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POWER TRANSFORMER MONITORING AND CONTROLLING USING GSM

Thesis · January 2023

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.18607.71844

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 POWER TRANSFORMER MONITORING AND
CONTROLLING USING GSM

A Project report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Submitted by
Name: Bm Salauddin
ID : 191-33-5088

Name: Md. Jamil Hossain

ID : 191-33-5125

Supervised by
Md. Dara Abdus Satter
Associate Professor and Associate Head
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Faculty of Engineering
DAFFODIL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

MAY, 2023

©Daffodil International University

 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this project “POWER TRANSFORMER MONITORING AND

CONTROLLING USING GSM” represents my work which has been done in the
laboratories of the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering under the
Faculty of Engineering of Daffodil International University in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronic
Engineering and has not been previously included in a thesis or dissertation submitted
to this or any other institution for a degree, diploma or other qualifications. I have
attempted to identify all the risks related to this research that may arise in conducting
this research, obtained the relevant ethical and/or safety approval (where applicable),
and acknowledged my obligations and the rights of the participants.

Signature of the candidates

_____________________
Name: Bm Salauddin
ID: 191-33-5088

_____________________
Name: Md. Jamil Hossain
ID: 191-33-5125

©Daffodil International University

 APPROVAL

The project entitled “POWER TRANSFORMER MONITORING AND

CONTROLLING USING GSM” submitted by Bm Salauddin (191-33-5088) & Md.
Jamil Hossain (191-33-5125) has been done under my supervision and accepted as
satisfactory in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of
Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering in May, 2023.

Signed

____________________
Md. Dara Abdus Satter
Associate Professor and Associate Head
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Daffodil International University

©Daffodil International University

 Dedicated
To
Our Parents
&
Teachers

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES V
LIST OF TABLES VI
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS VII
LIST OF SYMBOLS VIII
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 9
ABSTRACT 10
CHAPTER 1 11
INTRODUCTION 11
1.1 BACKGROUND 11
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT 11
1.3 OBJECTIVE 12
1.4 BRIEF METHODOLOGY 12
1.5 ORGANIZATION / STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT 13
CHAPTER 2 14
LITERATURE REVIEW 14
2.1 INTRODUCTION 14
2.3 COMPARE AND CONTRAST 16
2.4 SUMMARY 16
CHAPTER 3 17
MATERIALS AND METHODS [PROJECT/SYSTEM DESIGN] 17
3.1 INTRODUCTION 17
3.2 SYSTEM DESIGN AND COMPONENTS 17
3.3 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS. STANDARDS AND CONSTRAINTS 37
3.4 SYSTEM ANALYSIS OR DESIGN ANALYSIS 39
3.5 SIMULATION [IMPLEMENTATION] 40
3.6 SUMMARY 41
CHAPTER 4 42
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 42
4.1 OBSERVATIONS 42
4.2 DISCUSSIONS 45
CHAPTER 5 46
PROJECT MANAGEMENT 46
5.1 TASK, SCHEDULE, AND MILESTONES 46
5.2 GANTT CHART 48
5.2 RESOURCES AND COST MANAGEMENT 49
5.3 LESSON LEARNED 50

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CHAPTER 6 51
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE PROJECT 51
6.1 ECONOMICAL, SOCIETAL AND GLOBAL IMPACT 51
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES 51
6.3 UTILIZATION OF EXISTING STANDARDS OR CODES 51
CHAPTER 7 52
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 52
7.1 CONCLUSIONS 52
7.2 NEW SKILLS AND EXPERIENCES LEARNED 52
7.3 FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS 53
REFERENCES 54
REFERENCES 54
APPENDIX A 55
TURNITIN REPORT 55
APPENDIX B 56
COMPLEX ENGINEERING PROBLEM SOLVING AND ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES 56
APPENDIX C 58
PROGRAM CODE 58
APPENDIX D 63
DATASHEET OF COMPONENTS 63

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No Figure Name Page No.

Fig. 1 The block diagram of the system 18

Fig. 2 Flowchart for transformer load condition 19

Fig. 3 Circuit diagram of the monitoring System 19

Fig. 4 Pin diagram of Current Sensor 22

Fig. 5 Sensors (Current Sensor & Temperature Sensor) 25

Fig. 6(a) Ultrasonic Sensor 25

Fig. 6(b) Ultrasonic sensor diagram. (Robo Galaxy) 26

Fig. 7 Smoothing Capacitor 28

Fig. 8(a) SIM900D GSM 30

Fig. 8(b) Top view of SIM900D EVB 30

Fig. 9 Arduino UNO 34

Fig. 10 Connector Pinouts of Arduino board 35

Fig. 11 20x4 Character LCD Display 36

Fig. 12 Pin diagram of LCD 37

Fig. 13 Circuit diagram of the System 38

Fig. 14 Circuit Diagram of the System with Relay 39

Fig. 15 Results 42, 43,44

Fig. 16 Simulation Circuit 44

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table No Fig. Name Page No.

Table 1.1 Used Sensors 21

Table 2.1 Technical Overview 36

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

GSM Global System of Mobile Communication

GPRS General Packet Radio Services

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

NetCBM Network Condition-Based Monitoring

SFRA Sweep Frequency Response Analysis

DT Distribution Transformer

ADC Analogue to Digital Converter

SMS Short Message Service

EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-only Memory

M2H Machine-to-Human Communications

DTCM Distribution Transformer Condition Monitoring

VCC Voltage Common Collector

DC/AC Direct Current/Alternating Current

M2M Machine-to-Machine Communications

PDA Personal Digital Assistant

NC/NO Normally Closed/Normally Open

SMT Surface-Mount Technology

TCP Transmission Control Protocol

IP Internet Protocol

CMOS Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor

IDE Integrated Development Environment

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 LIST OF SYMBOLS

Symbol Name of the symbol

 Unit for resistance, reactance

A Unit for electric current

V Unit for electric potential

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, we want to give thanks to Almighty Allah. With his blessing, we are able
to complete our work with the best effort.
We want to pay our utmost respect to our Supervisor Md. Dara Abdus Satter,
Associate Professor and Associate Head of the Department of EEE, Daffodil
International University for who has given us the chance to work on an impactful idea
and taken care of every issue of development of this concept. Then we would like to
take this opportunity to express gratitude to our supervisor for being dedicated to
supporting, motivating, and guiding us throughout this project. This project can’t be
done without his useful advice and help. Also, thank him very much for allowing us to
work on this project.
We also want to convey our thankfulness to Anup Kumar Modak, Lecturer at Dept of
EEE, Daffodil International University for his support and encouragement. Apart from
that, we would like to thank our entire class fellows for sharing knowledge; information
and helping us in making this project a success. To our beloved family, we want to give
them our deepest love and gratitude for being very supportive and also for their
inspiration and encouragement during our studies in this Institution.

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 ABSTRACT

The reliability and health of the distribution power transformers have long been a
concern. One transformer’s characteristic, such as power, current, voltage, or phase,
can often only be detected by standard transformer measurement equipment. Despite
the fact that some methods can identify several factors, the acquisition time, operation
parameters, and testing speed are all too long. In contrast, a monitoring system that can
continually check the transformer's temperature and forecast failures such as
overheating and overcurrent, then relay the fault diagnosis to the base station through a
GSM modem, is created in this work. To avoid any catastrophic distribution
transformer failures, corrective action can be conducted right away after obtaining
notification of any irregularity. The ATmega328 microcontroller, the GSM modem, the
LM35 temperature sensor, the ACS712 current sensor, and other important parts were
employed in this creation. Since manual monitoring of the load current and ambient
temperature rise is not always possible, GSM-based distribution transformer
monitoring is preferred.

