ITAPPB MIDTERM delivering hosted services

over the Internet.

Berkeley • Cloud Computing refers to
MIDTERM LESSON: INTRODUCTION TO both the applications
Cloud Computing delivered as services over the
Internet and the hardware and
systems software in the
CLOUD COMPUTING datacenters that provide
- refers to the delivery of computing services over the those services.
internet, including storage, processing power, and • The services themselves
software applications. have long been referred to as
- It allows users to access resources and services on- Software as a Service (SaaS),
demand, without the need for physical infrastructure so we use that term. The
or local servers. datacenter hardware and
OTHER CLOUD DEFINITIONS software is what we will call a
Cloud.
From/Source Definitions
• When a Cloud is made
NIST (National • Cloud computing is a model
available in a pay-as-you-go
Institute of for enabling convenient, on-
manner to the public… The
Standards and demand network access to service being sold is Utility
Technology) a shared pool of configurable Computing.
computing resources (e.g.,
Buyya • A Cloud is a type of parallel
networks, servers, storage,
and distributed system
applications, and services)
consisting of a collection of
that can be rapidly
interconnected and virtualized
provisioned and released
computers that are
with minimal management
dynamically provisioned and
effort or service provider
presented as one or more
interaction.
unified computing resources
• This cloud model promotes
based on service-level
availability and is composed
agreements established
of five essential through negotiation between
characteristics, three service
the service provider and
models, and four deployment
consumers.
models.
WIKIPEDIA • Cloud computing is
Internet-based computing,
whereby shared resources,
software, and information
are provided to computers
and other devices on
demand, like the electricity
grid.
• Cloud computing is a style
of computing in which
dynamically scalable and
often virtualized resources
are provided as a service
over the Internet.
Whatis.com • The name cloud computing CLOUD COMPUTING
was inspired by the cloud ➢ is a paradigm of computing, a new way of thinking about
symbol that’s often used to IT industry but not any specific technology.
represent the Internet in CENTRAL IDEAS
flowcharts and diagrams.
• Utility Computing
Cloud computing is a general
• SOA – Service Oriented Architecture
term for anything that involves
• SLA – Service Level Agreement
PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS BENEFITS
• High scalability and elasticity 1. FAULT TOLERANT
• High availability and reliability WHAT IS FAULT TOLERANT SYSTEM ?
• High manageability and interoperability
• Fault-tolerance is the property that enables a system to
• High accessibility and portability
continue operating properly in the event of the failure of
• High performance and optimization some of its components.
ENABLING TECHNIQUES • If its operating quality decreases at all, the decrease is
• Hardware virtualization proportional to the severity of the failure, as compared to a
• Parallelized and distributed computing naively-designed system in which even a small failure can
• Web service cause total breakdown.

FOUR BASIC CHARACTERISTICS :

CLOUD ECOSYSTEM • No single point of failure
• Fault detection and isolation to the failing component
• Fault containment to prevent propagation of the
failure
• Availability of reversion modes

2. HIGH AVAILABILITY & RELIABILITY

WHAT IS AVAILABILITY ?
• The degree to which a system, subsystem, or equipment
is in a specified operable and committable state at the
start of a mission, when the mission is called for at an
unknown time.
• Cloud system usually require high availability
PROPERT IES AND CHARACTERISTICS o Ex. “Five nines” system would statistically
provide 99.999% availability
WHAT IS RELIABILITY ?
• The ability of a system or component to perform its
required functions under stated conditions for a specified
period of time.
• But how to achieve these properties ?
o Fault tolerance system
o Require system resilience
o Reliable system security

3. SCALABILITY
• NEW ADDITIONAL SERVERS

Benefits of Cloud
• Cost Savings: Pay for what you use, with no upfront
infrastructure costs.
• Scalability: Easily scale resources up or down based on
demand.
• Flexibility: Access resources and applications from
anywhere with an internet connection.
• Reliability: Cloud providers typically offer high uptime and
data redundancy.
• Collaboration: Enable seamless collaboration and data
sharing among teams.
4. ELASTICITY Similar to buy an empty house in previous analogy
➢ You can directly develop your IT system through one
cloud platform, and do not care about any lower-level
resource management.
➢ Technical speaking, use the Platform as a Service
(PaaS) solution.
Similar to live in a hotel in previous analogy
➢ You can directly use some existed IT system solutions,
which were provided by some cloud application service
provider, without knowing any detail technique about how
these service was achieved.
➢ Technical speaking, use the Software as a Service
(SaaS) solution.

