germanic languages: Dutch,

Swedish, Norwegian, and Icelandic (World Factbook, 2018). Many of these languages are

linguistically similar, to the degree that if you can speak, for example, Dutch, you can likely also

communicate reasonably well with those who speak Norwegian and Swedish. In Norway, the

indigenous language of Saami has also been listed as an official language of the country. I have

been diligently studying my Norwegian language books and am already signed up for my first

NSL class, I think it’s great the idea that if I can learn some Norwegian I might also understand

some Dutch or Swedish too! The Finnish language differs in language family from the

Germanic languages, so the country of Finland has two national languages: Finnish and Swedish,

and many other indigenous languages can be found throughout the country. Within the Northern

European region, many language dialects are accepted, and this has led to an important cultural

feature where all dialects are considered equally valid, and any written word can be pronounced

a myriad of ways.

Another important cultural feature of the region is the Viking and Norse heritage (Nijman,

2015). Norse mythology, language, literature is still a part of Northern European culture. With

my own familial Scandinavian heritage, I am looking forward to visiting historical sites and

learning more about my Norse ancestry. Being a region of peninsulas and islands, as you can

imagine, there is a strong maritime culture with tightly knit small fishing villages. Because of
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the dependence on the natural world, and the beauty of the glaciers and fjords, the region also

values the environment and the people work to preserve and protect it.

Nearly all Northern Europeans are Evangelical Lutheran Christians, a religion that has had a

large influence on the culture, encouraging a strong community approach to life (World

Factbook, 2018). The population of the region is rather small, about 26 million people (World

Factbook, 2018), with the majority of people being in the southern portions of region, and the

northern areas being very sparsely populated. While the terrain and climates are challenging,

this region as shown an incredibly robust economy. Exporting both primary and secondary

commodities such as fish, timber, automobiles, electronics, glassware, and furniture (World

Factbook, 2018) have made the countries of this region economically prosperous, leading to their

inclusion as core economic regions in Europe.

Slide 9 - Humans and The Environment

Just as with the North American Core region we’ve already discussed, humans have had a

significant environmental impact on the Nordic region. Much of the region is incredibly

sensitive from an ecological standpoint, and, dating from the time of the Vikings, people have

been modifying the landscape. In Iceland, for example, settlers brought flora and fauna to the

island from mainland Europe. Domesticated livestock all but destroyed Iceland’s grasslands, and

the island also experienced mass deforestation, soil erosion, and loss of wildlife (Harris, 2007).

Commercial fishing has impacted the diversity and number of native fish populations in many of

Sweden’s major lakes. Invasive species and overfishing have caused negative repercussions for

wildlife in the region (Degerman, et al., 2001). Throughout the region, both terrestrial and

marine ecosystems and habitats continue to experience changes due to human activities. The
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timber industry plays a large part in the environmental risks to the region with land clearing

causing loss of habitat, erosion and eutrophication (World Factbook, 2018).

Slide 10 - Similarities and Differences

As you can see here, the regions do have The North American Core region and the Northern

European region do have a few notable similarities. As you can see here, the North American

Core region and the Northern European region do have a few notable similarities. Areas of

Northern Europe, particularly those close to Eastern Europe, are considered part of the European

economic core due to their development of secondary and tertiary economic resources. This

aligns with the reason the areas included in the North American Core are considered the core of

economic development in the North American continent. Other parts of Northern Europe,

similar to areas of the North American core, provide raw materials for development and export.

Both regions include areas of agriculture, timber, fishing, and fossil fuel resources. Though there

are many cultural differences, these two regions are primarily white racially and the majority of

the inhabitants who ascribe to a religious belief are of a Christian faith.

Another interesting similarity is how both regions have areas that are population dense and

areas that are more sparsely inhabited, both exhibit range of urban and rural development

throughout. For both, human impacts have changed the regions’ landscape. In Iceland, human

introduction of invasive species has triggered significant environmental changes, and in the

North American Core humans are changing the mountainous landscape through coal and natural

gas mining, for example. Finally, both regions have historically developed due to their positions

relative to water. In Northern Europe, marine trade routes have been critical to the region’s

development, and in the North American core, marine ports, and freshwater rivers and bodies of

water were essential to its development and transfer of goods, people and ideas.
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Culturally there are a number of distinct differences between the North American Core and

Northern Europe regions. Northern Europe is largely culturally homogeneous. The majority of

its inhabitants practice the same Evangelical Lutheran Christian religion, speak languages that

while different allow for communication with those who speak other, similar, languages of the

region, and have strong ties to their Viking and Norse heritage. In contrast, the North American

Core is significantly more diverse. There are a wider range of religious practices, including

Judaism, Islam, Catholicism, and Evangelical Lutheranism, and while the national language is

English, there are distinct areas where other languages from around the globe are spoken, that

can increase communication challenges. Economically, the North American Core has developed

due to a wider range of resources, than the Northern European region. In the North American

Core, more of the region’s landmass has been developed or changed from human influence.