Keywords: GSM Modem, Distribution Transformer, Monitoring, Overload, Temperature,

Arduino, Sensor

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
We live in an era of time where we can’t think of even a single moment without
electricity. Electrical power is needed in our everyday life. It’s important to maintain
electricity properly. Electricity is produced from various sources then it needs to be
transmission and distribution to the users. But as thinking, electricity came at home not
just like that it is easy to generate and distribute in all surrounding area. After the
production of electricity, the transformer is played an important role in the transmission
and distribution of electricity. As the electrical power is not stored so its transmission
and distribution are very important and does not possible without a transformer. Hence
there is a large amount of electric power is distributed from the substation to complete
the requirements of all of us. There are many more steps to reach it at a specific distance
without any fault with the specified required amount. It’s needed to check and protect
the transformer’s health.

1.2 Problem Statement

We require a system that can control the transformer remotely without losing time for
health monitoring and control from many types of problems, such as oil level, load
current, temperature, and so on. However, if they are overloaded, their lifespan is
significantly reduced since this results in unanticipated failures, supply loss to many
consumers, and decreased system reliability. The two main factors that contribute to
distribution transformer failure are overloading and inadequate transformer cooling.
This issue can be resolved by a GSM-based networking system using numerous sensors
for measurement, defect identification using the default value, and prompt short
message service transmission of the record data to the control room (SMS). All the
operation is operated by the Arduino Uno which is an open-source microcontroller
board based on the Microchip ATmega328P microcontroller.

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1.3 Objective
To activate the transformer without any trouble or delay in performance, it needs to
check its health so that it doesn’t stop or drain the transformer's lifetime. And in this
reason, we use the system “Power Transformer Monitoring and Controlling Using
GSM”.

1.4 Brief Methodology

We used Arduino Uno as our primary microcontroller. It will work as the heart of the
system; all other measurement circuitries will be interfaced through this. Besides the
microcontroller, we have used the current sensor ACS712ELCTR-05B-T and
temperature sensor LM35 and we also have used an ultrasonic sensor (HC SR-04) for
measuring the oil level of the transformer. Alongside we also have used a supply unit
such as an Alternator, consisting of a transformer TRAN-2P2S. Here GSM module
(SIM900D) is used to send the recorded data. When we give supply to our system, all
the sensor starts sensing the current, oil level, and temperature and update all the real-
time values to the server as well as shows on the display (LM044L) 20*4 Alphanumeric
LCD. It compares all the real-time values with the pre-defined values, if any of the
values exceed pre-defined values it sends a fault alert to the relay as well as updates it
on the display.

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1.5 Organization / Structure of the Report
From Chapter 1 we are known about our project’s background which is describe the
project briefly. Our project’s topic “Power Transformer Monitoring and Controlling
Using GSM” is to protect the transformer. We discussed the methodology of our project
in this chapter.
In Chapter 2, a literature review is given where some related papers are added and then
compare to our work with this.
Now the next Chapter is chapter 3, where all the components are described by their
characteristics, and then the main part of our project is described and the
implementation design is added in this chapter. We made a simulation work for our
project which is added in term and an analysis report is given here. The whole report is
provided as the main part of this chapter.
Chapter 4 is talking about the results of the simulation. After completion of the circuit
simulation when we run the simulation then it gives the result or output and the result
is shown in the display.
Project management is discussed in chapter 5, where the task or duration is calculated.
Also, discuss what we want to do in this project. Here we add our task/duration “Gantt
Chart” which given the work’s schedule means when we start our work and how much
time it takes to complete.
Then in chapter 6, the impact of project is described as economic, societal, and
environmental issues.
And last chapter 7 added the conclusion and future recommendations.

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction
A transformer is a crucial part of the network of the electricity system. Power systems
face significant obstacles in data collecting, condition monitoring, automatic
controlling, and protection since there are so many transformers dispersed across such
a broad area in various segments. Thermal overload and inrush currents are problems
that transformers can handle. [1] Absent condition monitoring, transformer downtime
might reach 20% of its life cycle. By using the right condition-monitoring systems, this
can be decreased to less than 2%. Some of the current industrial practices in DT
condition monitoring have been identified by a survey, including I online monitoring
using SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System), (ii) sweep
frequency response analysis (SFRA), (iii) network condition-based monitoring
(NetCBM), (v) using a Zigbee and Arduino board, and (vi) using GSM and GPRS
systems. GSM-based remote distribution transformer condition monitoring is one of
these techniques that is used in this study due to various logical benefits. GSM
technology was chosen because it can monitor individual DTs remotely and is more
user-friendly, whereas alternative approaches, such as the widely used SCADA, are
more expensive and localized. Using GSM-based remote condition monitoring of DT
operational parameters in real-time helps to detect incipient failures and notify field
engineers via alert text SMS. The aberrant condition reported is critical for decision-
making and assessment, which aids in reducing downtime and maintenance costs,
boosting total equipment life, and assisting in preserving system reliability. [2]

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2.2 Related Research/ Works
Author 1. Distribution Transformer Monitoring and Controlling using GSM
Modem

The purpose of this project is to acquire the remote electrical parameters like voltage,
current, and temperature and send these real-time values over the network at the power
station. This project is also designed to protect the electrical circuitry by operating a
relay that gets activated whenever the parameters exceed the predefined limits. [3]

Author 2. Monitoring and Control Of 500 KVA Transformer Through GSM

Based Raspberry Pi Controller

A monitoring system, which integrates a Global Mobile System (GSM) modem with a
standalone single-chip Raspberry PI3 controller, works like a mini-computer. When
there is any abnormal or emergency condition, the system sends a short message
through GMS based mobile network i.e SMS to the mobile phone. [4]

Author 3. GSM Based Remote Distribution Transformer Condition Monitoring

System

The main motive of this thesis research pertains to designing and implementing a
remote machine-to-human (M2H) communication system that provides a remote
distribution transformer condition monitoring (DTCM) system. The proposed system
is a remote mobile embedded system that integrates a GSM/GPRS module, interfaced
with an Arduino microcontroller board, and sensors. [2]

Author 4. Design and Implementation of a GSM-based Monitoring System for a

Distribution Transformer

A monitoring system that can continuously check the distribution transformer's

temperature level and predict faults such as overheating and overcurrent has been
developed. Fault diagnosis is relayed to the base station through a GSM modem. After
receiving the message of any abnormality remedial action can be taken immediately.
[5]

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Author 5. GSM-Based Distribution Transformer Monitoring System

A monitoring system that can continuously check the distribution transformer's

temperature level and predict faults such as overheating and overcurrent has been
developed. Fault diagnosis is relayed to the base station through a GSM modem. After
receiving the message of any abnormality remedial action can be taken immediately.
[6]

2.3 Compare and Contrast

A monitoring system that can continually check the transformer's temperature and
forecast failures such as overheating and overcurrent, is created in this work. To avoid
any catastrophic distribution transformer failures, corrective action can be conducted
right away after receiving notification of any irregularity. The ATmega328
microcontroller, the GSM modem, the LM35 temperature sensor, the ACS712 current
sensor, and other important parts were employed in this creation.
When we start this work, we find out some problems that there are no valid or
informative resources papers. That means all the papers are low in information and
incomplete work. We have worked on this purpose and redesigned the circuit design to
make this project successful. We also saw the other’s research and work on this topic
and we are trying to make it a resourceful and clear concept.

