Water-Waste (ATA 38

PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 11A - TURBINE AEROPLANE AERODYNAMICS, STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS
Category – B1.1 Sub Module 11.17 - Water / Waste
MODULE 11A
Sub Module 11.17
WATER / WASTE (ATA 38)
ISO 9001 - 2015 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M11A/05 Issue 04, Rev. 00
11.17 July 2022
Contents
WATER SYSTEMS LAY-OUT -------------------------------------------------1

WATER SUPPLY ----------------------------------------------------------------6
WATER SYSTEM DISTRIBUTION -------------------------------------------8
WATER SERVICING --------------------------------------------------------- 14
WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEMS -------------------------------------------- 17
TOILET SYSTEM LAY-OUT ------------------------------------------------- 27
FLUSHING --------------------------------------------------------------------- 33
SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE ---------------------------------------- 40
CORROSION ASPECTS ----------------------------------------------------- 46

11.17 - i July 2022
WATER SYSTEMS LAY-OUT
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of the potable water system is to supply water for

drinking to the galleys and hot and cold water to the wash
basins in the toilets for use by the passengers and crew.
The potable water system allows several galleys and toilets to

be fed from a single tank, so reducing the servicing time for
replenishment. If vacuum toilets are fitted they are flushed using
water from the potable water system.

11.17 - 1 July 2022

11.17 - 2 July 2022
The major components in the potable water system are:
 A tank for storing the potable water,
 An air pressure system to force the water from the tank,
 Distribution lines to deliver the water to the galleys and

lavatories,
 A filling system for tank replenishment through an

exterior service panel,
 A quantity indication system,
 Valves to drain the water from the system.

11.17 - 3 July 2022
WATER TANK
The potable water tank is stored under the passenger floor in a

cradle type structure; the tank is constructed of fiberglass with
metal bands bonded into the fiberglass, these bands act as
reinforcement for the tank and as a means of supporting it in the
cradle. Some older aircraft use stainless steel potable water
tanks. If the aircraft operates in cold climates it may be fitted
with an electric heater blanket to prevent the contents from
freezing. The quantity of water required will depend on the
number of passengers carried and the range of the aircraft.
Various pipelines are connected to the tank components such

as the:
 Tank drain,
 Fill connection,
 Overflow connection (with stand pipe),
 Air pressure connection,
 Supply lines (to galleys and lavatories).
A quantity transmitter system is installed to indicate the tank's

contents; panels on the ends of the tank enable interior
examinations and inspections to be carried out.

11.17 - 4 July 2022

11.17 - 5 July 2022
WATER SUPPLY
The water tank pressurization system provides air pressure into If a compressor is not fitted or for test purposes then an air
the tank to force the water up to the distribution line. The valve (Schrader) can be fitted onto the ground-replenishing
pressurized air is normally supplied by the aircraft's pneumatic panel to enable the tank to be pressurized whilst the pneumatic
system, but some types of aircraft also use an electric system is un-powered.
compressor, which will automatically start when the pneumatic
pressure falls below a predetermined pressure.
The pressurized air passes through the following components

before entering the water tank: -
 Filter, this normally uses a 'throwaway' paper element,
 Pressure regulator, this reduces and controls the air

pressure to about 30 psi,
 A pressure relief valve, which prevents the over-

pressurization of the tank should the regulator
malfunction.
These components are usually located around the tank

assembly. On aircraft using a compressor a riser loop or
plumber's loop is incorporated to prevent water entering the
compressor, the top of the loop is higher than the distribution
ducting, therefore water will always go to the distribution lines
first. A pressure switch in the air pressurization line will start or
stop the compressor as the tank pressure varies.

11.17 - 6 July 2022

11.17 - 7 July 2022
WATER SYSTEM DISTRIBUTION
A main water distribution line is taken from the tank and is

routed up into the cabin ceiling area above the ceiling trim, from
their individual supply lines go to the toilets and galleys. The
distribution lines are usually flexible tubing enclosed in an
aluminum shroud. The flexible tube is normally reinforced with
fiber covering to prevent it from breaking due to freezing. The
outer shroud prevents a leaking water line from dripping onto
the ceiling panels and subsequently onto the passengers. The
shroud will conduct any leaking water to the lower fuselage area
via shroud drain tubes, where it can drain out of the fuselage via
the lower fuselage drains.
A quick disconnect fitting is located above each toilet and galley

to enable the supply line to be disconnected from the toilet or
galley when it has to be removed. A water shutoff valve is
installed at each galley and lavatory to isolate the galleys and
lavatories from the potable water system in case of a
maintenance or operational need.

