Machine Learning Application in Healthcare

Subject: Foundation of IT

Name: Hafiz Ameer Hamza

Student Id: S20242252

Date: 28-05-2024

Outlines:

1. Introduction

 Objective

2. Technological Analysis

3. Recent developments and Trends

4. Opportunities and Challenges

5. Ethical, privacy and governance concerns

6. Recommendations and best practices

7. Documentation and References.

Introduction:
The introduction of digital technology into the healthcare industry has been
coupled with ongoing application and practicality issues. Adoption of a totally
integrated healthcare system has lagged behind the melding of diverse health
systems.

System has not been completed in the majority of the planet. The value of the
human factor in illness diagnosis and treatment has been repeatedly demonstrated
by the intrinsic complexity and character of human biology, as well as the
differences across individual patients. But there's no denying that developments in
digital technology are turning into essential assets for medical practitioners to give
patients the finest treatment possible.
Machine learning is now widely used in many industries, including healthcare,
because to advances in data technology, including storage capacity, processing
power, and data movement rates. Recent developments in medicine indicate the
necessity for a customized medicine, or "precision medicine," approach to
healthcare due to the complex nature of providing an individual with high-quality
treatment. Utilizing massive quantities of medical data to identify, forecast, and
evaluate diagnostic options is the aim of personalized healthcare. Doctors may then
apply these suggestions for each unique patient. These data comprise, but are not
restricted to, pharmacological combinations, diagnostic data, genetic or family
history, population-wide patient health outcomes, and natural language processing
of currently available medical documents. Three of the most prominent uses of
machine learning (ML) in the biological and therapeutic domains will be our main
areas of concentration. Machine learning is a fast developing topic with a wide
range of possible applications in the healthcare industry. These applications may
include ancillary parts of the sector including regulations, insurance policies, staff
management, and much more. As a result, the subjects discussed in this section
have been reduced to three typical machine learning applications.
Firstly, machine learning is being used to medical pictures, including positron
emission tomography (PET), axial computed tomography (CAT), ultrasound (US),
and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
The processing of natural language of medical records is the second. Healthcare
workers generally agree that the electronic medical record (EMR) process is
sluggish, laborious, and, in many cases, utterly flawed. This is due to the drive
towards EMR in many nations. Patients may occasionally receive worse treatment
in general as a result of this.
Human genetics is used in the third machine learning applications to forecast
disease and identify its causes. The development of next-generation sequencing
(NGS) procedures and the explosion of genetic data, including vast databases of
genetic information pertaining to the entire population, have put the search for
meaningful information about the potential effects of genetics on human health
front and center.

Figure 1

Objective:

Improving the accuracy and efficacy of medical diagnosis, treatment, and patient
care is the goal of using machine learning applications in the healthcare industry.
Healthcare professionals may evaluate enormous volumes of patient data to
forecast results, personalize treatment regimens, and spot any health concerns early
on by utilizing artificial intelligence algorithms.

Improving
Customizing
precision of
treatment
diagnoses
plan

Objective

Figure 2

Health care
The following are some particular
cost objectives of machine
Enhancing learning applications in
healthcare: patient
reduction
outcomes
Improving the precision of diagnoses: Healthcare practitioners may make faster
and more accurate diagnoses by analyzing intricate medical imaging, genetic
information, and other patient data with the use of machine learning algorithms.

Customizing treatment plans: Healthcare practitioners may create individualized

treatment plans that are suited to the unique requirements of each patient by using
machine learning models to forecast how individual patients will react to various
treatment alternatives.
Enhancing patient outcomes: Machine learning systems can detect early warning
indicators of possible health problems and take proactive measures to avert
negative outcomes by evaluating patient data in real-time.

Healthcare cost reduction: By identifying redundancies in the healthcare system,

optimizing resource allocation, and minimizing needless medical treatments,
machine learning may assist healthcare practitioners in cutting expenses that will
benefit patients as well as themselves.

Technological Analysis in Machine Learning Application in Healthcare:

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are the technology use of choice for
analysis in the machine intelligence domain of healthcare. CNNs are a subset of
deep learning algorithms that are often used for jobs involving image analysis and
recognition. CNNs are being used more and more in the healthcare industry for
illness diagnosis, treatment planning, and medical imaging analysis.