2.4 Summary
A literature review is a document or section of a document that gathers important
sources on a subject and converses about those sources with one another (also called
synthesis). Not just in literature but throughout many disciplines, the literature review
is a crucial genre (i.e., the study of works of literature such as novels and plays). The
research (scholarship) on a certain topic is what we are referring to when we use the
terms "literature review" or "the literature." The words " research," " scholarship," and
"literature" are frequently used synonymously.

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 CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS [PROJECT/SYSTEM DESIGN]

3.1 Introduction
This chapter provides information about the project's hardware implementation. With
the aid of a circuit diagram and a thorough explanation of the circuit diagram, it
describes the design and how the design functions. It explains the ATmega328P 8bit
microcontroller's functionality, programming, and serial connectivity. It also describes
the many modules that were employed in this project.

3.2 System Design and Components

3.2.1 Methods

The design and construction of a mobile embedded system to track and record important
distribution transformers operation indicators, such as load currents, transformer oil,
and ambient temperatures, are presented in this work. The suggested online monitoring
system combines a stand-alone single-chip microprocessor, a Global Service Mobile
(GSM) Modem, and sensor packages. The embedded system's integrated 8-channel
analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is used to record the aforementioned parameters at
the distribution transformer installation site. The parameters that have been acquired
are processed and stored in the system memory. According to the established
instructions and policies maintained, the system sends an SMS (Short Message Service)
message to specific mobile phones with information about any anomaly or emergency
scenario. According to some established instructions and policies recorded on the
embedded system EEPROM, the system sends an SMS (Short Message Service)
message providing information about any irregularity or emergency scenario to specific
mobile phones. Additionally, it utilizes the GSM modem to transmit an SMS to a central
database for additional processing. With the aid of this portable device, utilities will be
able to make the best use of transformers and spot issues before they become serious.

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3. 2. 2 Block diagram

The block diagram, flowchart for transformer load condition, and circuit diagram of the
proposed GSM-based transformer monitoring system are shown in Fig. 1, 2, and 3
respectively.

POWER
LOAD SUPPLY

D
TEMPERATURE LCD
SENSOR

ADC
Microcontroller
OIL LEVEL
SENSOR SM
GSM

CURRENT
SENSOR

Fig. 1. The block diagram of the system.

From Fig. 1, it will be noticed that the key components of the proposed
system include a microcontroller, temperature and current sensor, GSM
modem, liquid crystal display (LCD), and an ADC.

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 Fig. 2. Flowchart for transformer load
condition

Fig. 3. Circuit diagram of the monitoring System

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3.2.3 Components
❖ Components Used:
❖ Sensors (Current sensor, Temperature sensor, Ultrasonic sensor)
❖ Power Supply
❖ Rectifiers
❖ Smoothing
❖ Transformer
❖ GSM Modem (SIM900D)
❖ Arduino UNO
❖ Alphanumeric LCD Display (4x20)
❖ Light (100 watts)
❖ Relay

Sensors
On the transformer site, sensors are mounted to read and quantify the physical quantity
coming from the distribution transformer before converting it to an analog signal. The
load current, ambient temperature, winding temperature, oil temperature, and oil level
are all sensed via sensors. When touched, a sensor is an object that detects signals and
reacts accordingly. For online monitoring, a wide range of distinct measurable variables
can be gathered. However, using the complete spectrum is extremely infrequently
helpful. Consequently, depending on the age and condition of a particular transformer,
sensor technology must be modified to meet its unique requirements.
Following the general set-up of sensors for example is proposed for use at a Distribution
transformer:
• PT100 to measure top oil temperature
• PT100 to measure ambient temperature
• C.T to measure load current (single phase)
• Determination of voltage at measurement tap of bushing (three phases) 6
• Estimation of oil pressure of bushing
• Sensor to measure humidity in oil
• Sensor for measuring gas-in-oil content

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It is fundamental to measure the electrical variables' load current and operating voltage
directly at the transformer. A bushing-type current transformer is used for load current
measurement. [7]
The evaluation of this measuring signal, together with the dependency on the
temperature of the oil and the load current, provides a reliable basis for the continuous
operation of the transformer. In the event of an increase in gas-in-oil content, an
immediate reaction can be affected via an offline dissolved gas analysis to determine
the concentration of the other components dissolved in the oil to clarify the cause of the
potential damage. [7]
Oil wetness is detected using a capacitive thin film sensor. An increase in the amount
of water in oil can be caused by several factors. The transformer's oil may become
polluted with water following incorrect shipping and installation. The oil in the
conservator may absorb moisture as a result of the transformer breathing. The water-
in-oil content is a key sign of the status of winding insulation since water is both a cause
and a result of paper degradation.
Table 1.1 Used Sensors

Serial No Parameter Sensors used

1 Phase Current Current Sensor
2 Internal Temperature Temperature Sensor
3 Oil level Ultrasonic Sensor

1. ACS712 Current Sensor

Full-scale values of 30A are available for this current sensor. The Allegro ACS712ELC
chip, which employs the Hall-effect principle, acts as the sensor's base. When a current-
carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, a voltage is formed across its edges
that is perpendicular to both the current direction and the magnetic field.

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 Fig. 4 Pin diagram of Current Sensor

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IP+ & IP-
To the system where you measure the current, connect the sensor in series. Cut the
circuit line and join IP+ and IP- on opposite ends of the wire. Remember the lectures
you heard in high school? Current can only be measured in series. Therefore, avoid
connecting the sensor in parallel. Connecting it in parallel could harm it.
VIout
The voltage leaving the pin is called VIout. In other words, if there is any variation in
the current, the ACS712 outputs analog voltage on the VIOUT pin, which corresponds
to any variation across the IP+ and IP- pins.
The voltage of the idle output (VIOUT(Q)). When the primary current is zero, the
device's output is active. It should remain at VCC 2 for a unipolar supply voltage. Thus,
VCC = 5 V equals VIOUT(Q) = 2.5 V. The resolution of the Acs712 can explain the
variation in VIOUT(Q). If the Acs712 is powered by 5v (Vcc=5v) and no current flows
from the input, the VIout will be 2.5v. At a 5v input, the base voltage is 2.5v, and every
change in the input current causes a change in the output voltage. When current flows
through the acs712 pins, VIout decreases.
Acs712 is available in the market in three ratings.

ACS712ELCTR-05B-T
ACS712ELCTR-20A-T
ACS712ELCTR-30A-T
The ACS712ELCTR-05B-T can measure currents ranging from 5 to -5 amps. In this
case, a 185 mV change in output voltage from the initial state corresponds to a 1-ampere
change in input current. (This model was used in this project.)
The ACS712ELCTR-20A-T can monitor currents ranging from 20 to -20 amps, where
a 100 mV change in the output voltage from the beginning state corresponds to a 1-amp
change in the input current.
The ACS712ELCTR-30A-T can monitor currents ranging from 30 to -30 amps. In this
case, a 66 mV change in output voltage from the initial state corresponds to a 1-ampere
change in input current.

Acs712 DC current measurement formula

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Current = (AcsOffset – (Arduino measured analog reading)) / Sensitivity

When no current is present in the circuit, AcsOffset represents the typical voltage output
at the VIout pin.
The analog signal value read and converted to actual voltage from the analog channel
to which the acs712 output is linked is the analog signal reading obtained from an
Arduino.
Acs712 change in current representing 1 Ampere is the sensitivity. The above image
has all of the ACs712 variants.

2. LM 35-aTemperature Sensor
A temperature sensor called the LM35 can monitor temperatures between 0 and 150
degrees Celsius. The device has three terminals and produces an analog voltage that is
proportional to temperature. As the temperature rises, the output voltage rises as well.
An ADC may convert the output analog voltage to digital form, which can subsequently
be processed by a microcontroller.

