WLAN

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 17

Wireless LAN

Mobile Communication Technology (IEEE)


WiFi
Local wireless networks 802.11a 802.11h
WLAN 802.11 802.11i/e/…/n/…/z/aa
802.11b 802.11g

ZigBee
802.15.4 802.15.4a/b/c/d/e/f/g
Personal wireless nw
WPAN 802.15 802.15.5, .6 (WBAN)
802.15.2 802.15.3 802.15.3b/c
802.15.1
Bluetooth
Wireless distribution networks
WMAN 802.16 (Broadband Wireless Access) WiMAX
+ Mobility
[802.20 (Mobile Broadband Wireless Access)]
802.16e (addition to .16 for mobile devices)
8/22/2023 2
Characteristics of wireless LANs

• Advantages
– very flexible within the reception area
– Ad-hoc networks without previous planning possible
– (almost) no wiring difficulties (e.g. historic buildings)
– more robust against disasters like, e.g., earthquakes, fire)

• Disadvantages
– typically very low bandwidth compared to wired networks
(1-10 Mbit/s) due to shared medium
– many proprietary solutions, standards take their time (e.g.
IEEE 802.11n)
– National restrictions, it takes long time to establish global
solutions like, e.g., IMT-2000

8/22/2023 3
Design goals for wireless LANs

• Global, seamless operation


• Low power for battery use
• No special permissions or licenses needed to use LAN
• Robust transmission technology
• Easy to use for everyone, simple management
• Protection of investment in wired networks
• Security: no one should be able to read my data
• Privacy: no one should be able to collect user profiles
• Safety: low radiation
• Transparency concerning applications and higher layer
protocols, but also location awareness if necessary

8/22/2023 4
Infrared vs. radio transmission
• Infrared • Radio
– uses IR diodes, diffuse light, – typically using the license free
multiple reflections (walls, ISM band at 2.4 GHz
furniture etc.)
– Sender: Simple LED or Laser • Advantages
diodes
– Larger coverage areas
– Receiver: Photodiodes
– Can penetrate walls, ostacles
• Advantages – Higher transmission rate
– simple, cheap, available in
many mobile devices
– no licenses needed • Disadvantages
– NO interference with electrical – very limited license free
device frequency bands
– Shielding more difficult,
• Disadvantages interference with other
– interference by sunlight, heat electrical devices
sources etc.
– many things absorb IR light
– low bandwidth
8/22/2023 5
Infrastructure-based Wireless Networks

AP: Access Point

AP

AP wired network
AP

• Most of the network functionality lies within the AP


• Wireless client can remain simple
• AP can poll each wireless nodes to ensure minimum data rate
• If AP controls media access, no collisions are possible
• AP may authenticate access, control QoS, management functions
8/22/2023 6
Ad-hoc networks

• No need of Infrastructure
• Useful in disaster area
• Complexity of each node is higher, have to implement
• Media access mechanism
• Handle hidden or exposed terminal problems
• Priority mechanism to provide QoS

8/22/2023 7
Architecture of an infrastructure network
• Station (STA)
STA1 802.11 LAN 802.x LAN – terminal with access
mechanisms and radio contact
to the AP
BSS1 • Basic Service Set (BSS)
Portal – group of stations using the
Access
same radio frequency
Point
• Access Point
Distribution System
– station integrated into the
Access wireless LAN and the
ESS Point distribution system
• Portal
BSS2
– bridge to other (wired) networks
• Distribution System
– interconnection network to form
STA3 one logical network (ESS:
STA2 802.11 LAN
Extended Service Set) based
on several BSS
8/22/2023 8
Architecture of an ad-hoc network
802.11 LAN
• Direct communication
STA1 within a limited range
– Station (STA):
STA3
IBSS1 terminal with access
mechanisms to the
wireless medium
STA2
– Independent Basic
Service Set (IBSS):
group of stations using
IBSS2 the same radio frequency
STA5

STA4 802.11 LAN

8/22/2023 9
IEEE 802.11 Protocol Architecture
fixed
terminal
mobile terminal

infrastructure
network

access point
application application
TCP TCP
IP IP
LLC LLC LLC
802.11 MAC 802.11 MAC 802.3 MAC 802.3 MAC
802.11 PHY 802.11 PHY 802.3 PHY 802.3 PHY

8/22/2023 10
802.11 - Layers and functions
• MAC • PLCP (Physical Layer
Convergence Protocol)
– access mechanisms,
fragmentation, encryption – clear channel assessment
signal (carrier sense)
• MAC Management
– Association with AP
– Roaming between APs, • PMD (Physical Medium Dependent)
MIB, power management – modulation, coding of
signals

Station Management
LLC
• PHY Management
DLC

– channel selection, MIB


MAC MAC Management
• Station Management
PLCP – coordination of all
PHY

PHY Management management functions


PMD

8/22/2023 11
802.11 - Physical layer
• 3 versions: 2 radio (typ. 2.4 GHz), 1 IR
– data rates 1 or 2 Mbit/s
• FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum)
– Coexistence of multiple networks separating by hopping sequence
– spreading, despreading, signal strength, typ. 1 Mbit/s
– min. 2.5 frequency hops/s (USA), two-level GFSK modulation
• DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum)
– DBPSK modulation for 1 Mbit/s (Differential Binary Phase Shift
Keying), DQPSK for 2 Mbit/s (Differential Quadrature PSK)
– preamble and header of a frame is always transmitted with 1 Mbit/s,
rest of transmission 1 or 2 Mbit/s
– max. radiated power 1 W (USA), 100 mW (EU), min. 1mW
• Infrared
– 850-950 nm, diffuse light, typ. 10 m range
– carrier detection, energy detection, synchronization

8/22/2023 12
FHSS PHY packet format
• Synchronization: 80 bit
– synch with 010101... pattern
• SFD (Start Frame Delimiter): 16 bit
– 0000110010111101 start pattern
• PLW (PLCP_PDU Length Word): 12 bit
– length of payload incl. 32 bit CRC of payload, PLW < 4096
• PSF (PLCP Signaling Field): 4-bit
– data rate of the payload following (1 or 2 Mbit/s)
• HEC (Header Error Check): 16-bit
– CRC with x16+x12+x5+1
80 16 12 4 16 variable bits
synchronization SFD PLW PSF HEC payload

PLCP preamble PLCP header


8/22/2023 13
8/22/2023 14
DSSS PHY packet format
• Synchronization: 128 bit
– synch., gain setting, energy detection, frequency offset compensation
• SFD (Start Frame Delimiter): 16 bit
– 1111001110100000
• Signal: 8-bit
– data rate of the payload (0A: 1 Mbit/s DBPSK; 14: 2 Mbit/s DQPSK)
• Service: 8-bit
– Reserved, future use, 00: 802.11 compliant
• Length: 16 bit
– length of the payload
• HEC (Header Error Check): 16-bit
– protection of signal, service and length, x16+x12+x5+1

128 16 8 8 16 16 variable bits


synchronization SFD signal service length HEC payload

PLCP preamble PLCP header


8/22/2023 15
802.11: Infra red
• Based on IR transmission
• Uses visible light at 850-950 nm
• Does not require LoS
• Maximum range = 10 m (if no sunlight or heat sources)
• A wall is enough to shield one IR-based 802.11
network
• Frequency reuse is very simple
• Useful in buildings, classrooms, meeting rooms

8/22/2023 16
Thank you

8/22/2023 17

You might also like