Among CNNs' most useful attributes and skills in the medical field are:

Image recognition: CNNs are excellent for jobs like medical imaging analysis
since they are made expressly to process and evaluate visual input. They make it
possible to diagnose illnesses like cancer, tumors, and other anomalies by precisely
identifying patterns and characteristics in medical pictures.
Feature extraction is a valuable use of CNNs in medical imaging, where the
ability to detect subtle patterns and defects is crucial for precise diagnosis and
treatment planning. CNNs can automatically extract essential features from
complex information.
Transfer learning is the process by which CNNs use models that have been
trained to modify them for new tasks with a smaller amount of input. The time and
resources needed to create and train new models for particular medical uses might
be greatly decreased as a result.
Scalability: As healthcare data becomes more readily accessible, CNNs may grow
with the data, allowing for the creation of more reliable and accurate algorithms for
a range of healthcare use cases.
Comparing with other technological options:
SVMs, or support vector machines: SVMs are also widely used for classification
tasks, although for hard image recognition tasks in the medical field, they might
not work as well as CNNs. When it comes to analyzing large-scale medical
pictures and extracting pertinent information for precise diagnosis, CNNs have
demonstrated superior performance.

Decision trees: Though they are simple to use and instinctive, decision trees may
not be able to handle large amounts of data, such as medical pictures. In contrast,
CNNs are highly skilled at analyzing detailed visual data and identifying complex
patterns for accurate medical picture meaning.

Random Forests: While they may not be as specialized for image analysis tasks as
CNNs, random forest algorithms are good at managing noisy and big datasets. In
medical imaging analysis, CNNs have proven to perform better than other models,
especially when it comes to picking up on minute irregularities and irregularities in
pictures.

Recent Development and trends:

Technological advancement:
The field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) has made great strides in the
healthcare industry by facilitating the analysis of unstructured text data, including
studies, clinical notes, and patient information. NLP algorithms can help with
research and clinical decision-making by gleaning insightful information from this
data.
Computer Vision: Tasks including object recognition, illness diagnosis, and
medical imaging analysis are being performed using sophisticated computer vision
algorithms. Convolutional neural networks, one type of deep learning model, show
encouraging results in the automated interpretation of medical imagery, paving the
way for quicker and more precise illness detection.
Federated Learning: Federated learning is an approach to machine learning that
protects patient privacy and enables several healthcare organizations to work
together on model training without exchanging private patient information. This
technology gets more and more popular in the healthcare industry since it protects
patient privacy while facilitating the creation of reliable and applicable models.

Trends in the Market:

Personalized medicine: Based on unique patient traits and biological profiles,

there is an increasing need for customized treatment regimens and treatments.
Applications of machine learning are being used to examine genetic and patient
data in order to customize treatment plans for improved results.
Predictive analytics: To anticipate patient outcomes, identify high-risk people,
and optimize the use of resources, healthcare companies are using predictive
analytics models more and more. In order to enhance the delivery of medical
services and create accurate forecasts based on past data, machine learning
algorithms are essential.

Artificial intelligence Market for Healthcare Application, world, 2014, 2021(in

Millions)

2014 663.8

2021 6662

Figure 3

Customer Preferences:

Accuracy and Reliability: When it comes to illness diagnosis and treatment ideas,
consumers place a high value on machine learning applications' accuracy and
dependability in healthcare. In order to guarantee reliable results, transparent and
thoroughly tested solutions are favored.

Data Security and Privacy: Clients expect machine learning apps to adhere to
stringent standards and protect sensitive health information in response to the
growing concerns over data security and privacy. The ability to maintain privacy is
making technologies like differential privacy and federated education more and
more valuable.

Opportunities and challenges:

The following are some ways of utilizing machine learning to create effective
business solution in the healthcare sector:

Opportunities:

Predictive analytics: Machine learning algorithms are able to evaluate huge

quantities of patient data in order to identify high-risk patients, forecast healthcare
trends, and predict the course of diseases. By using these information,
organizations may offer individualized treatment and proactively intervene, which
will ultimately save costs and improve patient outcomes.