11.17 - 8 July 2022

11.17 - 9 July 2022
Water Heating
A water heater with a capacity of about 3 pints is installed under

each lavatory sink in the supply plumbing to the hot water tap, If overheating occurs the overheat switch must be manually
and is mounted to the side of the cabinet on brackets. reset by pressing a button on the top of the water heater after a
cooling down period. If the reset operation is successful the light
The heater contains electrical elements inserted in the bottom of will illuminate. The reset switch is normally covered with a
the tank. On the side of the tank is: rubber 'bubble'. A core plug type pressure relief valve in the
water heater is designed to relieve pressures above a specific
 A warning light, value (approx. 140 psi). The primary purpose of the relief valve
is to relieve excessive pressure should the heater overheat due
 A control switch, to a malfunction of the cycling switch or overheat switch.
 An overheat reset switch,

If the water heater requires replacement it can be isolated from
 A relief valve
the potable water system by the lavatory water shutoff valve.
Normally the heater switch will be 'ON' and the light will
illuminate, a cycling switch in the bottom of the water heater will Self-Venting Tap
regulate the water temperature to about 125˚F. As this
temperature is achieved the switch will open but the light A vent valve is incorporated to prevent a vapor lock occurring in
remains ‘ON’. If a malfunction of this switch occurs and the the wash basin taps by opening the tap lines to atmosphere.
temperature of the water exceeds a pre-determined value, the Newer aircraft may have self-venting taps which automatically
overheat switch will operate and interrupt the power to the relieve the vapor lock. Note that in American aircraft, taps are
heater and the light. referred to as faucets.

11.17 - 10 July 2022
FIG 5

11.17 - 11 July 2022
QUANTITY INDICATION Fitted inside the probe are reed switches. As the float, and
therefore the magnets, moves up and down the probe, it will
Although some aircraft use a simple sight gauge by the side of open or close each reed switch that it passes.
the tank to indicate the level of its contents, on large aircraft the
tank, which is usually buried in the lower fuselage, requires a These reed switches are connected to the lights so that:
sensor fitted in the tank to signal a remote quantity indicator in a
location convenient for the cabin staff.  An empty tank will illuminate the empty light,
One method of indication is to use a gauge, inside the cabin on  A 1/4 full tank will illuminate the empty light and the 1/4
the attendant's panel, and a corresponding gauge, which is fed full light,
from the same float and electrical transmitter on the
replenishment/drain panel.  A 1/2 full tank will illuminate the empty light 1/4 and 1/2
full lights,
Another common method of indicating the tank contents is to
use a series of lights controlled by magnetic floats installed in  A 3/4 full tank will illuminate the empty light, 1/4, 1/2 and
the water tank as shown in Fig. b on the next page. In this case 3/4full lights,
the indicators consist of five lights, which will illuminate when
the button on the panel is pressed. There is a light for each of  A full tank will illuminate all the lights.
the following quantities:
 Empty, If the button is pushed and no lights illuminate, not even the
empty light, then it is an indication that there is no power to the
 1/4 full, circuit.
 1/2 full,
 3/4 full,
 Full tank.
The transmitter is a probe in the tank. A float, circular in shape,

and containing magnets will move up and down the probe
following the water level in the tank.

11.17 - 12 July 2022

11.17 - 13 July 2022
WATER SERVICING
Passenger Potable Water Replenishment
The purpose of the potable water system is to supply suitable

treated water for drinking to the galleys and hot and cold water
to the wash basins in the toilets for use by the passengers and
the crew.
The storage water tank is usually situated below the cabin floor.
Its capacity will vary with aircraft type. The water tank is filled
from its own external passenger water service panel. The water
pressure used for replenishment will depend on the tank The water fill connection, under a dirt excluder cap, is where the
construction but is typically above 25psi with a maximum of potable water rig is plugged in to replenish the tank; it is a
55psi on some tanks. standard size coupling.
The contents gauge is only required if the water tank is to be When the tank is at its full capacity the water flows up a stack
partly filled, otherwise the tank is filled until it overflows. pipe in the tank and overflows through the overflow connection
Contents gauges are calibrated in gallons or liters as required. onto the ground, which is remote from the panel.
A typical servicing panel is shown in Figure is normally covered To enable the tank to be vented of pressurizing air and to open
with a flush fitting panel. The servicing panel shown in figure the fill valve in the tank, the water/vent handle is pulled. If the
contains: aircraft has an electrical compressor, pulling this handle will also
shut off the compressor while the tank is being vented. The
 A water fill connection, drain valve handle will allow the potable water tank and the
 A water drain connection, supply lines to be drained through the water drain connection, a
pipe is normally fitted to the connection prior to draining to carry
 A water/vent valve handle, away the drained water.
 A drain valve handle,
 A quantity gauge.