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Commercially available current and temperature sensors are shown in Fig. 5 (a) and (b)
respectively.

(a) (b)
Fig. 5. Sensors (a)ACS712 current sensor (b)LM 35- temperature sensor

3. Ultrasonic sensor

An ultrasonic sensor is a piece of technology that uses ultrasonic sound waves to detect
a target object's distance before receiving an electrical signal from the sound that is
reflected back at it. The speed of audible sound is exceeded by ultrasonic waves (i.e.,
the sound that humans can hear). The transmitter, which uses piezoelectric crystals to
create sound, and the receiver are the two primary parts of an ultrasonic sensor (which
encounters the sound after it has traveled to and from the target). [8]

Fig. 6. (a) Ultrasonic Sensor

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 Fig. 6. (b) Ultrasonic sensor diagram. (Robo Galaxy)

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Power Supply Circuit

The circuit from which we obtain the desired dc voltage to power the other circuits is
the power supply. Although the other parts of our circuit need 5 volts DC, the power
we receive from the main line is 230 volts AC. Therefore, 12 V AC is obtained using a
step-down transformer, and 12 V DC is then obtained using a rectifier. Even though the
rectifier's output is a pulsed DC signal and has DC signal, there are still some ripples in
it. DC power filter circuits are used to smooth power and remove ripples. A capacitor
is utilized here. The positive voltage regulator chip 7805 reduces the 12V DC rating to
5V. The result is a fixed DC voltage of 5 volts. [7]
A 5V regulated supply is taken as followed:

Each of the blocks is described below:

Transformers reduce the mains' high-voltage AC to low-voltage AC.
The output of a rectifier, which converts AC to DC, varies.
The smoothing process reduces the DC's wide variations to a slight ripple.
Regulator: By fixing the DC output voltage, it avoids rippling.
Rectifiers

Rectifiers are electrical components that change alternating current (AC), which
occasionally flips direction, to direct current (DC), which only flows in one direction.
An inverter handles the reverse operation, which is the conversion of DC to AC. [9]

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Smoothing

A large value electrolytic capacitor that serves as a reservoir and is placed across the
DC supply smoothes the signal by delivering current to the output when the rectifier's
fluctuating DC voltage is falling. The smoothed and unsmoothed DCs are depicted in
the diagram. As it delivers current to the output, the capacitor quickly charges to the
peak of the changing DC and then discharges.
Reservoir capacitors are used to smooth the raw rectified waveform in a power supply
- it is important to choose the right capacitor with the correct value and ripple current
rating.

Fig. 7. Smoothing Capacitor

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Transformer

A step-down transformer is used in the system. As the line voltage is 220 V AC so it

needed to step down the voltage to 12 V AC. The Arduino UNO is run by the DC power
by the rectification of the current.

GSM Modem

Using a GSM wireless network requires a GSM modem, which is a wireless modem.
Dial-up modems are analogous to wireless modems. The fundamental distinction
between both is that a wireless modem transmits and receives data via waves, whereas
a dial-up modem uses a fixed telephone connection. A SIM card from a wireless carrier
is necessary for a GSM modem to function, just as it is for a GSM mobile phone.
SIM900D is a quad-band GSM/GPRS engine that operates on the frequencies GSM
850 MHz, EGSM 900 MHz, DCS 1800 MHz, and PCS 1900 MHz. It was created for
the global market. The GPRS CS-1, CS-2, CS-3, and CS-4 coding methods are
supported by the SIM900D, which has GPRS multi-slot class 10/class 8 (optional). The
SIM900D can nearly entirely satisfy the space needs in your applications, including
M2M, smartphone, PDA, FWP, and other mobile devices, with its incredibly small
configuration of 33mm x 33mm x 3mm. A 48-pin SMT pad serves as the mobile
application's physical interface and offers all hardware interfaces between the module
and customer boards. [10]

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 Fig. 8. (a) SIM900D GSM Modem

Fig. 8. (b) Top view of SIM900D EVB

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The 48-pin hardware package [7] has 2 VBAT pins and 9 GND pins General Purpose
I/O can be programmed on 2 of the pins. You now have the freedom to create unique
applications.
Your programs can be readily developed using serial ports and debug ports.
Two audio channels have two speaker outputs and two microphone inputs. The AT
command makes configuring this simple.
It is ideal for battery power applications because the SIM900D has a charging circuit
built right in. The RF antenna interface is offered by the SIM900D. Additionally, the
customer's antenna needs to be placed on the customer's main board and connected to
the module's antenna pad using a microstrip line or other type of RF trace, whose
impendence needs to be kept within a tolerance of 50. The SIM900D is designed with
a power-saving technique so that the current consumption is as low as 1.2mA in SLEEP
mode. The SIM900D is integrated with the TCP/IP protocol; extended TCP/IP AT
commands are developed for customers to use the TCP/IP protocol easily, which is very
useful for those data transfer applications.
The modules are fully RoHS compliant with EU regulations. [10]

SIM card interface:

AT Command can be used to retrieve SIM card data. The SIM interface enables the
usage of the GSM Phase 1 specification as well, as the new GSM Phase 2 and FAST
64kbps SIM specifications (designed for use with a SIM application Toolkit). Sim cards
with 1.8V and 3.0V voltages can both be used. An inbuilt regulator in the module with
a nominal voltage of 2.8V supplies power to the SIM interface. The pins are all set to
be outputs that are driving low. Operation: Computers operate modems through the use
of AT commands. A standardized set of common AT commands is supported by dial-
up and GSM modems alike. A GSM modem functions similarly to a dial-up modem.
Apart from the standard AT commands, GSM modems also support an extended set of
AT commands. These extended sets of AT commands are defined in the GSM
standards. With the extended AT commands, several things are done:
• To read, write and delete SMS messages.
• To send SMS messages.
• To monitor the signal strength.
• To monitor the charging status and charge level of the battery.
• Reading, writing, and searching phone book entries.

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The number of SMS messages processed by a GSM modem per minute is very low --
only six to ten SMS messages per minute.
Network status indication LED lamp 22
State SIM300 function
Off- SIM300 is not running
64ms On/ 0.8 sec Off- SIM300 does not find the network
64ms On/ 3Sec off- SIM300 find the network
s on / 0.3sec Off- GPRS communication

INSTRUCTION OF GSM MODEM [7]

The instructions for managing a modem are known as AT commands. Attention is
referred to as AT. A command line always begins with "AT" or "at." Because of this,
AT commands are the name for modem commands. A large number of the instructions
are likewise utilized to manage wired dial-up modems. Mobile phones and GSM/GPRS
modems can support these. In addition to this standard AT command set, GSM/GPRS
modems and mobile phones additionally offer AT command sets exclusive to the GSM
technology, which also contains SMS include commands. Basic Commands and
Extended Commands:
There are two types of AT commands: They are basic commands and extended
commands.
AT commands without a "+" are considered basic commands. Basic commands are D
(Dial), A (Answer), H (Hook control), and O (Return to online data state).
AT commands that begin with "+" are known as extended commands. Extended
commands make up all GSM AT commands. Extended commands include, for
instance, +CMGS (Send SMS message), +CMSS (Send SMS message from storage),
+CMGL (List SMS messages), and +CMGR (Read SMS messages).

Serial Communication
In our model, the modem and microcontroller communicate serially by having their
respective Txd and Rxd pins connected to the modem's Rxd and Txd pins. Additionally,
the third modem pin is grounded. Without using RS232 or Max232, our hardware
architecture directly connects a modem to a microcontroller, resulting in proper
communication and results. Both RS232 and Max232 are utilized as logic converters.