Automated Diagnosis and Decision Support: Using patient symptoms, lab

results, and medical imaging, machine learning models may automatically
diagnose illnesses. These technologies can improve diagnostic precision, expedite
treatment choices, and guarantee uniformity in the provision of healthcare by
offering decision assistance to healthcare practitioners.

Challenges:

Data Quality and Accessibility: It can be difficult to obtain and integrate

healthcare data for machine learning applications since it is frequently fragmented,
unstructured, and stored in several forms across multiple systems. For models to be
accurate and dependable, data quality, standardization, and interoperability must be
guaranteed.

Patient Privacy and Regulatory Compliance: When applying machine learning

technologies, healthcare institutions must abide by stringent data privacy laws like
HIPAA in order to secure patient information. Creating business solutions that
work in the healthcare industry requires striking a balance between the protection
of patient data and the requirement for insights gleaned from that data.
Interpretability and Transparency of the Model: Because deep learning
algorithms are so advanced, they are frequently referred to as "black boxes" in the
context of machine learning models. In particular, when it comes to crucial
decision-making situations, it is essential that these models be transparent and
comprehensible in order for medical professionals to accept and rely on the
suggestions made.

Ethical, privacy and governance concerns:

Applications of machine learning in healthcare have major ramifications for
privacy, governance, and ethical problems that impact a range of consumers,
including patients, healthcare providers, academics, legislators, and technology
companies. The following are some major manners that these elements are
impacted by technology:

AI Governance

Transparency
Fairness and Explain Robustness Privacy Accountability
ability

Ethical Consideration:
Algorithm prejudice: If the training data is not representative or if the
mathematical models are poorly developed, machine learning algorithms may
unintentionally reinforce prejudice in medical facilities. This may lead to
differences in how particular patient populations receive care and how their results
turn out, which raises moral questions regarding justice and fairness.
Informed Consent: Before their data is utilized in machine learning models,
patients must give their informed consent. Maintaining patient autonomy and
ethical norms requires openness on the use of data, the goals of the study, and the
consequences for patient care.
Data Ownership: It is ethical to decide who owns and has control over patient
data used in machine learning applications. Patients ought to be in control of their
health information and understand who may access it and how it will be used.
Privacy Issues:

Data security: In machine learning applications, safeguarding patient data against

illegal access, breaches, and cyber threats is essential. Encryption methods, access
restrictions, and strong security measures are essential for healthcare businesses to
protect patient confidentiality and secure sensitive health data.
De-identification and Anonymization: To protect patient privacy in machine
learning models, anonymous patient data is crucial. While protecting individual
identities, technologies like federated learning and differential privacy enable
insightful conclusions from being drawn from aggregated data.
Governor Issues:
Regulatory Compliance: When deploying machine learning technologies,
healthcare firms need to follow legal frameworks like GDPR, HIPAA, and other
data protection requirements. Patient data is managed safely and ethically when
these standards are followed.
Accountability and Transparency: For machine learning applications, it's critical
to set up explicit governance frameworks and accountability systems. To gain
confidence and trust, healthcare providers, developers, and stakeholders should be
open and honest about how algorithms work, make choices, and affect patient care.

Impact on Stakeholders:

Patients: Patients want their confidentiality and independence to be respected

while handling their health data with care. They also want physicians to follow
ethical standards when making decisions, and they prefer clarity regarding how
machine learning is used to guide their treatment.
Healthcare Providers: To assist in making diagnosis and treatment suggestions,
physicians and other healthcare workers rely on machine learning algorithms. They
need to be taught how to use technology to maintain patient-centered care, analyze
algorithm results, and recognize its limits.

Researchers and Policymakers: Researchers must maintain ethical behavior, data

integrity, and investigation integrity in order to leverage machine learning to
propel improvements in healthcare research. In order to uphold patient rights and
responsibly foster creativity, policymakers are essential in defining the rules that
control the application of machine learning in the medical field.