11.17 - 14 July 2022
FIG 8

11.17 - 15 July 2022
The quantity gauge will only be required for part loads otherwise
the tank is replenished until it overflows. If cold conditions are
encountered whilst the aircraft is parked for long periods (i.e.,
overnight) it will be necessary to drain the water system to
prevent fractures caused by frozen lines. If frost damage is to
be avoided all the delivery lines and the tank must be" emptied.
A vent valve is incorporated to prevent a vapor lock occurring in

the wash basin taps by opening the tap lines to atmosphere,
later aircraft have self-venting taps which will automatically
relieve the vapor lock,
Note: if the water system is drained ensure all the water heaters
are turned off.
On modern aircraft for water tank-servicing quantity pre-

selection via a panel located in the cabin is available. This is
made possible by automatic closure of fill valves when selected
quantity is reached. This optimizes aircraft performance and
eases servicing of aircraft.

11.17 - 16 July 2022
These solids may be:
WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
 Original solids such as coffee grounds, tea leaves, fruit
Waste Water Collection and Drainage pulp, food debris, or small items like toothpicks and
toothpaste tube caps.
Waste water collection and drainage systems vary in design.
The waste water drain system connects the galley sinks,  Forming solids resulting from curdling of milk products
lavatory sinks, and floor drains located near doors and galleys mixed with wine or fruit juice.
to the drain masts at the underside of the airplane. Waste water
exits the airplane via these drain masts in flight or on the ground.  Ice caused by malfunction of freeze protection heaters
The waste water drain system is separate and distinct from the on drain lines or drain masts.
toilet waste system which connects to waste holding tanks
inside the airplane. In some types of aircraft, the waste water is Drain system blockage prevention is aimed at keeping solids
drained via electrically heated drain masts under the fuselage. from entering the drains and removing any deposits that may
build up in the drain lines before they completely block the
The wash basin drain plug is normally kept closed when not in drains.
use, to prevent loss of cabin pressure. In other aircraft, the
wash basin waste enters the toilet waste tank. Galley sink strainers, if installed, are used to catch debris that is
inadvertently flushed down galley sinks and prevent it from
Waste Water Drain System clogging the drain further downstream. These strainers are
effective but require regular cleaning to prevent the galley sink
The waste water drain system is designed to handle liquids only. drains from clogging and becoming unusable.
The drain line tubing is of a relatively small diameter (typically
one inch), and the slope of the tubing may be limited. To assist
in drain flow, the system uses the difference between cabin
pressure and external pressure in flight to help push fluids
through the tubing as well as relying on the normal forces of
gravity. Where drain lines may be subject to freezing in flight
they are heated, as in the case of the drain masts.
Drain line blockage can occur when solids are accidentally

placed in the drain system.

11.17 - 17 July 2022
FIG 9

11.17 - 18 July 2022
Waste Water Drain System Usage Precautions

 Flush several quarts of hot or cold potable water down
Precautions in using the galley sinks will help prevent the each galley sink drain during descent and preparation
development of drain system blockages due to original and for arrival to clear residue from the drain lines and drain
forming solids. masts. Milk and wine residue left in the drain system
overnight may solidify.
To prevent original solids from entering the drain system:
 Ensure that cabin personnel are aware of the limitations

and proper use of the waste water drain system.
 Use coffee and tea in prepackaged, single service pouch

form.
 Dispose of coffee grounds, tea bags, food, and other

debris in a waste bin.
 Use a strainer basket in the galley sinks to capture any

food and other small debris that may fall in the sinks.
Disposable baskets may be particularly convenient.
To prevent solids from forming in the drain system:
 Flush a small amount of water after milk products

drained down the sink to clear the drain and assure that
the milk products do not mix directly with wine, fruit juice,
or other acidic liquids.

11.17 - 19 July 2022
POTABLE WATER SYSTEM MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
It should always be remembered that potable water systems are

for human consumption, and therefore strict hygiene
precautions should be exercised at all times.
Whenever supply lines are disconnected for maintenance they

must be immediately blanked to prevent the ingress of dirt. If the
aircraft has been left standing for excessive periods or if
complaints are received of foul tasting water the system will
have to be disinfected and sterilized. This action is laid out in
the Maintenance Manual in Chapter 38 (Water/Waste). Water
carts should always be operated at the specified pressure.