Characteristics of Cloud Computing

• On-Demand Self-Service: Users can provision resources
and services as needed, without requiring human
interaction with service providers.
• Broad Network Access: Services are accessible over the
internet via standard protocols and devices.
• Resource Pooling: Computing resources are pooled
together to serve multiple users, allowing for efficient
utilization and scalability.
• Rapid Elasticity: Resources can be scaled up or down
quickly to meet changing demands.
• Measured Service: Cloud service usage is measured,
monitored, and billed based on actual consumption.

1. Software as a Service (SaaS) – END CUSTOMERS

• SaaS delivers software applications over the internet
on a subscription basis.
• Users can access and use applications directly
Cloud Deployment Models through a web browser or APIs.
• The provider hosts and manages the underlying
SERVICE MODELS infrastructure, application, and data.
OVERVIEW: • Users can typically customize certain aspects of the
What if you want to have an IT department ? application to fit their needs.
Similar to build a new house in previous analogy • Examples of SaaS include Salesforce, Microsoft
➢ You can rent some virtualized infrastructure and build up Office 365, and Google Workspace.
your own IT system among those resources, which may
be fully controlled.
➢ Technical speaking, use the Infrastructure as a Service
(IaaS) solution.
 medical system and public transportation system
service,

Provide service – Web Portal

• Apart from the standard search engine feature, web
portals offer other services such as e-mail, news, stock
prices, information, databases and entertainment.
• Portals provide a way for enterprises to provide a
consistent look and feel with access control and
procedures for multiple applications and databases, which
otherwise would have been different entities altogether.
Some examples :
➢ iGoogle
➢ MSNBC
➢ Netvibes
➢ Yahoo!
• The capability provided to the consumer is to use the SaaS is the finished applications that you rent and
provider’s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. customize.
These are accessible from various client devices through • SaaS enabling technique
a thin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web- ➢ Web Service
based email). • SaaS provide services
• The consumer does not manage or control the underlying ➢ Web-based Applications
cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating ➢ General applications
systems, storage, or even individual application ➢ Business applications
capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user- ➢ Scientific applications
specific application configuration settings. ➢ Government applications
Examples : ➢ Web Portal
• Google Apps (e.g., Gmail, Google Docs, Google sites,
…etc) ✓ On-Demand Service
• SalesForce.com ✓ Pay Per Use Of Application Software To Users.
• EyeOS ✓ Independent Platform
✓ Don’t Need To Install The Software On Your PC. Ruma A
Enabling Technique – Web Service
Strigle Instance Of The Software.
• Web 2.0 is the trend of using the full potential of the web ✓ Available For Multiple End Users. Cloud Computing
• Viewing the Internet as a computing platform Cheap
• Running interactive applications through a web browser ✓ Computing Resources Managed By Vendor.
• Leveraging interconnectivity and mobility of devices ✓ Accesible Via Web Browser Or Lightweight Client
• Enhanced effectiveness with greater human participation Applications
Properties provided by Internet : PROS
• Accessibility and Portability ✓ Universally Accessible From Any Platform
Provide service – Web-based Applications ✓ No Need To Commute. You Can Work From
• Conventional applications should translate their access Anyplace Excellent For Collaborative Working
interface onto web-based platform. ✓ Vendor Provides Modest Software Tools
• Applications in different domains ✓ Allows For Multi-Tenancy
• General Applications – Applications which are CONS
designed for general propose, such as office suit, ▪ Portability & Browser Issues
multimedia and instant message ▪ Internet Performance May Dictate Overall
• Business Applications – Application which are Performance
designed for business propose, such as ERP, CRM ▪ Compliance Restrictions
and market trading system
• Scientific Applications – Application which are 2. Platform as a Service (PaaS) – DEVELOPERS
designed for scientific propose, such as aerospace • PaaS offers a platform for developing, testing, and
simulation and biochemistry simulation, deploying applications.
• Government Applications – Applications which are • Users can focus on application development without
designed for government propose, such as national worrying about infrastructure management.
• PaaS providers manage the underlying infrastructure, Enabling technique – Runtime Environment Design
including servers, storage, and networking. • Runtime environment refers to collection of software
• Developers can leverage pre-configured environments, services available. Usually implemented by a collection of
development frameworks, and deployment tools. program libraries.
• Examples of PaaS providers include Heroku, Google Common properties in Runtime Environment :
App Engine, and AWS Elastic Beanstalk. • Manageability and Interoperability
• Performance and Optimization
• Availability and Reliability
• Scalability and Elasticity
PaaS
• The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto
the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired
applications created using programming languages and
tools supported by the provider.
• The consumer does not manage or control the underlying
cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating
systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed
applications and possibly application hosting environment
configurations.
EXAMPLES :
• Microsoft Windows Azure
• This Service Is Made Up Of A Programming Language • Google App Engine
Execution Environment, An Operating System, A Web • HadoopInfrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Server & A Database.
• Encapsulate The environment Where Users Can Build, 3. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) - SYSADMINS
Compile & Run Their Programs Without Worrying Of The • IaaS provides virtualized computing resources over the
Underlying Infrastructure. internet. Users have control over the operating systems,
• In This Model, You Manage Data & The Application storage, and networking components.
Resources; All Other Resources Are Managed By The • They can provision and manage virtual machines (VMs),
Vendor. storage, and networks according to their requirements.
PROS Examples of IaaS providers include AWS EC2, Azure
✓ Cost Effective Rapid Development (It’s Scalable) Virtual Machines, and Google Compute Engine.
✓ Faster Market For Developers
✓ Easy Deployment Of Web Applications
✓ Private Or Public Deployment Is Possible
CONS
▪ Developers Are Limited To The Providers’ Languages
& Tools
▪ Migration Issues – Such As The Risk Of Vendor Lock-
in