There is more widespread urban development, agriculture, mining, and factories than in Northern

Europe. A major contrast is also the sheer difference in population densities between the two

regions. The North American Core is one of the most densely populated areas in the US, while

the Northern Europe Region is comprised of some of the least densely populated countries in

Europe, with Iceland being the least densely populated area of the entire European continent

(World Atlas, n.d.)

Slide 11 - West Norwegian Fjords

At this point I’ve hopefully piqued your curiosity as to where exactly I’m going in the Northern

Europe region. I think it should surprise no one, based on my long-standing interest in Norway’s

landscapes, that I’m headed to the West Norwegian Fjords area, specifically the UNESCO world

heritage sites of Geirangerfjord and Naeroyfjord on Norway’s north-western coast. Found at

62.1167’ N and 12.1194’ E, these two fjords are north-east of the city of Bergen, Norway, and

about 120km apart from each other (Centre, n.d.)

Slide 12 - Significance to the Northern Europe Region

Designated a world heritage site in 2005, Geirangerfjord and Naeroyfjord are two of the

world’s most pristine fjords that represent an archetypical fjord structure. With their classical

fjord shape of deep, steep rock walls that dive over 500 meters below the Norweigian sea and

tower 1400 meters above, the Geirangerfjord and Naeroyfjord support diverse ecosystems of

both marine and terrestrial life in their forests, glacial lakes, waterfalls, and mountains (Centre,

n.d.). Due to their outstanding beauty, size, environmental and historical cultural value, the West

Norwegian Fjords provide the region additional economic benefit by way of ecotourism.

Slide 13 - Global Significance

Beyond their sheer awesome beauty, Norwegian fjords, including the Geirangerfjord and

Naeroyfjord, also provide an important role in reducing the impact of anthropogenic climate

change. In 2015, researcher Richard Smith documented that in Northern European fjords the

concentration of sedimental carbon is twice that of the ocean’s average. Serving as a massive

carbon sink, the West Norwegian Fjords, absorb approximately 18 million tons of carbon in their

deep chasms from surrounding glacial streams and rivers each year, benefiting not only the

Northern European region but the entire planet.

Slide 14 - Interactions Regionally and Abroad

The natural landscapes of fjords draw visitors from around the globe to Norway. The

Western Fjords, in particular, as there are the world heritage sites at Geirangerfjord and

Naeroyfjord, draw cruise ships, tourists and outdoor enthusiasts. These two fjords are considered

archetypical fjords with their steep, deep walls, sheer size, and lack of industrial development,
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like the hydroelectric power plants of other are fjords, therefore they draw tens of thousands of

visitors per year (Manzo, 2018). The travel industry plays a positive role in the Northern

European’s economy overall but is not without determent to the ecosystems that attract attention.

Cruise ships cause damage to the waters of the fjords, the sheer number of people hiking through

the landscape damages flora and fauna, and historically significant villages and cultural

landscapes are impacted by foreigners intruding on citizen’s way of life (Edger, Sandvik &

Iversen, 2015). Scandinavian countries, including Norway, have become leaders in the field of

sustainable tourism in recent years (Kurilova & Gareev, 2018), as the local communities attempt

to balance the economic benefits of tourism in the Wester Fjords region, with the preservation

needs of the region’s fragile ecosystems.

Slide 15 - The Move to Norway

With new regulations in place that will require all cruise ships in the world heritage sites of

Geirangerfjord and Naeroyfjord to be emissions free by 2026 (Hermundsard, 2019), I will be

relocating to the West Norwegian Fjords region to work as a consultant for the Norwegian

Pollution Control Authority assessing water quality of the glacial streams and marine waters of

the fjords. With the need to keep the positive economic benefits of the cruise industry in the

West Norwegian Fjords region, while also minimizing the negative environmental impacts so

that these pristine areas can maintain their natural beauty and significance for generations to

come, the Norwegian government has regulated that by 2026 all cruise ships entering the

Geirangerfjord and Naeroyfjord must be emissions free in an effort to reduce the degree of water

pollution in the fjords (Simonsen, Gossling & Walnum, 2019). As a field consultant for the

Norwegian Pollution Control Authority, I will be tasked with measuring water quality in the

fjords and documenting findings (The Norwegian Government, n.d.) that will contribute to the
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enforcement of new emissions free cruise ship regulations in the region. Drawing me this world

heritage site is the desire to aid in the preservation of such awe-inspiring natural wonders, and to

do my part in reducing the negative impacts of human activities on the environment. Emissions

free cruise lines will strike a positive balance between preserving the natural resource and

building continued awareness for its need for protection for visitors and the tourism industry as a

whole.