11.17 - 20 July 2022
(usually 1 hour),
Sanitizing of Water Tanks
Basic procedures are as follows:  Open all wash basin and galley taps until the solution
flows through,
 Drain the water system, turn off water heaters,
 Drain off the chlorine solution,
 Remove any water filter cartridges (if fitted),
 Refill and drain with clean drinking water testing the tap
 Charcoal filters are sometimes fitted under the toilet
washbasin.  Outflow until the water no longer tastes of chlorine
(these fills and drain operation to remove the chlorine
 Close all valves and refit filter cases, taste, may need to be repeated three or four times).
Replenish the water system with a chlorine solution; this can be  Finally, replace the charcoal filters (if fitted),
achieved by one of three methods:
 Replenish the water system,
 A concentrated chlorine solution may be introduced first
and then diluted by adding clean water.  Turn on the water heaters.
 Chlorine may be mixed with clean water and then Always put on rubber gloves, goggles and protective clothes to
pumped into the system. prevent infection during this work. Do not get the water with the
disinfectant solution on your skin or in your eyes.
 Chlorine can be added as the system is being filled.
Put a guard around the water faucet outlet to prevent spray from
Note: Do not add more chlorine than is directed as the water the solution getting on adjacent surfaces.
system will then taste of chlorine.
Once the system has been refilled to overflow;

 Close the fill vent valve.
 Leave the solution in the system for the specified time

11.17 - 21 July 2022
Cleaning Of Waste Water Lines  Flush each wastewater drain with clean water.
It is a good practice to clean the wastewater drains (overboard  When the flow of water has stopped, remove the drain
drains) at frequent intervals to prevent drain blockage during hose assemblies from the drain masts.
operations. A procedure commonly used is described below.
Manufacturers’ instructions must be followed always if
applicable.
 Put the one end of the drain hose equipped with a shut
off valve in drain line of each drain mast.
 Ensure that all connections of the waste water system

are tightened. If the connections are loose liquid will flow
into the lower fuselage.
 Put the other end of the drain hose assemblies in a

container.
 Close the shutoff valves on the drain hose assemblies.
 Make a solution of vinegar and water.
 Pour the mixture or approved cleaning material slowly

into the most forward washbasin(s) connected to the
drain mast(s) until it is full.
 Leave the mixture in the wastewater lines for about 1

hour.
 Then, open the shutoff valves on the drain hose

assemblies and drain the mixture from the lines.

11.17 - 22 July 2022
Sampling of the Water System Seal the glass sample bottles and make sure that no
contamination goes into the bottles. Put a tag on the glass
It is necessary for an airline to test the quality of water at sampling bottles. Write down the aircraft registration, the system,
intervals recommended by the manufacturer or as mandated by the location, the date and the time on the tag. Send the entire
the aviation authorities. One must always follow instructions of water sample bottles to a hygienic institute for analysis. Listed
the manufacturer a general guide to accomplish this task is below is atypical water analysis table wherever applicable the
given below. national standards should be adapted. Sampling should be
carried out at the source, water bowser and the aircraft outlets.
Make sure that the equipment you use for this procedure is
clean and Approved for the potable water system. If not, it can
cause contamination of the potable water system.
Only qualified persons are permitted to take samples.
Get samples from the water faucet at these locations:

 At a galley,
 At a lavatory.
It is generally recommended to get the two samples at the

farthest point from the potable-water tank.
Apply a disinfectant to the outlet of the water faucet with a spray

gun or Soak a lint-free cloth with disinfectants and clean the
outer surface of the Water faucet and wait for approximately 1
minute. Use sterile rubber gloves.
Position the sterile glass sample bottle in front of the lavatory

water faucet outlet, before you operate the faucet.
Carefully operate the water faucet, and then fill the clean sterile
glass sample bottles with water.

11.17 - 23 July 2022

11.17 - 24 July 2022
AIRCRAFT WASTE WATER SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
The provision of aircraft toilets is an essential requirement for

any aircraft carrying passengers over long distances. Without
toilet facilities an aircraft's range would be much reduced.
Although considered some what of a joke, aircraft toilets must
be maintained and serviced with care, there is no need for a
toilet or its compartment to give off smells if it is properly
maintained. The passengers' comfort and health must be
protected. It is a sign of the airline's diligence if the toilets are
working correctly, and they are clean and odor free.
There are three types of toilet fitted to aircraft. The type used
will depend upon the number of passengers the aircraft can
carry, and also the age of the aircraft. In all cases it is essential
that the relevant health precautions be observed whenever the
toilet is serviced. Due to the nature of the fluids carried in the
toilet, protection must also be given to the structure of the
aircraft to protect it from corrosion caused by these fluids.
The three types of toilet are:
 Removable toilet assembly,

 Liquid flush type,
 Vacuum toilet assembly.