• The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto • This Services Offers The Computing Architecture &
the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired Infrastructure, All Computing Resources But In A Virtual
applications created using programming languages and Environment So That Multiple Users Can Access Them.
tools supported by the provider. Resources Include, Data Storage, Virtualization, Servers
• The consumer does not manage or control the underlying & Networking.
cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating • Most Vendors Are Responsible For Managing The Above
systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed Four resources.
applications and possibly application hosting environment • User Will Be Responsible For Handling Other Resources
configurations. Such As Applications, Data, Runtime & Middleware
EXAMPLES : PROS
• Microsoft Windows Azure ✓ The Cloud Provides The Infrastructure
• Google App Engine ✓ Enhanced Scalability – Dynamic Workloads Are
• Hadoop Supported
✓ IaaS Is Flexible
 CONS • Organizations can leverage the benefits of both public and
▪ Security Issues private clouds, ensuring optimal resource allocation.
▪ Network & Service Delays • Hybrid cloud deployments enable workload portability and
seamless integration between different environments.
• The capability provided to the consumer is to provision COMMUNITY CLOUD
processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental • Community cloud is a deployment model where
computing resources where the consumer is able to infrastructure and services are shared among a specific
deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include community or group of organizations.
operating systems and applications. • It caters to the needs of a particular community, such as
• The consumer does not manage or control the underlying government agencies, educational institutions, or research
cloud infrastructure but has control over operating organizations.
systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly • Community cloud provides a cost-effective solution while
limited control of select networking components . addressing specific requirements and compliance
Examples : standards of the community.
• Amazon EC2
• Eucalyputs EXAMPLES OF COMPANIES THAT USE CLOUD
• OpenNebula COMPUT ING
Properties supported by virtualization technique :
• Amazon’s AWS
• Manageability and Interoperability
• iCloud by Apple
• Availability and Reliability
• Microsoft Azure by Microsoft
• Scalability and Elasticity
• Google Cloud
Provide service – System Monitoring Interface
Several types of monitoring metrics :
Virtual Machine – As an IaaS provider, we should be able to Common Cloud Computing Use Cases
monitor some system states of each virtual machine, such as ➢ Data Storage and Backup: Store and back up large
CPU loading, memory utilization, IO loading and internal amounts of data securely.
network loading ➢ Software Development and Testing: Rapidly create and
Virtual Storage – As an IaaS provider, we should be able to deploy applications in a scalable environment.
monitor some storage states of each virtual storage, such as ➢ Web and Mobile Applications: Host web and mobile
virtual space utilization, data duplication and storage applications in the cloud for global accessibility.
device access bandwidth ➢ Big Data Analytics: Process and analyze vast amounts
Virtual Network – As an IaaS provider, we should be able to of data using cloud resources.
monitor some network states of each virtual network, such as ➢ Disaster Recovery: Maintain data backups and recovery
virtual network bandwidth, network connectivity and plans in the cloud for business continuity.
network load balancing
Cloud Architecture
Cloud Deployment Models ➢ Cloud architecture refers to the design and structure of
PUBLIC CLOUD cloud computing environments, including the arrangement
• Services are provided over a public network and available of components and the relationships between them.
to anyone who wants to use them. ➢ It involves various elements that work together to deliver
• It is a cost-effective option for businesses and individuals cloud services and ensure reliability, scalability, and
looking for scalability and flexibility. security.
• Public cloud providers, such as AWS, Azure, and GCP,
offer a wide range of services accessible to the general
public.
PRIVATE CLOUD
• Infrastructure is dedicated to a single organization and
may be located on-premises or off-premises.
• Private cloud environments are designed to meet specific
security, compliance, or performance requirements.
• They offer enhanced control, customization, and privacy
but require significant upfront investment.
HYBRID CLOUD
• Combines public and private cloud environments, allowing
for flexibility and data sharing between the two.
 reduce unnecessary cloud computing expenses. Regularly
review and optimize resource allocation to ensure cost-
effectiveness.