Slide 16 - Conclusion

I am really looking forward to my new position with the Norwegian Pollution Control

Authority and the opportunity to be a part of ensuring the natural beauty of the fjords are

preserved, and enjoyed, for many futures to come. In addition to the new job, which I anticipate

will bring many new experiences and challenges, I am also looking forward to exploring the

fjords themselves, the surrounding towns and villages, and meeting many new people. The

weather shouldn’t be too different than the climate I’m used to here in Massachusetts, but I will

of course be packing my warm winter gear and asking the locals for advice on how to best

approach the maritime climate of the coast. I think the largest obstacle I’ll be facing is learning

the Norwegian language. Most of you know languages are not much my forte and are probably

shaking your heads at the idea of my attempting to learn a Germanic tongue. Well, thankfully at

least for the first few months, I will have access to an interpreter, and I’ve been assured that

many of my co-workers speak some degree of English so I won’t be completely without means

to communicate as a study and practice in the language courses I’ll be taking. Overall though

what I’ll enjoy most about my time in Norway is the culture of environmental conservation and

knowing that the country as a unit takes such seriously and is working towards ensuring a
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sustainable future for its citizens. I want to thank all of you for your positive support, and well

wishes on my move to the far-off lands of Norway.

Slides 17-21 References

Centre, U. N. E. S. C. O. W. H. (n.d.). West Norwegian Fjords – Geirangerfjord and Nærøyfjord.

Retrieved from https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1195/

Department of City Planning (2015). Population – New York City Population. Retrieved from:

https://www1.nyc.gov/site/planning/planning-level/nyc-population/population-facts.page

Degerman, E., Hammar, J., Nyberg, P., & Svärdson, G. (2001, December). Human impact on the

fish diversity in the four largest lakes of Sweden. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11878026

Enger, A., Sandvik, K., & Iversen, E. K. (2015). Developing scenarios for the Norwegian travel

industry 2025. Journal of Tourism Futures, 1(1), 6–18. doi: 10.1108/jtf-12-2014-0018

Gannon, Robert (1998). In a Pennsylvania Rainforest. Penn State News. Retrieved from:

https://news.psu.edu/story/141546/1998/05/01/research/pennsylvania-rainforest

Google (n.d.). Map of North American Core Region. Retrieved from:

https://www.google.com/maps

Greater Philadelphia Cultural Alliance (2014). 2014 Portfolio. Retrieved from:

https://www.philaculture.org/sites/default/files/2014_portfolio_spreads_0.pdf

Harris, Richard (December 2007). Viking Farms Tell Cautionary Climate Tale. National Public

Radio. Retrieved from: https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=16835101

Hermundsard, H. (2019, February 25). Norway challenges the cruise industry to operate

emission free - DNV GL. Retrieved from https://www.dnvgl.com/expert-story/maritime-

impact/Norway-challenges-the-cruise-industry-to-operate-emission-free.html
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Janis, Samuel P., Birney, Lauren B., Newton, Robert (2016). Billion Oyster Project: Linking

Public School Teaching and learning to the Biological Restoration of New York Harbor

Using Innovative Applications of Environmental and Digital Technologies. International

Journal of Digital Content Technology and its Applications, v10:1 pp. 1-14.

Kurilova, Elena V., Gareev, Roman R. (2018). Innovative Development Models of the

Hospitality and Tourism Sphere in Scandinavian Countries in Conditions of New

Economy. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, v.240. pp:

792-796.

Manzo, G. G. (2018). Economic Impact 2018 Norway. World Travel and Tourism Council.

Retrieved from:

https://www.nhoreiseliv.no/contentassets/c5f3c5015f7840e1bb0184f88b5a3be3/

turismens-betydning-for-norge.pdf

Nadim, Farrokh, Pederson, Stig A. S., Schmidt-Thome, Philipp, Sigmundsson, Freysteinn,

Engdahl, Mats (2008). Natural Hazards in Nordic Countries. Episodes, v.31:1, pp: 176-

184.

Nijman, Jan, et al. (2015). World Today: Concepts and Regions in Geography. Wiley.

Owens III, Raymond and Rossi-Hansberg, Estaban (2019). Rethinking Detroit. Retrieved from:

https://www.princeton.edu/~erossi/RD_App.pdf

Pew Research Center (n.d.) Religious Landscape Study. Retrieved from:

https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/

Simonsen, M., Gössling, S., & Walnum, H. J. (2019). Cruise ship emissions in Norwegian

waters: A geographical analysis. Journal of Transport Geography, 78, 87–97. doi:

10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.05.014
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Smith, R. W., Bianchi, T. S., Allison, M., Savage, C., & Galy, V. (2015). High rates of organic

carbon burial in fjord sediments globally. Nature Geoscience, 8(6), 450–453. doi:

10.1038/ngeo2421

The Norwegian Government – and government agencies. Retrieved from:

http://folk.uio.no/kristori/prosus/susnordic/norway/national_authorities/government/

index.html

Tucker, Riley (2019). Examining Racial Segregation in Boston at Different Geographic Scales.

Boston Area Research Initiative. Retrieved from:

https://www.northeastern.edu/csshresearch/bostonarearesearchinitiative/2019/02/08/

examining-racial-segregation-in-boston-at-different-geographic-scales/

United States Census Bureau (2019). Retrieved from: https://www.census.gov/en.html

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