11.17 - 25 July 2022
REMOVABLE TOILET ASSEMBLIES
The removable, or carry out toilet is the simplest type of aircraft

toilet. This type of waste storage device is often called an Elsan
toilet, and is simply a storage bin, which is filled with a strong
chemical deodorant. A seat is fitted to the top rim of the bin and
when installed in the aircraft the bin is covered by a decorative
laminate material.
After the toilet has been used, the bin is removed complete with
its contents from the aircraft and the contents are disposed of in
an approved dumping site. The storage bin is refilled with the
correct amount of disinfectant and replaced in the aircraft, and
recovered with the decorative shroud. Most removable toilet
assemblies are secured by a quick release method of
attachment such as pip-pins to facilitate removal and fitting. The
carry out toilet is usually fitted to the smaller types of aircraft
that operate over short ranges.

11.17 - 26 July 2022
TOILET SYSTEM LAY-OUT
LIQUID FLUSH TOILETS
Liquid flush toilets are the most common type of toilet found in
passenger aircraft, each toilet is completely self-contained,
having its waste collection tank mounted directly below the toilet
bowl, as shown in Figure.
The toilet bowl and the top of the waste tank are normally
covered by a decorative laminate shroud, which also contains
the toilet seat and cover. The waste tanks are shaped to fit into
the structure of the aircraft and attached to the structure by tie-
rods. Directly below the waste tank is a drain fitting.
The toilet bowl is constructed of stainless steel and the tank

units can be of stainless steel or fiberglass laminate. The tank
capacity will vary depending on the number of passengers
carried and the number of toilets fitted to the aircraft; the usual
capacity is 20 gallons.
The tanks are filled with a pre-charge of a strong chemical

which is a disinfectant, dye and deodorant of about 3 gallons,
this will enable the toilet to be used about 100 times, after which
the toilet should be emptied, cleansed and recharged.

11.17 - 27 July 2022

11.17 - 28 July 2022
Figure 2 shows the equipment that is fitted to the toilet tank and Operation
includes the:
The toilet is an electrically powered flushing unit. It collects
 Motor and pump, waste material in the toilet tank, disinfects, deodorizes, dyes
 Filter, and separates the liquids in the waste and uses these liquids for
flushing purposes.
 Hinged separator,
Toilet flushing is initiated by pushing the toilet flush button; this
 Rinse ring, energizes an electric timer which runs the motor in the waste
 Flush line, tank for a 10 second cycle. The motor is attached to a pump
and a mechanical self-cleaning filter. The pump impeller draws
 Related tubing, liquid through the rotating filter and pumps it through a flush ring
around the top of the toilet bowl with a swirling action. This
 Drain valve. action carries the deposits into the waste tank by opening the
The other items required for toilet operation not fitted to the tank hinged separator. At the end of the 10-second cycle the motor
are: stops and rearms itself ready for the next operation. On the next
operation the motor will reverse its direction to prevent the
 Flush handle, rotating filter becoming entangled with non-decomposable
waste.
 Timer.
These items are found on the cabinet above the toilet bowl
attached to the decorative laminate.