CONCLUSION:
✓ Cloud computing enables the delivery of computing
services over the internet, eliminating the need for local
infrastructure.
✓ Key characteristics of cloud computing include on-demand
self-service, broad network access, resource pooling,
rapid elasticity, and measured service.
✓ Deployment models include public, private, and hybrid
NIST Architecture of Cloud clouds, offering flexibility and data sharing options.
✓ Service models such as IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS provide
virtualized computing resources, platform for application
• Cloud Consumer: An individual or organization that
development, and software delivery respectively.
engages in a business partnership with Cloud Providers ✓ Cloud computing offers benefits like cost savings,
and utilizes their services. scalability, flexibility, reliability, and enhanced
• Cloud Provider: A person, organization, or entity that is collaboration.
accountable for offering services to individuals or entities ✓ Cloud computing presents a transformative approach to
who are interested in them. computing, offering cost-effective solutions, scalability,
• Cloud Auditor: A party capable of conducting an impartial and flexibility for organizations across various industries.
evaluation of cloud services, as well as assessing the By leveraging the benefits of cloud computing and aligning
performance, security, and operations of the cloud with the appropriate deployment and service models,
implementation. organizations can drive innovation, improve efficiency, and
• Cloud Broker: An entity responsible for managing the adapt to evolving business needs.
utilization, performance, and delivery of cloud services.
Additionally, they act as mediators between Cloud
Providers and Cloud Consumers, negotiating relationships
between the two parties.
• Cloud Carrier: An intermediary that facilitates the
connectivity and transportation of cloud services from
Cloud Providers to Cloud Consumers.

Cloud Architecture Best Practices

• Up-front Planning: Prioritize up-front planning to
understand capacity needs and avoid unexpected
production glitches. Continuously test performance during
the architecture design phase.
• Security First: Implement robust security measures to
protect against unauthorized access. Safeguard all layers
of the cloud infrastructure through data encryption, patch
management, and strict security policies. Consider
adopting zero-trust security models for enhanced
protection in hybrid and multi-cloud environments.
• Disaster Recovery Readiness: Automate recovery
processes to minimize costly downtime and ensure swift
recovery from service disruptions. Implement monitoring
mechanisms to track capacity and utilize redundant
networks for a highly available architecture.
• Maximize Performance: Optimize computing resources
by continuously monitoring business demands and
technological requirements. Efficiently manage and
allocate resources to maintain optimal performance levels.
• Cost Optimization: Leverage automated processes,
managed service providers, and utilization tracking to