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Kim

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24 views5 pages

Kim

Uploaded by

jbiltracilowska
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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alphabet:

one phoneme(including vowels) = one sign


phonetic system of writing
derived from abjad (phoenician)
originated on cyprus, where greek speaking people came in contact with
phoenicians (kinda lebanese people)
around 1000 bc
originally from right to left, like arabic or hebrew

linear b disappeared after the collapse of creten empire (idk)

abjad:
alphabets used for semitic languages, developed out of ancient egyptian
writing. it doesn't indicate vowels. one symbol per one consonant.

abugida

logogram
semantic complements(determinatives)
coptic script

alphabet spread from greece to italy

europeans wrote on parchment (dried animal skin) (pergamin) while egyp-


tians on papyrus

eastern christian world - adaptations of the greek alphabet, e.g. gothic, first
well documented eastern germanic language. also armenian and georgian, and
cyryllic.

saint cyril and methodius -


missionaries sent to develop a language for slavic peoples. cyril didn't in-
vent cyrillic script but glagolitic, 100 years before cyrillic.

west christians:
latin
germanic runes; runes
the oldest irish system - ogham runes, still influenced by latin, not indige-
nous.

medieval europeans came up with distinction between upper and lower


case. its typical of latin, greek, cyrillic, armenian and georgian, but not for
semitic or east asian languages.

latin script developed into regional varieties, e.g. german or irish.

(imperial) arameic - language of the persian empire


syriac - main language of christianity in middle east
arabic - developed from arameic

nubia - adaptation of greek writing

matres lectionis - little strokes above or below arabic and hebrew conso-
nants to aid in reading these languages

yiddish - written in hebrew script

persian and urdu and pashto adopted arabic

middle iranian languages that adopted arameic:


middle persian
parthian

sagdian - lingua franca of middle asia

ethiopian semitic languages - half the population of ethiopia


abugida - basic sign for a consonant and then you add something to the con-
sonant to indicate a vowel. no independent sign for every single vowel, but it
marks vowels. marking vowels is obligatory!

most south asians speak indo-aryan languages: hindi/urdu,


bengali(bangladesh), marati, nepali, sanskrit (classical language)

abugida=alphasyllabaries

devanagari - te jezyki z kreską i góry

s-e asia, languages evolved from

sanskrit:
burmese (written on palm leaves), thai, lao(laos), khmer (cambodia)

chinese:
logographic
evolved independently!
written on bamboo
large seal vs small seal (different varieties of characters)
abstract, schematic pictograms
evolved more like cuneiform-from pictures to signs
one character per syllable
rebus principle-use of existing symbols purely for their sound regardless of
their meaning, to represent new words
originally one syllable per a word, now mostly two due to homophony and
incorporating new words
each character has a meaning! no

purely phonetic signs.


clerical script - easier and faster to write, for the sake of beurocracy
2200 characters bruh
pinyin-transliteration from chinese to latin

sinosphere:
Japan
Korea
China
Mongolia
Vietnam

700s old japanese writing

chinese got adopted into other languages as signs or signs+pronunciation


kunyomi - reading chinese signs in japanese
sino-japanese reading(onyomi) -

reading chinese signs in chinese

japanese uses chinese writing without semantic values (characters don't


have meanings themselves)

hiragana and katakana


katakana - sharp, like printed (foreign names, emphasis)
hiragana - cursive, curled, easy to write (for native words and for grammati-
cal relations: verb endings, pronouns)

romagi - latin alphabet adopted to japanese, actually required in japan

korea:
all classical texts were written in chinese
an emperor commissioned some guys

to come up with a new script many centuries ago


firstly, korean script was called women's letters

AncientEgyptianHieroglyphics-Egypchristianity-Coptic Orthodox.LastStage-Greekalphwithmodifiedsymbol-
s.Semantic Complements(also in Cuneiform and Chinese)First Biconsonantal and triconsonantal signs.Monocon-
sonantalater.GivenCombination of cons.corresp.to a givenroot.Cuneiform-Mesopotamia,pictographs,spoken-
Mesopotamia,Sumerian-first recordedINwriting.notRelated toANY.Sumerian-aglutinativeRoot+strings of suf-
fixes. SignsForSyllables-mix of logograph and syllabary.CFadapted to write acadian,elam,hurian, hitajt.LinearB-
bothsyllabic,logographicEL.Greek alphabet developed from the earlier Phoenician script(abjad)Abjad alphabet-
susedForsemitic languages, developed out of ancient egyptian writing.no vowels.one symbol per one consonan-
t.Abugida-alphasyllabary.marking vowels obligatory!UsedInSouth,SoutheastDevanagari,Bengali,Ti-
betan.SPREADOFALPHOrig.righttoleft.AdaptationsofGreekspread:Gothic(notgreek,letterslookderived)AndNu-
bia.Georgian,Armenianscripts look influ by greek.CYRILLIC-800AD,BalkansRussia.LATIN-aftercollapse-
ofRomanEmp.LatinCyrillicGeorgianArmenian inventedUpperLowerCase.Germanic runes-oldestIrish system-
OghamRunes,influenced by latin,notIndigenous.LatinDevIntoRegVarietes:GermanIrish.Arameic:PersianEmpire.-
Syriac-main language of christianity in middle east.Arabic-developed from Arameic.Matres Lectionis-little
strokes above or below arabic and hebrew.Persian,Urdu,Pashto adopted Arabic.YiddishWritteninHebrewScript.-
AshkenaziJewsCentralEastern Europe.Sagdian-AcientIranian(lingua francaMiddle Asia).SouthAsia-indo-aryanL-
NG.Hindi/urdu,Bengali,Marati,Nepali,Sanskrit(related toGreek,Latin,OldPersian)SouthEast-fromSans-
krit(Khmer,Burmese,Thai,Lao)CHINESE:Logograph,bamboo,LargeSmallSeal,Abstr.Pictograms,Orig.one-
SyllPerWord,nowTwo.EachCHmeaning.NoPhoneticSigns.Pinyin.2200CH.JAPANESE:BorrowCHINChar:kan-
ji.onyomi-chineseinchinese.Kunyomi-readChinesesignsInJapanese.Hiragana-syllabary,Cursive,curled,easy to
write.Katakana-syllabary,foreignwords.sharp,like printed.JapUsesChinWritWithoutSemanticValues.Romaji.Ko-
rea,China,Mongolia,Vietnam.

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