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Either the CMOS logic level or TTL logic level can be used by them both. Logic
converters like RS232 are interfaced to bring the same logic level if the microcontroller
operates at the TTL level and the GSM modem at the CMOS level.

Microcontroller
The ATmega328P serves as the basis for the Arduino UNO microcontroller board. It
contains 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, 14 digital input/output pins, 6
of which can be used as PWM outputs, an ICSP header, a USB port, a power jack, and
a reset button. It comes equipped with everything needed to support the microcontroller;
to get started, just plug in a USB cable, an AC-to-DC adapter, or a battery. In the worst
case, you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over, so you can tinker with
your UNO without being too concerned about doing something incorrectly.

The Arduino Platform:

The Arduino platform is comprised of two parts: the Arduino board and the Arduino
IDE. Arduino board hardware works on building objects, whereas Arduino IDE is the
software used to create a sketch (a little computer program) that can be uploaded to the
Arduino board. [11]

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The Arduino Uno board:
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 which has 14
digital input/output pins of which 6 pins can be used as PWM outputs and 6 analog
inputs. The operating voltage of the Arduino board is 5v. It has a flash memory of 32KB
and 1Kb of EEPROM memory Fig. 9 shows

Fig. 9. Arduino UNO

The Software (IDE):
The Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is a special program that
allows writing sketches for the Arduino board in a simple language modeled after the
Processing language. The upload button on the IDE is used to load the sketch onto the
board. [11]

Ratings:
Conservative thermal limits for the whole board: -40 °C (-40°F) to 85 °C (185°F)
NOTE: In extreme temperatures, EEPROM, voltage regulator, and the crystal oscillator
might not work as expected due to the extreme temperature conditions.

Power Consumption:

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Processor:

The Main Processor is an ATmega328P running at up to 20 MHz. Most of its pins are
connected to the external headers, however, some are reserved for internal
communication with the USB Bridge coprocessor.

Fig. 10. Connector Pinouts of Arduino board

Alphanumeric LCD Display

A line of 20x4 character LCD modules is available under the Display Tech 204G series.
These modules have an exterior dimension of 98x60 mm and a viewing area on the
display of 77x25.2 mm. STN or FSTN LCD modes of the 204G 20x4 LCD displays are
offered with or without an LED backlight. There are several color possibilities for the
backlight, including yellow-green, white, blue, pure green, and amber. For a free quote
on a 20x4 character LCD from the 204G series, contact Display Tech directly. [12]

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 Fig. 11. 20x4 Character LCD Display

Technical Overview:

Table 2.1

DISPLAY FORMAT 20 Characters x 4 Lines

DOT MATRIX (W X H) 5 x 8 Dots
CHARACTER SIZE (W X H) 2.95 x 4.75 mm
CHARACTER PITCH (W X H) 3.55 x 5.35 mm
LCD DRIVER IC Sitronix ST7066U (or equivalent)
INTERFACE 4-bit Parallel and 8-bit Parallel
LCD MODULE DIMENSIONS (W X H 98 x 60 x 13.6 (MAX) mm
X D)
VIEWING AREA (W X H) 77 x 25.2 mm
DOT SIZE (W X H) 0.55 x 0.55 mm
DOT PITCH (W X H) 0.6 x 0.6 mm
DRIVING METHOD 1/16 Duty
OPERATING TEMPERATURE -20 ~ 70°C

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 Fig. 12. Pin diagram of LCD

The methodology is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field
of study. It comprises the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles
associated with a branch of knowledge. This section describes the major pieces of
equipment used and recaps the essential step of what was done.

3.3 Design Specifications. Standards and Constraints

The following approaches are highlighted in the order in which they were used to
monitor distribution transformers using GSM technology:

First, sensors placed at the transformer site collect data on various transformer
characteristics and convert it to analog signals that can be further analyzed by signal
conditioning circuits. The SCC, which is composed of resistors and op-amps, then
transforms the analog signal into a value that the embedded system can read.
The signal is subsequently processed using a microcontroller.
The embedded software program manages parameter acquisition, processing,
displaying, transmitting, and receiving, and is kept in the built-in EEPROM. The ADC
is used to read the parameters.

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The onboard EEPROM stores the observed parameters as well as the hourly and daily
averages.
The microcontroller may send and receive SMS messages including data on the
characteristics and status of the transformer because it is connected to the GSM modem
through a RS 232 adaptor.
The modem then delivers a short message service to mobile users with information on
the transformers' settings and values. To make the construction, testing, and
maintenance easier, the system was built into modules as intended and then connected
after completion. A prototype of the system depicted in Fig. 10 was built on a
breadboard first, then moved to Veroboard once it was proven to be functional. The
whole system circuit was meticulously planned out to reduce error and simplify
troubleshooting.

Fig. 13. Circuit diagram of the System

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 Fig. 14. Circuit Diagram of the System with Relay

This section describes a clear picture of the system you plan to create, in terms of the
dimensions and capability required. A specification should state the complete technical/
non-technical specification and whether these are following any standards or not. The
design then gives the top-level details of how the system or the designed process meets
the requirement. It will also identify constraints on the solution that are important in
guiding decision-making throughout the development process.

3.4 System Analysis or Design Analysis

First of all, you need to design the circuit by proteus following figure 14 then you need
to get the hex file for the Arduino microcontroller. So, you need to write a code in the
Arduino IDE by following the code which is given in appendix C or Program Code.
Then run the code for getting the hex file and copy the hex file location and input it in
the microcontroller in Proteus. Now again you need to input the hex file for the GSM
module and Ultrasonic sensor. After completing this process, you can run the proteus
and get the desired output.

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3.5 Simulation [Implementation]
3.5.1 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

In this chapter, all software-related discussions are described. To own this project, all
software things are needed to learn how to operate.

3.5.2 SOFTWARE TOOLS

Proteus 8 Professional is used for circuit simulation and Arduino 1.8.18 IDE is
used to program the microcontroller.

3.5.3 Proteus Software

An exclusive toolset for automating electronic design is called the Proteus Design Suite.
The program is primarily used by technicians and electronic design engineers to
develop schematics and electronic prints for printed circuit board production.
It was developed in Yorkshire, England by Labcenter Electronics Ltd and is available
in English, French, Spanish and Chinese languages.

3.5.4 Arduino IDE Software

In addition to a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar
with buttons for frequently used operations, and several menus, the Arduino Integrated
Development Environment, sometimes known as the Arduino Software (IDE), is also
available. To upload programs and communicate with them, it connects to the Arduino
hardware.

3.5.3 Programming Microcontroller

Arduino IDE editor is used to write the code and after compiling the sketch, a (.hex)
file is created. The microcontroller can only understand this language since it has the
original program code translated into a hexadecimal format. Errors and warnings can
appear during this process. Run the application if there are no errors or warnings; if so,
the system will complete all the tasks and behave as the software had predicted. If not,
the entire process is repeated once more.

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3.6 Summary
The circuit design for this system, "Power Transformer Monitoring Using GSM," is
carried out by the circuit design program Proteus 1.8.18, and the simulation is then
appropriately executed as a result. All of the components in this circuit simulation
operate on DC, hence those components are employed.

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 CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Observations
We receive the required output when Arduino and GSM are programmed and operated
under precise operating conditions. The operation of the relay is carried out in
conjunction with GSM, which sends the information along with the parameter values
on the designated sim number in the text SMS format as shown below if the current,
voltage, and temperature values exceed the pre-set values. The request to assess the
health of the transformer can also be fulfilled. Simply by SMS request to the GSM
program.

