WLAN
WLAN
WLAN
ZigBee
802.15.4 802.15.4a/b/c/d/e/f/g
Personal wireless nw
WPAN 802.15 802.15.5, .6 (WBAN)
802.15.2 802.15.3 802.15.3b/c
802.15.1
Bluetooth
Wireless distribution networks
WMAN 802.16 (Broadband Wireless Access) WiMAX
+ Mobility
[802.20 (Mobile Broadband Wireless Access)]
802.16e (addition to .16 for mobile devices)
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Characteristics of wireless LANs
• Advantages
– very flexible within the reception area
– Ad-hoc networks without previous planning possible
– (almost) no wiring difficulties (e.g. historic buildings)
– more robust against disasters like, e.g., earthquakes, fire)
• Disadvantages
– typically very low bandwidth compared to wired networks
(1-10 Mbit/s) due to shared medium
– many proprietary solutions, standards take their time (e.g.
IEEE 802.11n)
– National restrictions, it takes long time to establish global
solutions like, e.g., IMT-2000
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Design goals for wireless LANs
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Infrared vs. radio transmission
• Infrared • Radio
– uses IR diodes, diffuse light, – typically using the license free
multiple reflections (walls, ISM band at 2.4 GHz
furniture etc.)
– Sender: Simple LED or Laser • Advantages
diodes
– Larger coverage areas
– Receiver: Photodiodes
– Can penetrate walls, ostacles
• Advantages – Higher transmission rate
– simple, cheap, available in
many mobile devices
– no licenses needed • Disadvantages
– NO interference with electrical – very limited license free
device frequency bands
– Shielding more difficult,
• Disadvantages interference with other
– interference by sunlight, heat electrical devices
sources etc.
– many things absorb IR light
– low bandwidth
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Infrastructure-based Wireless Networks
AP
AP wired network
AP
• No need of Infrastructure
• Useful in disaster area
• Complexity of each node is higher, have to implement
• Media access mechanism
• Handle hidden or exposed terminal problems
• Priority mechanism to provide QoS
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Architecture of an infrastructure network
• Station (STA)
STA1 802.11 LAN 802.x LAN – terminal with access
mechanisms and radio contact
to the AP
BSS1 • Basic Service Set (BSS)
Portal – group of stations using the
Access
same radio frequency
Point
• Access Point
Distribution System
– station integrated into the
Access wireless LAN and the
ESS Point distribution system
• Portal
BSS2
– bridge to other (wired) networks
• Distribution System
– interconnection network to form
STA3 one logical network (ESS:
STA2 802.11 LAN
Extended Service Set) based
on several BSS
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Architecture of an ad-hoc network
802.11 LAN
• Direct communication
STA1 within a limited range
– Station (STA):
STA3
IBSS1 terminal with access
mechanisms to the
wireless medium
STA2
– Independent Basic
Service Set (IBSS):
group of stations using
IBSS2 the same radio frequency
STA5
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IEEE 802.11 Protocol Architecture
fixed
terminal
mobile terminal
infrastructure
network
access point
application application
TCP TCP
IP IP
LLC LLC LLC
802.11 MAC 802.11 MAC 802.3 MAC 802.3 MAC
802.11 PHY 802.11 PHY 802.3 PHY 802.3 PHY
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802.11 - Layers and functions
• MAC • PLCP (Physical Layer
Convergence Protocol)
– access mechanisms,
fragmentation, encryption – clear channel assessment
signal (carrier sense)
• MAC Management
– Association with AP
– Roaming between APs, • PMD (Physical Medium Dependent)
MIB, power management – modulation, coding of
signals
Station Management
LLC
• PHY Management
DLC
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802.11 - Physical layer
• 3 versions: 2 radio (typ. 2.4 GHz), 1 IR
– data rates 1 or 2 Mbit/s
• FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum)
– Coexistence of multiple networks separating by hopping sequence
– spreading, despreading, signal strength, typ. 1 Mbit/s
– min. 2.5 frequency hops/s (USA), two-level GFSK modulation
• DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
– DBPSK modulation for 1 Mbit/s (Differential Binary Phase Shift
Keying), DQPSK for 2 Mbit/s (Differential Quadrature PSK)
– preamble and header of a frame is always transmitted with 1 Mbit/s,
rest of transmission 1 or 2 Mbit/s
– max. radiated power 1 W (USA), 100 mW (EU), min. 1mW
• Infrared
– 850-950 nm, diffuse light, typ. 10 m range
– carrier detection, energy detection, synchronization
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FHSS PHY packet format
• Synchronization: 80 bit
– synch with 010101... pattern
• SFD (Start Frame Delimiter): 16 bit
– 0000110010111101 start pattern
• PLW (PLCP_PDU Length Word): 12 bit
– length of payload incl. 32 bit CRC of payload, PLW < 4096
• PSF (PLCP Signaling Field): 4-bit
– data rate of the payload following (1 or 2 Mbit/s)
• HEC (Header Error Check): 16-bit
– CRC with x16+x12+x5+1
80 16 12 4 16 variable bits
synchronization SFD PLW PSF HEC payload
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Thank you
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