Scribd
Upload
21 views

Tutorial 4 Analog Transmission

Uploaded by

w794rt44rt
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
21 views

Tutorial 4 Analog Transmission

Uploaded by

w794rt44rt
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA SHAH

COLLEGE OF ALAM AND MATHEMATICS


COMPUTING, INFORMATIC

Tutorial 4: Analog Transmission


Name: NUR HAIJA NAJWA BINTI BASARUDIN
Class:CDCS2402B
Subject: ITT400
Instructions
a. Answer all questions.
b. Please submit your tutorial in Google Classroom in PDF File.

1. Define analog transmission.


- Analog transmission refers to the transmission of analog signals using a band-pass channel.
Baseband digital or analog signal are converted to a complex analog signal with a range of
frequencies suitable for the channel.
2. Define carrier signal and explain its role in analog transmission.
- A carrier is a single-frequency signal that has one of its characteristics (amplitude, frequency,
or phase) changed to represent the baseband signal.
3. Explain three characteristic of a complete signal wave and draw and label each of the
characteristic.
-Three characteristics of a complete signal wave are amplitude, frequency and phase. Amplitude
in a waveform represents the height of the waveform from the baseline (zero level) to its
maximum peak. It indicates the intensity or power of the signal. Frequency refers to the number
of complete cycles of the waveform that occur in a unit of time. Phase refers to the position of
the waveform relative to a reference point in time. It represents the time shift of the waveform
compared to a reference waveform.
4. What is a Carrier Frequency?
- A carrier frequency is a specific frequency used to carry a signal in a communication system.
In various modulation techniques like Amplitude Modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation
(FM), and Phase Modulation (PM), the carrier frequency remains constant while the
characteristics of the carrier wave, such as amplitudes, frequency, or phase are modified to
encode the information being transmitted.
5. Define digital-to-analog conversion.
-The process of changing one of the characteristics of an analog signal based on the information
in digital data is called digital-to-analog v=convertion. It also called modulation of a digital signal.
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA SHAH
COLLEGE OF ALAM AND MATHEMATICS
COMPUTING, INFORMATIC

The baseband digital signal representing the digital data modulates the carrier to create a
broadband analog signal.

6. List and explain all types of digital to analog conversion that you have learned.
-Types of digital-to-analog conversion is amplitude shift keying(ASK), frequency shift keying
(FSK), phase shift keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).
-In ASK, the amplitude of the carrier signal is changed to create signal elements and both
frequency and phase remain constant.
-In FSK, the frequency of the carrier signal is varied to represent data and both peak amplitude
and phase remain constant.
-In PSK, the phase of the carrier is varied to represent two or more different signal elements and
both amplitude and frequency are remained constant. QAM is a combination of ASK and PSK.
-QAM used on asymmetric digital subscriber line and send two different signals simultaneously
on same carrier frequency.
7. Which of the four digital-to-analog conversion techniques (ASK, FSK, PSK or QAM) is the most
susceptible to noise? Defend your answer.
-The most susceptible technique is ASK because the amplitude is more affected by noise than
the phase or frequency.
8. Define constellation diagram and explain its role in analog transmission.
-A constellation diagram can help us define the amplitude and phase of a signal element,
particularly when we are using two carrier. The diagram is useful when we are dealing with
multilevel ASK, PSK, or QAM. In a constellation diagram, a signal element type is represented as
a dot. The bit or combination of bits it can carry is often written next to it. The diagram has two
exes. The horizontal X axis is related to the-phase carrier, the vertical Y axis is related to the
quadrature carrier.
9. What are the two components of a signal when the signal is represented on a constellation
diagram? Which component is shown on the horizontal axis? Which is shown on the vertical
axis?
-The two components of a signal are called I and Q. The I components is shown on the horizontal
axis while the Q components called quadrature is shown on the vertical axis.
10. Define analog-to-analog conversion.
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA SHAH
COLLEGE OF ALAM AND MATHEMATICS
COMPUTING, INFORMATIC

-The process of changing one of the characteristics of an analog signal to represent the
instantaneous amplitude of a baseband signal is called analog-to-analog conversion. It is also
called the madulation of an analog signal; the baseband analog modulates the carrier to create a
broadband analog signal.
11. Which characteristics of an analog signal are changed to represent the lowpass analog signal in
each of the following analog-to-analog conversions?
a. AM because analog signals are continuous signals whose time-varying properties are
depiction of other time-varying quantities. Changes the amplitude of the carrier.
b. FM changes the frequency of the carrier
c. PM changes the phase of the carrier
12. Which of the three analog-to-analog conversion techniques (AM, FM, or PM) is the most
susceptible to noise? Defend your answer.

-Amplitude modulation (AM) is the most susceptible to noise because any noise introduced
during transmission directly affects the amplitude of the signal.

13. Calculate the baud rate for the given bit rate and type of modulation.
a. 4000 bps, FSK
baud rate = 4000 bps/1
baud rate = 40000 baud
b. 2000 bps, ASK
Baud rate = 2000 bps/1
Baud rate = 2000 baud
c. 4000 bps, QPSK
Baud rate = 4000 bps/2
Baud rate = 2000 baud
d. 42,000 bps, 64-QAM
Baud rate = 42000 bps/6
Baud rate = 7000 baud
14. Calculate the bit rate for the given baud rate and type of modulation.
a. 2000 baud, FSK
N=rxS
N = 1 x 2000
N = 2000 bps
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA SHAH
COLLEGE OF ALAM AND MATHEMATICS
COMPUTING, INFORMATIC

b. 3000 baud, ASK


N=rxS
N = 1 x 3000
N = 3000 bps
c. 4000 baud, BPSK
N=rxS
N = 1 x 4000
N = 4000 bps
d. 5000 baud, 16-QAM
N=rxS
N = 4 x 5000
N = 20,000 bps
15. What is the number of bits per baud for the following techniques?
a. ASK with four different amplitudes
log₂ 4 = 2
b. FSK with eight different frequencies
log₂ 8 = 3
c. PSK with four different phases
log₂ 4 = 2
d. QAM with a constellation of 128 points
log₂ 128 = 7
16. Draw the constellation diagram for the following:
a. ASK, with peak amplitude values of 1 and 3
b. BPSK, with a peak amplitude value of 2
c. QPSK, with a peak amplitude value of 3
d. 8-QAM with two different peak amplitude values, 1 and 3, and four different phases
17. Given a system has a data rate of 4000 bps and sends a data size of 4 bits a time. The digital data
is modulated on a carrier signal of 10 MHz using FSK.
a. Calculate the number of different frequencies required.
-number of different frequencies required is 2
b. Calculate the baud rate.
Band rate = 4000/4
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA SHAH
COLLEGE OF ALAM AND MATHEMATICS
COMPUTING, INFORMATIC

Band rate = 1000 baud


c. Calculate the bandwidth.

∆f = 10MHz/2

∆f = 5MHz

1000 baud = 1 Hz

Bandwidth = (1+d) x S +2∆f

Bandwidth = 2 x (5MHz + 1000 Hz)

Bandwidth = 2 x (5MHz + 0.001 MHz)

= 10.002 MHz

You might also like