11.17 - 29 July 2022

11.17 - 30 July 2022
Flushing Components Filter Basket
The toilet bowl is mounted on the top of the waste tank; it is The filter basket surrounds the pump inlet, it is fitted to prevent
manufactured of stainless steel and is highly polished to enable the solid waste entering the flush ring, the basket (shown in Fig.
the waste to be easily flushed off its surface. The lower part of 2) that is gear driven by the motor, rotates with the pump. A
the bowl is closed off by a hinged separator which is very lightly stationary knife blade is placed adjacent to the wire mesh to
sprung loaded closed, this separator acts as a sight trap so the keep the exterior surface clear of waste. This type of filter does
waste is covered from the passengers view and also prevents not break down the solid waste into liquid.
splash back of the strong chemical during use.
A flush line, which is a perforated tube, is placed around the top
On the top of the waste tank a reversible three phase 115 Volt of the waste tank; its purpose is to clean the sides of the tank
AC motor is fitted, this assembly drives both the rotating filter whenever replenishment of the chemical takes place through
and an impeller to pump the flushing fluid to the flush ring. The the ground flush line. A tube enters the waste tank from the
pump is self-priming and fitted with a non-corrodible carbon toilet bowl, as the toilet sink also drains its wastewater into the
rotor. The toilet flush motor and pump is removed as a complete waste tank. A vent to atmosphere via a venturi acts as a choke,
unit. to limit the outflow of cabin air when the aircraft is pressurized.
The vent from the cabin and the atmosphere vent ensure that
The filter assembly can be of two types: any odors produced by the waste tank are exhausted overboard.
 Disc filter,
A drain valve spring loaded closed, can be opened to allow the
 Filter basket. waste tank to be emptied via a 4-inch diameter pipe to a
standard Roylin connection on a toilet-servicing vehicle. Some
Disc Filter
aircraft also have lavatory floor drains to allow any liquid spilled
This consists of a stack of flat wheel shaped discs; each disc on the floor covering to be drained during toilet servicing.
being separated by a spacer. The thickness of the spacer
holding the discs apart determines the degree of filtration. A
stationary knife blade is mounted beside the disc stack, and the
blade extends into the slots created by the spacers. When the
filter is rotated by the motor all the waste is combed through the
slots by the cleaner blades and it is then broken down into liquid
waste. This type of filter will break down the waste particles to
300 microns.
11.17 - 31 July 2022
VACUUM TOILETS
Vacuum Toilet Components
On an aircraft fitted with a number of liquid flush toilets there
were two major problems, e.g., the corrosion risk and the time The components of a typical vacuum toilet are shown in Fig.
taken to drain and replenish each individual toilet. Aircraft fitted
with vacuum toilets overcome these problems by having dry Toilet Bowl
toilet assemblies located at convenient points around the
passenger cabin and connected to a centralized storage tank by The toilet bowl is manufactured from stainless steel; some
pipelines. A typical vacuum toilet assembly is shown in Figure manufacturers coat the bowl with Teflon to give it a 'non-stick'
on the next page. effect. A rinse ring around the top of the bowl allows a supply of
clean flushing water to clean the bowl after use.
The vacuum toilet uses a waste container that has a negative
pressure inside it, (vacuum). When the remote toilet bowl is
flushed a valve opens and the waste is sucked down the
pipeline into the storage tank. Water is used for rinsing the bowl
but vacuum toilets use clean water from the drinking water tank,
this water once used also goes to the waste tank.
On large aircraft with many toilets two waste tanks are used, a
number of toilet bowls using one tank the remaining remote
toilets using the other tank. This arrangement ensures that if
one tank is full or not working, the rest of the toilets using the
remaining tank will still be operative.
Whilst the aircraft is flying at altitude a differential pressure

exists between the cabin and the ambient conditions, this
differential pressure can be used to evacuate the air from the
tanks. When the aircraft is at low altitudes or on the ground,
vacuum blowers are used to pump the air from the storage
tanks thus creating a vacuum.

11.17 - 32 July 2022
FLUSHING
Flush Control
The flush control contains a vacuum operated solenoid-

controlled valve, which is opened for flushing. It can be closed
by a manual shut off lever should the valve malfunction, thus
preventing a permanent leak of cabin pressure to atmosphere.
Water Control Valve
The water control valve is a solenoid-operated valve that opens

when the toilet is flushed to put a predetermined amount of
water into the flush ring. This valve can also be manually shut in
case of a leak of water into the cabin, or when the toilet
assembly is removed.
Timing Module
The timing module sequences the flush cycle, it is activated by

the flush handle.
Vacuum Breaker
The vacuum breaker is in the rinse water line between the rinse
ring in the toilet bowl and the water valve. It prevents water
being drawn back into the drinking water system from the rinse
ring.

11.17 - 33 July 2022

11.17 - 34 July 2022
Vacuum Toilet Operation
When the flush handle is operated the cycle is started:
 If the aircraft is at low altitude (below 16,000 ft) the

vacuum blowers are turned on.
 One second later the water valve is opened and pumps

a small amount (6 to 8 ounces) of water to the rinse ring
to clean the toilet bowl.
 The flush valve solenoid is energized, and the valve is

opened using vacuum power. The valve stays open for
four seconds to allow the waste to be sucked into the
waste tank.
 After the cycle is completed the vacuum blowers are

switched off, and the timer returns to the start ready for
the next cycle.

11.17 - 35 July 2022

11.17 - 36 July 2022
WASTE TANKS Vacuum Blower and Differential Connections
The storage tanks are situated over a common drain point. They They provide the tank with a negative pressure source, which
are manufactured from stainless steel with a jacket of fiberglass. source is used depends on the altitude at which the aircraft is
Mountings are fabricated into the tank, and the tanks are flying.
mounted into a cradle, which is held onto the aircraft structure
by support struts. Into the top of the tanks are mounted the Rinse Fittings
connections for toilet operation, that is:
These direct a jet of cleaning fluid from a connection on the
 Waste line connections, ground service panel to clean the level sensors and the inside
of the storage tank.
 Level sensors,
Liquid Separator
 Vacuum blower connection,
This filter prevents the contents of the tank, particularly liquids,
 Differential pressure connection, from entering the vacuum source lines during aircraft
maneuvers.
 Rinse fittings,
 Liquid separator.
Waste Line Connectors
These are the input from the toilet assemblies into the waste
tanks.
Level Sensors
These are fitted to the top of each tank to prevent it over filling.
The level sensor when operated illuminates a light on a cabin
attendant's panel to indicate which toilets are not functioning.