Fig. 15. (a) Normal condition

Fig. 15. (b) when temperature High

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 Fig. 15. (c) when oil level low

Fig. 15. (d) when Oil tank full

Fig. 15. (e) when earth fault Detected

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 Fig. 15. (f) When earth fault & Protection Relay Active

Fig. 16. Simulation Circuit

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Fig. 14 As shown above the f is the simulation circuit of the project. The simulation is
done in PROTEUS 8.1.18 Simulation software. The LCD screen shown in the figure
displays bout the output values of the parameters which we are about to monitor. It
shows Voltage value, Current, Value, and Temperature. Similar results of the
parametric values are also designed into the virtual terminal display on the GSM version
of this simulation software.

4.2 Discussions
This system uses a microcontroller-based relay to offer transformer protection.
Transformer current sensing circuit was created, and the outcomes were confirmed
using a proteus simulation. The suggested approach is cost-effective and small in scale.
When the simulation is run, first of all, we will see in the display that “PROJECT
WORK REMOTE MONITORING TRANSFORMER” then a few seconds later, three
measurements (temperature, oil level, earth current) are shown in Fig. 13. (a) in normal
condition. Next in Fig. 13. (b) is shown that the temperature is raised and then it will
show “HIGH TEMPERATURE” in LCD. Again when oil level detected by the sensor
and senses the oil level if the oil level is under the pre-defined range, it will show “OIL
LEVEL LOW” shown in Fig. 13. (c) and if the oil level is high then it will show “OIL
TANK FULL” in Fig. 13. (d). If any earth fault occurred in the line then it will show
that an earth fault is detected which shows in Fig. 14. (e) and there is an abnormal
condition of the transformer and line. After detecting the earth fault the protection relay
is transferred from NC to NO and it disconnects the connection. This system design
protects the transformer by detecting all the major portions. Since this system is
dependent on the network so always make sure that the system is connected to the
network or that no problem happened in this network part.

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 CHAPTER 5
PROJECT MANAGEMENT

5.1 Task, Schedule, and Milestones

Tentative Schedule for Capstone Project- 2022

Phase I
Date Week Task
June 05, 2022- July W01-W04
02, 2022 Introduction and Briefing

Team formation and Project area

selection

Application for Capstone Project

Topic and Supervisor Selection

June 03, 2022- July W05-W07 Conduct Investigation/Literature

23, 2022 Review on the Topic

July 24, 2022- W08-W12 Set Project Plan and Strategy

August 27, 2022

Preparation of Project Proposal

Proposal Submission and Pre-Viva by

Supervisor
August 28, 2022- W13 Review & Correction of the Proposal
September 03, 2022

September 04, 2022 - W14-W15 Document Preparation

September 17, 2022

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September 18, 2022- W16-W17 Submission of Progress Report
October 01, 2022
Progress Presentation

Phase II
October 02, 2022- W17-W18 Finalize the Methodology
October 15, 2022

October 16, 2022- W19-W21 Development and Implementation

November 05, 2022 of the Project

November 06, 2022- W21-W22 Field Work/ Data Collection/

November 19, 2022 Analysis

January 01, 2023- W23-W24 Report Writing

January 14, 2023

January 15, 2023- W25 Submission of Draft Report and

January 21, 2023 Pre-review by Supervisor

Submission of Final Report

January 22, 2023- W26 Final Defense, Demonstration, and

January 28, 2023 Poster Presentation

Submission of Amended Final Report

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5.2 Gantt Chart
A Gantt Chart is shown here for the task/duration or milestone schedule.

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5.2 Resources and Cost Management
Project Cost management is divided into three parts-
Plan cost management
Estimate costs
Determine a budget
This is where we plan all the processes and methodologies we should use for cost
management on our project. The Subsidiary Cost Management Plan is the key output
of this process. In this section, we estimate the cost of our project and it’s around 5000
/- BDT for components only others’ costs may differ from one activity to another. When
this project is implemented for real purpose then it should be possible to calculate the

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estimation of all activation cost all the future expenditures, as this project progress, are
then compared to the cost baseline.

5.3 Lesson Learned

To conduct a technical project-
o we have learned about GSM-based monitoring and controlling.
o How to check the health of the transformer by using GSM.
o Remote monitoring of the transformer.
o How to operate Arduino.

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 CHAPTER 6
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE PROJECT

6.1 Economical, Societal and Global Impact

This is a protection type project which protects the distribution transformer in the
electrical power distribution area. Generally, the distribution transformers are set up or
localized in the residential area or society where people are lived so close. If any
problem or occurrence happens in the distribution transformer, it can be dangerous for
the life of the people, this project makes sure that all types of problems of the
transformer will be protected in this way, with societal effects directly implemented.
When this project is implemented successfully in the distribution transformer and the
control room, it would not create any major impact infrastructurally and this project
does not have much energy consumption because of using DC components. And overall
we see the implementation of the project, will make the quality of life by protecting the
system.

6.2 Environmental and Ethical Issues

It shouldn't be susceptible to environmental damage because it is an electronic material.
After use, components or materials should be recycled properly by the company to
prevent any environmental problems. There are no unethical issues with this established
work because the networking system service is offered by the networking provider
company. We can only hope that this endeavor is ethical and friendly to the
environment.

6.3 Utilization of Existing Standards or Codes

Since this work used DC components in low voltage, there is no need to be concerned
about safety, but it is still important to set it up correctly to the point that it wouldn't be
harmed by an excessive power supply.

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 CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

7.1 Conclusions
For Inpainting, we've used an automated text-detection method from an image. In an
image with mixed text-picture-graphic sections, our system correctly locates the text
region. We tested our system on numerous photos and discovered that it accurately
identified the text region. In comparison to manual monitoring, GSM-based distribution
transformer monitoring is highly beneficial. It is also dependable because it is not
always possible to manually monitor temperature rise, ambient temperature rise, load
current, and voltage. We can act swiftly to stop any catastrophic distribution
transformer failures after obtaining notification of any anomaly. There are several
distribution transformers in a distribution network, and by connecting each transformer
to a particular system, we can quickly determine which transformer is having a problem
from the message provided to a mobile device. We can repair the system faster because
we won't need to verify all of the transformers and their accompanying phase currents
and voltages. Message delivery times may vary according to public GSM network
traffic, but they are still faster than manual monitoring.

7.2 New Skills and Experiences Learned

New skills we gained in this Project-

I. Learned circuit design and simulation using Proteus software

II. Arduino UNO
III. Using Arduino IDE to code of microcontroller
IV. Gantt Chart to make Task/Duration schedule

Experiences-

To do this project we have gathered knowledge about the Arduino UNO

microcontroller which is a great invention of this generation. Then we learned about
how to make a circuit design with a simulator and run this simulation successfully. In

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this project, we are familiar with transformer monitoring and controlling by the use of
Arduino which is a self-controlled mini operator or computer it controls the whole
system. In addition, we learned about GSM (Global System for Mobile communication)
which worked in the network to remote monitoring.

7.3 Future Recommendations

The future recommendation for this project is to use the Internet of Things (IoT) instead
of GSM. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a cloud or internet-based communication
wireless system. This improvement will make this project more useful and
economically safe.

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 REFERENCES

References

[1] P. R. P. (. 2. P. R. P. (. 1Student, "A Literature Review of Transformer Protection by Using

Different Protection Schemes," International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET), pp. 3920-3924, 2021.

[2] A. K. L. Wilson Kepa, "GSM Based Remote Distribution Transformer Condition Monitoring
System," in 4th International Conference, ICAICR 2020, Gurugram, India, 2020.

[3] P. P. A. D. A. P. M. M. S. P. 6. Varsha Patil 1, "Distribution Transformer Monitoring and

Controlling using GSM Modem," International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,
Engineering and Technology (IJIRSET), vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 7065- 7068, 2021.

