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Week1 PhysicsAndScience

The document provides an overview of physics 101, including what physics is, its subjects and methodology. It discusses units and measurements, standards of length, mass and time. It also covers dimensional analysis, conversion of units and significant figures.

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mohamedamindahiradan
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12 views19 pages

Week1 PhysicsAndScience

The document provides an overview of physics 101, including what physics is, its subjects and methodology. It discusses units and measurements, standards of length, mass and time. It also covers dimensional analysis, conversion of units and significant figures.

Uploaded by

mohamedamindahiradan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Physics 101

Prof. E. Aslı Yetkin


Outline for Today

• Information about the course

• What is physics?

- What are its subjects?

- What is the method of it uses?

• Units and Measurements


Objective of the Course

• Fundamental principles of physics


• Concepts
• Principles
• Importance of physics for other science and engineering
branches
• Real life
• Industry
• Technology
Content of the Course

• Measurement and units


• Motion of objects
• Principles and technics
• Laws of Motion
• Conservation Laws
Methodology of the Lectures

• A few new concepts/definitions will be introduced in each lecture


• Preparation before the lecture will help you to understand these concepts
better.
• Each concept will have their own consequences.
• Concepts are related with each other
• Newer concepts will be based on previous concepts
• Therefore overviewing previous lectures before the new lecture will be
useful to learn new ones.
• Make use of mathematics to work with the concepts
• Arithmetic, trigonometry, simple calculus, vector algebra.
Subjects of Physics
• Classical mechanics
- motion of objects which are larger than atoms and
move at speeds much smaller than the speed of
light.
• Thermodynamics
- heat, temperature, work and statistical behavior
of system of particles.
• Electromagnetism
- electricity, magnetism, electromagnetic fields.
• Relativity
- motion of objects at any speed
• Optics
- light and its interaction with matter
• Quantum mechanics
- behavior of matter at the atomic and subatomic
level.
Chapter-1 Physics
and Measurement
Standards of Length, Mass , and Time
• The laws of physics are expressed as mathematical
relationships among physical quantities.
• Most of these quantities are derived quantities, in that
they can be expressed as combinations of small
number of basic quantities.
• In mechanics, the three basic quantities are
• Length
• Mass
• Time

• All other quantities in mechanics can be expressed in


terms of these three.
Standards of Length, Mass , and Time

• The results of a measurement are reported by using a


standard to reproduce this measurement.
• In 1960, an international committee established a set of
standards for the fundamental quantities of science.
• It is called SI (Systeme International)
• Unit of length is meter
• Unit of mass is kilogram
• Unit of time is second
• Other SI standards established by the committee are Kelvin
for temperature, ampere for electric current, mole for the
amount of substance, etc.
The International System of Units (SI)
• The second, symbol s, is the SI unit of time.
• The second is equal to the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the
radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine
levels of the unperturbed ground state of the 133Cs atom.

• The meter, symbol m, is the SI unit of length.


• One meter is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum
during a time interval with duration of 1/299 792 458 of a second.

• The kilogram, symbol kg, is the SI unit of mass


• It is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the Planck
constant h to be 6.626 070 15 x 10–34 when expressed in the unit Js,
which is equal to kg m2s–1, where the meter and the second are
defined in terms of c and ΔϑCs.

https://www.bipm.org/en/measurement-units/
In addition to the basic SI units of
meter, kilogram, and second, we can
also use other units, such as
millimeters and nanoseconds, where
the prefixes milli- and nano- denote
multipliers of the basic units based
on various powers of ten.
Dimensional Analysis
• The word dimension has a special meaning in physics. It denotes the
physical nature of a quantity.

• Whether a distance is measured in units of feet or meters or


fathoms, it is still a distance. We say its dimension is length.

• The symbols to specify dimensions of length , mass , and time are L, M,


and T.

• We use [ ] to denote the dimensions of a physical quantity.


Dimensional Analysis
• The word dimension has a special meaning in physics. It denotes the
physical nature of a quantity.

• Whether a distance is measured in units of feet or meters or


fathoms, it is still a distance. We say its dimension is length.

• The symbols to specify dimensions of length , mass , and time are L, M,


and T.

• We use [ ] to denote the dimensions of a physical quantity.

Example:
Conversion of Units
• Sometimes it is necessary to convert units from one
measurement system to another, or convert within a
system, for example , from kilometers to meters.
• Equalities between SI and U.S. customary units of
length are as follows:

• Units can be treated as algebraic quantities that can


cancel each other.
Significant Figures
• When certain quantities are measured, the measured
values are known only to within the limits of the
experimental uncertainty.
• The value of this uncertainty can depend on various
factors, such as the quality of the apparatus, the skill of
the experimenter, and the number of measurements
performed.
• The number of significant figures in a measurement can
be used to express something about the uncertainty.
• The number of significant figures is related to the
number of numerical digits used to express the
measurement.
Significant Figures Conts.
Zeroes
1- If zero is sandwiched between non-zero digits it is a significant figure.
• 4062 has 4 SF.
• 95036 have 5 SF.
• 108005 have 6 SF.
• 6.00309 have 6 SF.

2- Zeroes that come before all non-zero digits are not significant figures.
• 0.00321 has 3 SF.
• 0.000442 has 3 SF.

3- Zeroes that come after non-zero digits are counted as significant figures, depending on
decimal points.
• 45000 has 2 SF / 5SF (not sure about the zeros might be 2 or 5 SF)
• 45000. Has 5 SF.
• 45.000 has 5 SF
• 6262100 has 5 SF / 7SF (not sure about the zeros might be 5 or 7 SF)
• 60.000 has 5 SF
• 300. has 3 SF
• 60000 has 1 SF / 5SF (not sure about the zeros might be 1 or 5 SF)
That why it is important to write numbers with scientific notation (last slide)
Significant Figures Conts.
Multiplication and Division

When multiplying several quantities, the number of significant figures in the final answer
is the same as the number of significant figures in the quantity having the lowest number
of significant figures. The same rule applies to division.

52/22 = 2.681818181818…

Any number that is not zero is counted as significant figure.


52 has 2 significant figures
22 has 2 significant figures

Thus, result must have 2 significant figures:

932/134 = 6.95522388059701
932 has 3 SF, 134 gas 3 SF, thus the result must have 3 SF =
Significant Figures Conts.
Addition and Subtraction
When numbers are added or subtracted, the number of decimal places in the result should
equal the smallest number of decimal places of any term in the sum.

14.0289 + 1.2 = 15.2289 =>

The rule applies if we were adding multiple numbers.

86.00 + 12 + 196.226 = 294.226 =>

Scientific Notation
In the scientific notation we use powers of ten with significant figures, and we give the
result with one decimal point, e.g. 1.5×103g, 1.50×103g, or 1.500×103g if we know
reliable the number of significant figures (two, three and three in this example).

6.23 × 1022 has 3 SF.


6.200 × 103 has 4 SF.
3.0× 1010/ 9.66 × 106 = ?

3.0 / 9.66 = 0.3105590062 The result must be given with 2 SF.


=> 0.31 (after rounding).
But in scientific notation we do not have 0.31 × 104, but 3.1 × 103

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