Summary:
In conclusion, it is critical to address important difficulties with data quality,
patient privacy, ethical considerations, bias reduction, and governance when using
neural network applications in the healthcare industry. The following guidelines
and best practices are essential to ensuring machine learning technology works
effectively in healthcare settings:

Data Uniformity and Quality:

By using strict procedures for data cleansing, normalization, and standardization,

you can guarantee data quality.
To preserve data security, interoperability, and integrity, put in place strong data
governance procedures.
Standardized data formats and standards may be used to help healthcare
stakeholders collaborate and share data more easily.

Compliance with regulations and patient privacy:

Respect privacy regulations and other data protection rules, such as HIPAA and
GDPR, to secure patient information.
Get patients' informed consent before using their data in machine learning models,
and be open and honest about how you handle data.
To safeguard patient privacy and guarantee data security, use encryption, access
restrictions, and anonymization methods.
Accountability and Governance:
Provide precise criteria, accountability systems, and governance frameworks for
the ethical application of machine learning in healthcare.
Engage interdisciplinary groups in the process of making decisions in order to
guarantee adherence to ethical and regulatory requirements.
Make that machine learning models are in compliance with company policy,
industry standards, and guidelines by conducting routine assessments and audits.
Conclusion:

A new and exciting age is beginning for the application of digital technologies like
machine learning in the healthcare industry. Our understanding of the inherited and
environmental elements that contribute to the beginning of complex diseases will
significantly accelerate due to the convergence of informatics, biology,
engineering, chemistry, and computer science. The possibility of using copy
number variations to forecast cancer
A diagnosis is thrilling. It may be possible to enhance patient treatment on an
individual basis by applying machine learning to provide an interpretable way of
comprehending how the genomic landscape connects across genes to contribute to
hereditary cancer risk.
Databases with strong statistical strength for scientific study, like The Cancer
Genome Atlas and UK Bio bank, are priceless tools. The techniques built upon the
framework of The Cancer Genome Atlas and UK Bio bank will continue to be
advantageous and improve as further large-scale population data projects approach
completion in the next ten years, particularly when sample sizes readily start to
approach the regime of millions of patients. Global population tracking will be
extremely helpful in achieving the aim of precision medicine.

Improving the applicability of scientific discoveries and outcomes of other

machine learning techniques in a therapeutic context will need natural language
processing. To efficiently extract the abundance of information into a format that
doctors and other healthcare professionals can use, several specialized systems will
need to be connected with one another.

References:

E. Acar (2020). Healthcare Applications of Machine Learning. Artificial

Intelligence in Medicine, edited by Azar A.T. (pp. 143-154). Springer.

E. J. Topol (2019). Artificial intelligence and human intellect coming together to

create high-performance medicine. 25(1), 44–56; doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0300-7;
Nature Medicine

Esteva, A., Chou, K., DePristo, M., Kuleshov, V., Robicquet, A., Ramsundar, B.,...
& Corrado, G. (2019). A manual for deep learning in the medical field. 25(1), 24-
29; doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0316-z Nature Medicine

In 2018, Beam, A. L. and Kohane, I. S. Machine Learning and Big Data in

Healthcare. 319(13), 1317–1318 in JAMA. https://10.1001/jama.2017.18391

Wang, & Wang, L. (2018); Chen, M.; Hao, Y.; Hwang, K.; Wang, L. Machine
learning used to large datasets from healthcare communities to forecast diseases.
IEEE Access, 6 (696-704). 10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2782559

Way, J. C. (2018); Ghassemi, M.; Naumann, T.; Schulam, P.; Beam, A. L.; Chen,
I. Y.; Ranganath, R.; &... Predicting patient death with electronic health records. In
3rd Machine Learning for Healthcare Conference Proceedings, pp. 280-297.

Topol, E. J. and Jha, S. (2016). Radiologists and pathologists as Information

Specialists: Adapting to Artificial Intelligence. 316(22), 2353-2354; JAMA.
Citation: 10.1001/jama.2016.17438
J. Wiens and E. S. Shenoy (2018). The field of healthcare is about to undergo a
significant change because to machine learning. 22(1), 219 in Critical Care,
doi:10.1186/s13054-018-2144-5
Dean, J., Rajkomar, A., and Kohane, I. (2019). Medical machine learning.
doi:10.1056/NEJMra1814259. New England Journal of Medicine, 380(14), 1347–
1358.