[4] A. A. M. A. N. A. T. R. A. A. O. 1 Samiullah Mahesar, "Monitoring and Control Of 500 KVA

Transformer Through GSM Based Raspberry Pi Controller," International Journal of
Electrical Engineering & Emerging Technology, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 40-44, 2020.

[5] A. O. A. F. O. E. J. M. A. a. I. S. O. Tosin P. Ojo, "Design and Implementation of a GSM-based

Monitoring System for a Distribution Transformer," European Journal of Engineering and
Technology Research, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 22-28, 2022.

[6] A. K. &. M. A. Abdul-Rahman AI-Ali, "GSM-Based Distribution Transformer Monitoring

System," in IEEE MELECON 2004, Dubrovnik, Croatia , Sharjah, United Arab Emirates , 2004.

[7] A. S. (. R. B. (. P. S. Das, "GSM based Distribution Transformer Monitoring System," National

Institute of Technology Rourkela-769008 (ODISHA) , ODISHA, INDIA , 2013 .

[8] D. Jost, "fierceelectronics," 7 Oct 2019. [Online]. Available:

https://www.fierceelectronics.com/sensors/tsmc-revs-3nm-chips-korea-us-industry-faces-
slow-kickstart. [Accessed 07 Jan 2023].

[9] Wikipedia, "Wikipedia," 6 Jan 2023. [Online]. Available:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier. [Accessed 6 Jan 2023].

[10] S. S. W. S. Ltd, "allaboutcircuits," 31 3 2010. [Online]. Available:

https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/electronic-components/datasheet/SIM900D--Simcom/.
[Accessed 7 1 2023].

[11] D. K. A.Ajitha, "Development of IOT Based Solution for Monitoring and Controlling of
Distribution Transformers," International Conference on Intelligent
Computing,Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT), Vols. 978-1-5090-6106-8,
no. 17, pp. 1457 - 1461, 2017.

[12] Seacomp, "SEACOMP," 7 1 2023. [Online]. Available:

https://www.seacomp.com/product/character-lcd-display-204g. [Accessed 7 1 2023].

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 APPENDIX A
TURNITIN REPORT

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 APPENDIX B
COMPLEX ENGINEERING PROBLEM SOLVING AND
ENGINEERING ACTIVITIES

Complex Engineering Problems (P) Solving

Attributes Statement from students
P1 Depth of knowledge ▪ Sufficient understanding of system analysis
required and design
▪ Computer Languages
▪ Design for Engineering
▪ Understanding of project management
▪ Interpersonal Competencies
▪ Literature Review
P2 Range of conflicting N/A
requirements
P3 Depth of analysis required No unique way to design. Depth of analysis
needed to select a specific solution from many
alternatives and justify the knowledge.
P4 Familiarity of issues N/A
P5 Extent of applicable codes Standards and codes of practice for professional
engineering have to be followed.
P6 Extent of stakeholder Involve diverse groups of stakeholders with widely
involvement and conflicting varying needs.
requirements
P7 Interdependence Project involves a number of interdepends sub-
systems such as sensors system, wireless
communication, app for user.

Range of Complex Engineering Activities

Attributes Statement from students
A1 Range of resources It is necessary to mobilize and engaged money,
people, equipment and information to implement
the project. Communication and co-ordination are
needed such as prepare budget obtain fund engage
people, assign rules, procure equipment etc.
A2 Level of interaction N/A
A3 Innovation The project involves innovative use of engineering
in an area.
A4 Consequences of society The project involves with the society and the
and environment environment by making protection.
A5 Familiarity The project has familiarity with many before
works and research. Necessary to document and

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 communicate how principle based approaches
address the project requirements.

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 APPENDIX C
PROGRAM CODE
//FINAL YEAR PROJECT WORK

#include <Wire.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
#include<SoftwareSerial.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);

SoftwareSerial SIM900(9, 10);

const int trigPin = 8; // Trigger Pin of Ultrasonic Sensor

const int echoPin = 7; // Echo Pin of Ultrasonic Sensor
long duration;
int OilLevel;

int delayTime = 700;

int EarthCurrent;
float SensorReadEarth;
float sensitivity = 0.185;

int temp;
float TempSensorPin = A0;
float vout;

void setup() {
// put your setup code here, to run once:
pinMode(TempSensorPin,INPUT);
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);

Serial.begin(9600);
SIM900.begin(9600);
delay(100);

Serial.println(" REMOTE TRANSFORMER MONITORING");

lcd.begin(20,4);
lcd.print("PROJECT WORK");
lcd.setCursor(2,1);
lcd.print("REMOTE");
lcd.setCursor(9,1);

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lcd.print("MONITORING");
lcd.setCursor(4,2);
lcd.print("TRANSFORMER");
delay (delayTime);
lcd.clear();

void loop() {

//temperature//
vout = analogRead(TempSensorPin);
vout = (vout * 500) / 1023;
temp = vout;

//EARTH CURRENT//
SensorReadEarth = analogRead(A1)*(5.0 / 1023.0); //We read the sensor output
EarthCurrent = (SensorReadEarth - 2.5)/sensitivity; //Calculate the current value for earth

// SENSING OIL LEVEL//

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
OilLevel = duration * 0.034 / 2;

//LCD PRINTING//

lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Temperature:");
lcd.setCursor(12,0);
lcd.print(temp);
lcd.setCursor(15,0);
lcd.print("C");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Oil Level:");
lcd.setCursor(10,1);
lcd.print(OilLevel);
lcd.setCursor(14,1);
lcd.print("CM");

lcd.setCursor(0, 2);

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lcd.print("Earth Current:");
lcd.setCursor(14, 2);
lcd.print(EarthCurrent,2);
lcd.setCursor(16, 2);
lcd.print("A");
delay(600);

condition();

void sms()

{
SIM900.print("AT+CMGF=1\r");
SIM900.println("AT + CMGS = \"+233558254026\"");// recipient's mobile number
Serial.println("AT + CMGS = \"+233558254026\"");// recipient's mobile number
SIM900.println("HIGH TRANSFORMER TEMPERATURE"); // message to send
Serial.println("HIGH TRANSFORMER TEMPERATURE");
SIM900.println((char)26); // End AT command with a ^Z, ASCII code 26
Serial.println((char)26);
SIM900.println();
}

void sms1(){
SIM900.print("AT+CMGF=1\r");
SIM900.println("AT + CMGS = \"+233558245026\"");// recipient's mobile number
Serial.println("AT + CMGS = \"+233558245026\"");// recipient's mobile number
SIM900.println("OIL TANK FULL"); // message to send
Serial.println("OIL TANK FULL");
SIM900.println((char)26); // End AT command with a ^Z, ASCII code 26
Serial.println((char)26);
SIM900.println();

void sms2(){
SIM900.print("AT+CMGF=1\r");
SIM900.println("AT + CMGS = \"+233558245026\"");// recipient's mobile number
Serial.println("AT + CMGS = \"+233558245026\"");// recipient's mobile number
SIM900.println("LOW OIL LEVEL"); // message to send
Serial.println("LOW OIL LEVEL");
SIM900.println((char)26); // End AT command with a ^Z, ASCII code 26
Serial.println((char)26);
SIM900.println();
}

void sms3(){
SIM900.print("AT+CMGF=1\r");
SIM900.println("AT + CMGS = \"+233558245026\"");// recipient's mobile number

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Serial.println("AT + CMGS = \"+233558254026\"");// recipient's mobile number
SIM900.println("EARTH FAULT CURRENT"); // message to send
Serial.println("EARTH FAULT CURRENT");
SIM900.println((char)26); // End AT command with a ^Z, ASCII code 26
Serial.println((char)26);
SIM900.println();

