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Assignment 1 Solutions

The document provides solutions to three problems related to hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicle powertrain sizing. It includes diagrams of a series-parallel HEV topology and operating modes. It also shows calculations for the energy and power needs to accelerate EVs from 0-100 km/h under different scenarios.

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Shafkat
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
18 views

Assignment 1 Solutions

The document provides solutions to three problems related to hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicle powertrain sizing. It includes diagrams of a series-parallel HEV topology and operating modes. It also shows calculations for the energy and power needs to accelerate EVs from 0-100 km/h under different scenarios.

Uploaded by

Shafkat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment 1 Solutions

Total: 50 points
Problem 1 on theoretical questions (20 ponints)

a. Draw the topology of a series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle (5 points). Describe all possible
operating modes of a series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle (8 points).
b. Describe the key components of a Plugin hybrid electric vehicle and what is the main
difference with other types of electrified vehicle? (7 points)

a. The topology of a series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle is a combination of the series and
parallel hybrids, and it can have various topologies due to the location for coupling the engine
and motor output. The key feature of this type of hybrids is that it has two electric machines
with one connected to the engine for electrical power generation and one mainly for traction.
Students can draw it as one of the two diagrams shown below.

Engine Traction
Generator motor
Operation modes:
• Motor alone mode: 1) Vehicle is only propelled by the motor with supply from battery only;
or 2) the motor is supplied by both the battery and the engine generator when the battery SoC
is low.

• Engine alone mode: Vehicle is only propelled by the ICE (traction)

• Combined mode: Both ICE and motor drive the vehicle during high power demand.

• Power split mode: For ICE power higher than vehicle demand, engine power is split to drive
the vehicle and charge the battery via the generator.

• Stationary charging mode: The vehicle is stationary, and the engine drives the generator to
charge the battery.

• Regenerative braking mode: Traction motor works as a generator to recharge the battery.

• Hybrid battery charging mode: Both the engine–generator and the traction motor operate as
generators in braking to charge the batteries.

b. The key components of a Plugin hybrid electric vehicle are similar to the other hybrids with
1) Internal Combustion Engine; 2) Electric motor and/or generator; 3) Battery
pack/supercapacitor; 4) Power Electronics and Control Unit; 5) Hybrid drivetrain; and 6) the
interface or connecting unit for charging (onboard charger or the charging outlet for
connecting to external chargers).

• Compared with the non-plugin hybrids, PHEV includes the interface for charging and
it has higher energy storage capacity that enables a longer driving range in the
electric-only mode.

• Compared with battery or fuel cell electric vehicles, PHEV includes an engine for
extending the vehicle driving range with the alternative energy source.

Problem 2 on vehicle efficiencies (12 points)


Find the energy usage for traveling a distance of 1 km by an ICE car and a battery electric vehicle
considering well-to-wheel energy efficiency.
a. Consider that petrol for ICE cars has a calorific value of 34.3 MJ/liter. There are 30% losses
in the process of refinery & distribution to gas stations. The ICE car can travel 11 km/liter.
Calculate the energy in Wh for this ICE car to travel a distance of 1 km considering the well-
to-wheel energy usage. (note: 1 Wh = 3,600 J) (8 points)
b. In the case of battery electric vehicle, the EV itself consumes 200 Wh battery energy per km.
For well-to-wheel efficiency, consider that the power generation efficiency (losses in refinery
and power conversion are all considered) is 40%, the transmission and distributions losses is
10%, the battery charger efficiency is 92%, the full cycle battery charging and discharging
efficiency is 95%. Determine the energy in Wh for this EV to travel a distance of 1 km
considering the well-to-wheel energy usage. (4 points)

Note: Calculation for problem 2a. is that the energy content of petrol (34.3 MJ/liter) minus the
refinement & transportation losses (30%), multiplied by the km per liter.

Problem 3 on Basic sizing of an EV Powertrain (18 points)


When we size the powertrain of an EV, we must ensure sufficient tractive force for the vehicle to:
• accelerate from zero speed to a certain speed within a required time limit
• overcome wind resistance force if headwind speed is non‐zero
• overcome aerodynamic force
• overcome rolling resistance
• climb a certain slope (grade)
You are asked to find the approximate ratings of an electric vehicle powertrain with a vehicle mass
of 1,000 kg.
a. Determine the total tractive force needed to accelerate at 5 m/s2, assuming that aerodynamic,
rolling, and hill‐climbing force counts for an extra 10% of the needed acceleration force. (4
points)
b. What is the time required for the vehicle to accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h. (4 points)
c. Calculate the average and peak power needed to accelerate the vehicle from 0 to 100 km/h. (6
points)
d. Determine the tractive force needed for this vehicle to accelerate to 100 km/h in 10 seconds,
assuming a constant acceleration. What is the average and peak power required for this
acceleration? (4 points)

a. Determine the total tractive force needed to accelerate at 5 m/s2, assuming that
aerodynamic, rolling, and hill‐climbing force counts for an extra 10% of the needed
acceleration force.
Fte = 1.1× mass × acceleration
=1.1×1000 × 5
= 5500N
b. What is the time required for the vehicle to accelerate from 0 to 100km/h?
v =v0 + at =0 + 5t =100km / h =27.78m / s
27.78
=t = 5.556 s
5

Note: the energy required to accelerate the vehicle from 0 to 100 Km/h is:
1  1
Energy required=1.1×  Mv 2  = × 1.1× 1000 × 27.782 =424450.62 J
2  2
There can be some other ways to calculate the energy.

c. Now, we can calculate the average and peak power needed to accelerate the vehicle from 0
to 100 km/h.
energy 424450.62
averge power=
= = 76.395kW
time 5.556
peak power=Ftr ×=
v 5500 × 27.78
= 152.79kW
d. Determine the tractive force needed for a 1000kg vehicle to accelerate to 100km/h in 10
seconds, assuming a constant acceleration. What is the power required for this acceleration?
dv 27.78
Ftr _ new =Ma =M = 1000 × = 2778 N
dt 10
The peak power=Ftr _ new × Vmax = 2778 × 27.78 = 77.2kW
77.2kW
The average power= = 38.6kW
2

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