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New Classification and Regression Models

Classification and regression models are types of supervised machine learning algorithms. Classification algorithms are used to predict discrete class labels, while regression algorithms are used to predict continuous variable values. K-nearest neighbors is an example of an algorithm that can be used for both classification and regression by considering the closest K training examples to make predictions.

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23 views7 pages

New Classification and Regression Models

Classification and regression models are types of supervised machine learning algorithms. Classification algorithms are used to predict discrete class labels, while regression algorithms are used to predict continuous variable values. K-nearest neighbors is an example of an algorithm that can be used for both classification and regression by considering the closest K training examples to make predictions.

Uploaded by

nahin963
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Classification and Regression Models:

Classification is a type of supervised machine learning where the goal is to


categorize input data into predefined classes or categories. The algorithm
learns from labeled data and then assigns labels to new, unseen data points
based on what it learned during training.

Regression and Classification algorithms are Supervised Learning


algorithms. Both the algorithms are used for prediction in Machine learning
and work with the labeled datasets. But the difference between both is how
they are used for different machine learning problems.

The main difference between Regression and Classification algorithms that


Regression algorithms are used to predict the continuous values such as
price, salary, age, etc. and Classification algorithms are used
to predict/Classify the discrete values such as Male or Female, True or
False, Spam or Not Spam, etc.
Classification:
Classification is a process of finding a function which helps in dividing the
dataset into classes based on different parameters. In Classification, a
computer program is trained on the training dataset and based on that
training, it categorizes the data into different classes.

The task of the classification algorithm is to find the mapping function to


map the input(x) to the discrete output(y).

Example: The best example to understand the Classification problem is


Email Spam Detection. The model is trained on the basis of millions of
emails on different parameters, and whenever it receives a new email, it
identifies whether the email is spam or not. If the email is spam, then it is
moved to the Spam folder.

Types of ML Classification Algorithms:

Classification Algorithms can be further divided into the following types:

o Logistic Regression
o K-Nearest Neighbours
o Support Vector Machines
o Kernel SVM
o Naïve Bayes
o Decision Tree Classification
o Random Forest Classification

Regression:
Regression is a process of finding the correlations between dependent and
independent variables. It helps in predicting the continuous variables such
as prediction of Market Trends, prediction of House prices, etc.

The task of the Regression algorithm is to find the mapping function to


map the input variable(x) to the continuous output variable(y).

Example: Suppose we want to do weather forecasting, so for this, we will


use the Regression algorithm. In weather prediction, the model is trained
on the past data, and once the training is completed, it can easily predict
the weather for future days.

Types of Regression Algorithm:

o Simple Linear Regression


o Multiple Linear Regression
o Polynomial Regression
o Support Vector Regression
o Decision Tree Regression
o Random Forest Regression

Difference between Regression and


Classification

Regression Algorithm Classification Algorithm

In Regression, the output variable In Classification, the output variable must be a


must be of continuous nature or real discrete value.
value.

The task of the regression algorithm The task of the classification algorithm is to
is to map the input value (x) with the map the input value(x) with the discrete output
continuous output variable(y). variable(y).
Regression Algorithms are used with Classification Algorithms are used with discrete
continuous data. data.

In Regression, we try to find the best In Classification, we try to find the decision
fit line, which can predict the output boundary, which can divide the dataset into
more accurately. different classes.

Regression algorithms can be used to Classification Algorithms can be used to solve


solve the regression problems such classification problems such as Identification of
as Weather Prediction, House price spam emails, Speech Recognition, Identification
prediction, etc. of cancer cells, etc.

The regression Algorithm can be The Classification algorithms can be divided


further divided into Linear and Non- into Binary Classifier and Multi-class Classifier.
linear Regression.
K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) Algorithm:
The K-Nearest Neighbors algorithm is a simple and intuitive machine learning algorithm
that can be used for both classification and regression tasks.

Basic Concepts:
Idea: The core idea of KNN is to predict the class or value of a data point by looking at
the K data points that are closest to it.

Distance Metric: KNN uses a distance metric (such as Euclidean distance) to measure the
similarity between data points. The smaller the distance, the more similar the points
are.

Choosing K: You need to choose the value of K, which represents the number of nearest
neighbors to consider when making predictions. A small K might lead to noisy
predictions, while a large K might overlook local patterns.

Steps:
Choose K: Decide the value of K (the number of neighbors to consider).

Distance Calculation: Calculate the distance between the target data point and all other data
points in the training set.

Find K Neighbors: Identify the K data points with the smallest distances to the target data point.

Majority Vote (Classification): For classification, count the classes of the K nearest neighbors
and predict the class with the highest count.

Average (Regression): For regression, calculate the average of the output values of the K
nearest neighbors and predict that value.

Advanced Concepts:
Weighted KNN: Instead of considering all neighbors equally, you can assign different
weights to neighbors based on their distances. Closer neighbors might have a higher
influence.

Distance Weights: You can experiment with different distance metrics (Euclidean,
Manhattan, etc.) based on the nature of your data.

Feature Scaling: It's often recommended to normalize or standardize features to ensure


that no feature has undue influence on the distance calculations.

Curse of Dimensionality: KNN can suffer from the curse of dimensionality when working
with high-dimensional data, as distances become less meaningful in higher dimensions.

Model Complexity: The choice of K affects the model's complexity. Smaller K can lead to
overfitting noisy data, while larger K can result in oversmoothed predictions.
Code:

import numpy as np
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score

# Generate some example data


np.random.seed(0)
X = np.random.rand(100, 2) # 100 data points with 2 features
y = np.where(X[:, 0] + X[:, 1] > 1, 1, 0) # Creating labels based on a decision boundary

# Split the data into training and testing sets


X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)

# Standardize the features


scaler = StandardScaler()
X_train_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(X_train)
X_test_scaled = scaler.transform(X_test)

# Create a KNN classifier


knn = KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=3)

# Train the classifier on the training data


knn.fit(X_train_scaled, y_train)

# Make predictions on the test data


y_pred = knn.predict(X_test_scaled)

# Calculate accuracy
accuracy = accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred)
print(f"Accuracy: {accuracy:.2f}")

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