//CONDITIONS
void condition()
{
if (temp > 75)
{
lcd_tempPrint();
sms();
delay(300);

}
if (OilLevel > 800)
{
lcd_oilLevelFULLPrint();
sms1();

delay(1000);
}else if (OilLevel < 300)
{lcd_oilLevelLOWPrint();
sms2();
delay(300);
}

// LCD PRINTING CONDITION//

void lcd_oilLevelFULLPrint()
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(1,1);
lcd.clear(); //if condition temp for it to print.
lcd.print("OIL TANK FULL");

void lcd_oilLevelLOWPrint()
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,2);

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lcd.clear(); //if condition temp for it to print.
lcd.print("OIL LEVEL LOW");

void lcd_tempPrint()
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.clear(); //if condition temp for it to print.
lcd.print("HIGH TEMPERATURE");

ACS712ELCTR-05B-T Interfacing with Arduino Uno

Program Code

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); //Start Serial Monitor to display current read value on Serial monitor
}

void loop() {
unsigned int x=0;
float AcsValue=0.0,Samples=0.0,AvgAcs=0.0,AcsValueF=0.0;

for (int x = 0; x < 150; x++){ //Get 150 samples

AcsValue = analogRead(A0); //Read current sensor values
Samples = Samples + AcsValue; //Add samples together
delay (3); // let ADC settle before next sample 3ms
}
AvgAcs=Samples/150.0;//Taking Average of Samples

//((AvgAcs * (5.0 / 1024.0)) is converitng the read voltage in 0-5 volts

//2.5 is offset(I assumed that arduino is working on 5v so the viout at no current comes
//out to be 2.5 which is out offset. If your arduino is working on different voltage than
//you must change the offset according to the input voltage)
//0.185v(185mV) is rise in output voltage when 1A current flows at input
AcsValueF = (2.5 - (AvgAcs * (5.0 / 1024.0)) )/0.185;

Serial.print(AcsValueF);//Print the read current on Serial monitor

delay(50);
}

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 APPENDIX D
DATASHEET OF COMPONENTS
Power Supply
Input voltage 220 V AC
Output voltage 12 V DC
Voltage - Supply (Vcc/Vdd): 4 V ~ 5.5 V
Capacitor Electrolytic,330micro farad

Microcontroller
ATmega328P Processor
Operating Voltage of controller: 5V
Digital I/O Pins: 14 (D0-D13)
PWM output: 6 (D3, D5, D6, D9, D10, D11)
Analog Input Pins: 6(A0-A5)
DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA-50mA
Memory: AVR CPU at up to 16 MHz, 32KB flash Memory, 2KB SRAM, 1KB EEPROM
Crystal Oscillator: 16 MHz

Pin Description:
JANALOG
Pin_Function_Type_Description
1 NC NC Not connected
2 IOREF IOREF Reference for digital logic V - connected to 5V
3 Reset Reset Reset
4 +3V3 Power +3V3 Power Rail
5 +5V Power +5V Power Rail
6 GND Power Ground
7 GND Power Ground
8 VIN Power Voltage Input
9 A0 Analog/GPIO Analog input 0 /GPIO
10 A1 Analog/GPIO Analog input 1 /GPIO
11 A2 Analog/GPIO Analog input 2 /GPIO
12 A3 Analog/GPIO Analog input 3 /GPIO
13 A4/SDA Analog input/I2C Analog input 4/I2C Data line
14 A5/SCL Analog input/I2C Analog input 5/I2C Clock line

JDIGITAL
Pin_Function_Type_Description
1 D0 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 0/GPIO
2 D1 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 1/GPIO
3 D2 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 2/GPIO
4 D3 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 3/GPIO
5 D4 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 4/GPIO
6 D5 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 5/GPIO
7 D6 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 6/GPIO

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8 D7 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 7/GPIO
9 D8 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 8/GPIO
10 D9 Digital/GPIO Digital pin 9/GPIO
11 SS Digital SPI Chip Select
12 MOSI Digital SPI1 Main Out Secondary In
13 MISO Digital SPI Main In Secondary Out
14 SCK Digital SPI serial clock output
15 GND Power Ground
16 AREF Digital Analog reference voltage
17 A4/SD4 Digital Analog input 4/I2C Data line (duplicated)
18 A5/SD5 Digital Analog input 5/I2C Clock line (duplicated)

Current Sensor
ACS712 20A Current Sensor - General Specifications:
Bidirectional current sensing up to 20A
Electronic isolation by hall effect
Adjustable bandwidth
Wide operating temperature range
ACS712 20A Current Sensor - Technical Specifications:
Operating Voltage: 3-5V
Internal Resistance: 1.2mΩ
Operating Temperature: -40⁰C – 85⁰C

20x4 Character LCD Display

DISPLAY FORMAT 20 Characters x 4 Lines
DOT MATRIX (W X H) 5 x 8 Dots
CHARACTER SIZE (W X H) 2.95 x 4.75 mm
CHARACTER PITCH (W X H) 3.55 x 5.35 mm
LCD DRIVER IC Sitronix ST7066U (or equivalent)
INTERFACE 4-bit Parallel and 8-bit Parallel
LCD MODULE DIMENSIONS (W X H X D) 98 x 60 x 13.6 (MAX) mm
VIEWING AREA (W X H) 77 x 25.2 mm
DOT SIZE (W X H) 0.55 x 0.55 mm
DOT PITCH (W X H)0.6 x 0.6 mm
DRIVING METHOD 1/16 Duty
OPERATING TEMPERATURE -20 ~ 70°C

SIM900D Pin Description

PIN NAME_I/O_DC CHARACTERISTICS
VBAT I Vmax= 4.5V Vmin=3.4V Vnorm=4.0V
VRTC I/O Vmax=3.15V Vmin=2.0V Vnorm=3.0V Iout(max)= 200uA Iin= 3uA
VCHG I Vmax=7.5V Vmin=4.5V Vnorm=5.0V
GND
Power on or power off
PIN NAME_I/O_DC CHARACTERISTICS
PWRKEY VILmax=1.2V VIHmin=2.6V VIHmax=3.3V VILmin= 0V

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 Audio Interface
PIN NAME_I/O_ DESCRIPTION_DC CHARACTERISTICS
MIC1P,
MIC1N I Positive and negative voiceband input
MIC2P,
MIC2N I Auxiliary positive and negative voiceband input
SPK1P,
SPK1N O Positive and negative voiceband output
SPK2P,
SPK2N O Auxiliary positive and negative voiceband output
AGND Analog ground
GERNERAL PURPOSE input/output
PIN NAME_I/O_ DESCRIPTION_DC CHARACTERISTICS

STATUS O Indicate working

status
NETLIGHT O Indicate net status VILmax=0.4V
DISP_DATA I/O Display interface VIHmin=2.4V
DISP _CLK O Display interface VILmin= 0V
DISP _CS O Display interface VIHmax= 2.95
DISP _CS O Display interface VOHmin= 2.7V
DISP _D/C O Display interface VOLmax=0.1V
GPO1 O Normal Output Port VOHmax= 2.95V
KBR0 I/O Normal Output/Input VOLmin= 0V
Port
RXD I Receive data VILmax=0.4V
TXD O Transmit data VIHmin=2.4V
RTS I Request to send VILmin= 0V
CTS O Clear to send VIHmax= 3V
RI O Ring indicator VOHmin= 2.7V
DCD O Data carry detect VOLmax=0.1V
DTR I Data terminal Ready VOHmax= 3V
VOLmin= 0V

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