11.17 - 37 July 2022

11.17 - 38 July 2022
FLUSHING THROUGH VACCUM BLOWERS
The vacuum blowers are mounted on the aircraft structure close

to the top of the storage tanks; they are connected to the tanks
by flexible rubber hoses. The blowers are powerful centrifugal
compressors that evacuate the tanks, and are protected by
thermal switches to prevent motor overheat. The blowers are
controlled by the flush switches in the toilets and by aneroid
switches, which will automatically start the motor when the
toilets are flushed and the aircraft altitude is below 16,000 feet.
The motors are cooled by air drawn into the motors via an air
filter, which ensures that no foreign objects are drawn into the
motor.

11.17 - 39 July 2022
SERVICINGANDMAINTENANCE
Toilet Servicing
Toilets are emptied from a toilet servicing point, which is usually

on the underside of the fuselage. A toilet truck with a hose and
connection is fitted to the drain point on the aircraft, the toilet
vehicle's tank is then evacuated and a drain valve is opened in
the drain tube of the toilet. The waste is sucked into the
vehicle's tank from the toilet storage tank.
Also, on the toilet vehicle is a tank containing the pre-charge

fluid, this is pumped into the storage tank through the tank flush
line (liquid flush toilets). Vacuum toilets require no pre-charge
fluid, except for cleaning the tank at regular intervals through
the rinse fittings.

11.17 - 40 July 2022

11.17 - 41 July 2022
Special Features
Toilet Safety and Health Precautions
Many aircraft toilet drainpipe fittings include a safety plug; the
plug is made from rubber or plastic material. The fitment of the The following notes relate to toilets in general, for specific
plug prevents inadvertent drainage of the toilet; it also acts as a precautions you should refer to the aircraft's Maintenance
second seal. The drain cap is prevented from being closed Manual {Chapter 38, Water -Waste).
unless the plug is fitted and the exterior panel will not lie flush if
the cap is not secured.  On completion of maintenance of toilet systems, you
should clean all the tools used.
 Wash your hands with soap and water when you

complete the work on the waste system especially
before eating or smoking.
 Do not run the flush motor if the toilet tank is empty as

overheating could occur.
 Mop up all spilt liquids immediately to prevent corrosion

occurring to the aircraft structure.
 Do not drop cigarette ends down the toilet, as many

toilet pipelines are plastic.
Always use rubber gloves when you do work on the toilet waste
system or on parts that have contamination from the waste
system. Do not work on the waste system and the potable water
system at the same time to prevent contamination of the potable
water system.

11.17 - 42 July 2022

11.17 - 43 July 2022
Cleaning of Waste Lines Make sure that the hose does not go into the waste separator, if
it does, it can cause damage to the waste separator and to the
Prepare the toilet assemblies. waste holding tank.
 Remove the toilet shrouds Put the spray nozzle approximately 1 m into the waste line of
the toilet.
 Close the water shutoff valves in the lavatories.
 Disinfect the toilet assemblies. Warm water, will make the cleaning procedure easier. Operate
the high-pressure water pump. Slowly push the high-pressure
Put specified amount of approved disinfectants in each toilet hose into the waste line. If necessary apply common grease to
assembly of the aircraft and Flush the toilet assemblies. the high-pressure hose. During the cleaning procedure you
must flush the toilet periodically to drain the waste line. Stop the
Apply disinfectants to the toilet bowl, the flush valves and other high-pressure cleaning equipment at specified intervals and
contaminated areas. drain the waste holding tanks.
If a toilet waste line is blocked, the line must be removed and When the spray nozzle does not go further into the waste line:
cleaned before you continue with this procedure.
 Stop the high-pressure water pump,
Drain the waste holding tanks; put plastic sheets on the floor of  Remove the high-pressure hose from the waste line.
the lavatory and the surrounding area to protect the floor
coverings. Do the procedure for all of the toilets on the aircraft.
On completion of the task
Disconnect the toilet assemblies from the aircraft. Assemble the
high-pressure cleaning equipment (VACLAV Cleaner). The  Remove the ground support and maintenance
high-pressure cleaning equipment must have: equipment, the special and standard tools and all other
items.
 A high-pressure water pump-VACLAV Cleaner,
 A high-pressure hose,  Clean and dry the work area with lint-free cloths.
 A spray nozzle-VACLAV Cleaner  Install the toilet

11.17 - 44 July 2022
 Examine the toilet connections and the waste lines for

leaks.
Disinfection of the Waste Tanks
Another method of cleaning the waste line is described below:
Use the toilet service vehicle to fill each waste holding tank with
 Service the waste holding tanks specified amount of approved disinfectants. Make sure that
there is no leaks from the toilet drain connections or the fill/rinse
 Start the procedure at the most forward lavatory. connections.
 Flush the toilet assembly. Turn off the toilet service vehicle and disconnect the service
hoses. Close the caps of the waste drain-line valve and the tank
 Put specific amount of crushed ice into the toilet flush connections. Clean and dry the service panel area with a
assembly. The ice must be crushed, you must not use clean cloth.
ice cubes.
 Put vinegar (10% acetic acid solution) or approved

disinfectant) into the toilet and flush the toilet
immediately.
 Flush the toilet about 3 times to rinse the toilet bowl.
 Do the procedure for all of the toilets on the aircraft.

11.17 - 45 July 2022
CORROSION ASPECTS
All the areas where toilet equipment is fitted must be protected

against corrosion. The effect of many toilet chemicals on
aluminium alloy aircraft structure is severe. All spillages must
be neutralised and cleaned off as soon as possible, whilst
thorough checks of all the areas of the aircraft that could be
affected, must be inspected at regular intervals.
Such areas could be the toilet floor itself and beneath that floor;
the vicinity of the collector tank(s), around the draining/filling
panel and anywhere else the corrosive fumes could affect the
structure.
Some toilet units are enclosed in an anti-corrosion tank. Any

leaks would be self-contained within this tank. The tank would
be connected to the drain lines. The toilet floors may be made
from composite materials to reduce the likelihood of corrosion
damage. All connections in the service panel are sealed off
when the service panel is closed.

11.17 - 46 July 2022

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PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 11A - TURBINE AEROPLANE AERODYNAMICS, STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS

Category – B1.1 Sub Module 11.17 - Water / Waste

WATER / WASTE (ATA 38)

ISO 9001 - 2015 Certified For Training Purpose Only

WATER SYSTEMS LAY-OUT -------------------------------------------------1

ISO 9001 - 2015 Certified For Training Purpose Only

WATER SYSTEMS LAY-OUT

The purpose of the potable water system is to supply water for

The potable water system allows several galleys and toilets to

ISO 9001 - 2015 Certified For Training Purpose Only

ISO 9001 - 2015 Certified For Training Purpose Only

The major components in the potable water system are:

 A tank for storing the potable water,

 An air pressure system to force the water from the tank,

 Distribution lines to deliver the water to the galleys and

 A filling system for tank replenishment through an

 A quantity indication system,

 Valves to drain the water from the system.

ISO 9001 - 2015 Certified For Training Purpose Only

The potable water tank is stored under the passenger floor in a

Various pipelines are connected to the tank components such

A quantity transmitter system is installed to indicate the tank's

ISO 9001 - 2015 Certified For Training Purpose Only

ISO 9001 - 2015 Certified For Training Purpose Only

The pressurized air passes through the following components

 Filter, this normally uses a 'throwaway' paper element,

 Pressure regulator, this reduces and controls the air

 A pressure relief valve, which prevents the over-

These components are usually located around the tank

ISO 9001 - 2015 Certified For Training Purpose Only

ISO 9001 - 2015 Certified For Training Purpose Only

WATER SYSTEM DISTRIBUTION

A main water distribution line is taken from the tank and is

A quick disconnect fitting is located above each toilet and galley

ISO 9001 - 2015 Certified For Training Purpose Only

ISO 9001 - 2015 Certified For Training Purpose Only

A water heater with a capacity of about 3 pints is installed under

 An overheat reset switch,

ISO 9001 - 2015 Certified For Training Purpose Only

ISO 9001 - 2015 Certified For Training Purpose Only

The transmitter is a probe in the tank. A float, circular in shape,

ISO 9001 - 2015 Certified For Training Purpose Only

ISO 9001 - 2015 Certified For Training Purpose Only

Passenger Potable Water Replenishment

The purpose of the potable water system is to supply suitable

ISO 9001 - 2015 Certified For Training Purpose Only

ISO 9001 - 2015 Certified For Training Purpose Only

A vent valve is incorporated to prevent a vapor lock occurring in

On modern aircraft for water tank-servicing quantity pre-

ISO 9001 - 2015 Certified For Training Purpose Only

Drain line blockage can occur when solids are accidentally

ISO 9001 - 2015 Certified For Training Purpose Only

ISO 9001 - 2015 Certified For Training Purpose Only

Waste Water Drain System Usage Precautions

 Ensure that cabin personnel are aware of the limitations

 Use coffee and tea in prepackaged, single service pouch

 Dispose of coffee grounds, tea bags, food, and other

 Use a strainer basket in the galley sinks to capture any

To prevent solids from forming in the drain system: