Assignment 2 Solutions

Total: 100 points

Problem 1:
A 12 V battery is connected to a series RL load as shown in
the circuit. The battery has a rated capacity of 80 Ah. At t =
0, the switch is closed and the battery begins to discharge.
1. Calculate the following with the given 12 V battery.
a) Calculate and plot the battery discharge current, i(t), if the steady-state discharge rate is C/2. Neglect battery
internal voltage drop.
b) Calculate and plot SoD(t) in Ah for 0 < t < 2 h.
c) Calculate and plot SoC(t) assuming that at t = 0 the battery is charged to rated capacity. Assume also that the
rated capacity is the practical capacity.
d) Calculate the time corresponding to 80% DoD.
2. Now, the battery pack voltage is 24 V. Answer the following.
a) What can be done to maintain the same steady-state discharge rate as C/2 when neglecting the battery internal
voltage drop.
b) Calculate and plot the battery discharge current, i(t).
c) Calculate the time for the battery discharge current to reach 90% of the steady-state current.
d) Compare the battery discharge profile in 1 of problem 1, is this 24 V battery discharged faster than the 12V
one at the same C/2 rate?

Solution:
(a)

In an RL circuit,
𝑡𝑡
𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡) = 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 �1 − 𝑒𝑒 −𝜏𝜏 �
12 𝑐𝑐 80Ahr
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑅𝑅 = 2 = 2ℎ𝑟𝑟
= 40 A
⇒ 𝑅𝑅 = 0.3Ω
𝐿𝐿 90×10−3
and 𝜏𝜏 = 𝑅𝑅 = = 300 ms = 0.3s
0.3
𝑡𝑡
𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡) = 40 �1 − 𝑒𝑒 −0.3 � 𝐴𝐴 [Ah]

(b)

𝑡𝑡 40 𝑡𝑡 −3
SoD (𝑡𝑡) = ∫0 𝑖𝑖(𝛾𝛾)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ �1 − 𝑒𝑒 −𝛾𝛾/300×10 �𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3600 0
40 −3 𝑡𝑡
SoD (𝑡𝑡) = �𝑡𝑡 + 300 × 10−3 𝑒𝑒 −𝛾𝛾/300×10 | �
3600 0
−3
SoD (𝑡𝑡) = 0.0111�𝑡𝑡 + 300 × 10−3 �𝑒𝑒 −𝑡𝑡/300×10 − 1��
(c)

soc (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑄𝑄rated − SoD (𝑡𝑡)

−3 Ah
= 80 − 0.0111�𝑡𝑡 + 300 × 10−3 �𝑒𝑒 −𝑡𝑡/300×10 − 1��

(d)
80% DoD⇒ 0.8 × 80 = SoD(𝑡𝑡) = 64 Ah
−3
⇒ 64 = 0.0111�𝑡𝑡 + 300 × 10−3 �𝑒𝑒 −𝑡𝑡/300×10 − 1��
−3
⇒ 5760 = 𝑡𝑡 + 300 × 10−3 �𝑒𝑒 −𝑡𝑡/300×10 − 1�
−3
Assuming 𝑡𝑡 >> 300 ms, 𝑒𝑒 −𝑡𝑡/300×10 − 1 ≃ −1

∴ 𝑡𝑡 = 5760 − 300 × 10−3 ≃ 5760 = 1.6 hour.

And 𝑡𝑡 = 5760 s >> 300 ms (assumption is true)

2.
with 24V battery,
(a) as below, just change R to 0.6 ohm
𝑡𝑡
𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡) = 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 �1 − 𝑒𝑒 −𝜏𝜏 �
24 𝑐𝑐 80Ahr
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = = = = 40 A
𝑅𝑅 2 2ℎ𝑟𝑟
⇒ 𝑅𝑅 = 0.6Ω （ 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 0.6 𝑜𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑚）
𝐿𝐿 90 × 10−3
and 𝜏𝜏 = = = 150 ms = 0.15s
𝑅𝑅 0.6
(b) 𝑡𝑡
𝑖𝑖(𝑡𝑡) = 40 �1 − 𝑒𝑒 −0.15 �

𝑡𝑡
−
(c) With 40 �1 − 𝑒𝑒 0.15 � = 40 × 0.9 = 36𝐴𝐴, t=0.345s

(d) during discharging,

soc (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑄𝑄rated − SoD (𝑡𝑡)

−3
= 80 − 0.0111�𝑡𝑡 + +150 × 10−3 �𝑒𝑒−𝑡𝑡/150×10 − 1��

The current rise time of 24 V battery is a bit faster than the 12 V one. However, since the transient
time (in ms) is negligible during discharging, the batteries at 12 V and 24V will be discharged at
the same speed since they have the same C/2 rate and same capacity.
 Problem 2:
The parameters of a parallel HEV are as follows: the vehicle mass is 1800 kg, the driver/one passenger weight is 80
kg, the rolling resistance coefficient is 0.01, the coefficient of aerodynamic drag is 0.4, the air density is 1.25kg/m3,
the frontal area is 2.6 m2, the wind speed is 5 m/s, g = 9.81 m/s2, and the road grade angle is 5º.
1. The vehicle is to accelerate with constant acceleration from 0 to 60mph in 10 s.
a) Find an expression for traction force as a function of time FTR(t) for
this initial acceleration period.
b) Find an expression for traction power as a function of time PTR(t)
for this initial acceleration period.
c) Determine the energy in J required during this initial acceleration
between 0 and 10 s.
2. The vehicle is to accelerate according to the given sine wave in (a) from
0 to 60mph in 10 s. Repeat questions above.
3. The vehicle following the driving profile as shown in (b) on a level road
with a wind speed 0 (the other conditions remain the same as given). (a)
a) Derive and plot FTR(t) versus t for the period between 0 and 38
seconds.
b) Derive and plot PTR(t) versus t for the period between 0 and 38
seconds.

Solutions
1. (b)
a) the vehicle mass with one driver and one passenger is 1800+160= 1960 kg, and the tractive force is
dV
FTR ( t ) =
δM + ∑ Frt = Ma + Fr + Fw + Fg
dt
The acceleration is a=V/t=60*0.447/10=2.682 m/s2
FTR ( t=
) Ma + f r Mg cos ( α ) + 0.5ρAf Cd (V + Vw ) + Mg sin ( α )
2

= 1960 × 2.682 + 1960 × 9.81× ( 0.01× cos(5°) + sin(5°) ) + 0.5 × 1.25 × 2.6 × 0.4 × ( 2.682t + 5 )
2

= 5256.72 + 1867.34 + 0.65 × ( 2.682t + 5 )

2

= 7124.06 + 4.68t 2 + 17.43t + 16.25

= 4.68t 2 + 17.43t + 7140.31

b)
PTR ( t ) = FTR ( t ) V ( t )
= 2.682t × ( 4.68t 2 + 17.43t + 7140.31)
= 12.55t 3 + 46.75t 2 + 19150.31t

c)
tf
Et = ∫ PTR ( t ) dt
0

∫ (12.55t + 46.75t 2 + 19150.31t )dt

10
3
=
0

10
= ( 3.14t 4 + 15.58t 3 + 9575.155t 2 )
0
= 1004495 J

π
2. a) the acceleration=
is a am sin(ωt ) = am sin( t )
10
π 10am  π 
V (=t ) ∫ adt
= ∫ am sin( t )=
dt 1 − cos( t )  (0 ≤ t ≤ 10 s )
10 π  10 
V ( t = 10 s ) = 26.82 ⇒ am = 4.2
42  π 
(t )
⇒ V= 1 − cos( t ) 
π 10 
 FTR ( t=
) Ma + f r Mg cos ( α ) + 0.5ρAf Cd (V + Vw ) + Mg sin ( α )
2

2
π  42  π  
= 1960 × 4.2sin( t ) + 1960 × 9.81× ( 0.01× cos(5°) + sin(5°) ) + 0.5 × 1.25 × 2.6 × 0.4 ×  1 − cos( t )  + 5 
10 π
  10  
2
π  π 
= 1867.34 + 8232sin( t ) + 0.65 18.37 − 13.37 cos( t ) 
10  10 

b)

PTR ( t ) = FTR ( t ) V ( t )
π  π  
2
42  π 
= 1 − cos( t )  1867.34 + 8232sin( t ) + 0.65 18.37 − 13.37 cos( t )  
π 10   10  10  
c)
tf
Et = ∫ PTR ( t ) dt
0

π  π  
2
10 42  π 
∫
=
0 π
 1 − cos( t ) 
10  
 1867.34 + 8232sin(
10
t ) + 0.65 

18.37 − 13.37 cos( t )  dt
10  
= 1.01× 106 J

3. a)
FTR ( t ) = Ma + Fr + Fw + Fg
 Ma + Fr + Fw 0 ≤ t ≤ 19s (acceleration with a)
=
 Fr + Fw 19<t ≤ 38s (a=0)
32km/h 32 × 1000
during acceleration a = = 0.468m / s 2
=
19 s 3600 × 19
M = 1960kg
Fr = f r Mg = 1960 × 9.81× 0.01 = 192.276
0.5ρAf Cd V 2 = 0.5 × 1.25 × 2.6 × 0.4 × ( 0.468t ) = 0.142t 2
2
F=
w

when 19<t ≤ 38s, the speed V=8.89m/s, and Fw =

51.36
0.468t 0 ≤ t ≤ 19s (a=0.468m / s 2 )
V (t ) = 
8.89 19<t ≤ 38s (a=0, V is constant)
1960 × 0.468+192.276 + 0.142t =1109.556+0.142t 0 ≤ t ≤ 19s (a=0.468m / s )
2 2 2
∴ FTR ( t ) =
= 192.276 + 51.36 243.64 19<t ≤ 38s (a=0, the FTR is constant)

When t=0, FTR(0)=1109.556 N; When t=19s, FTR(19)=1160.818 N. The values of (0,

1109.56), (19,1160.818) should be marked on the figure of FTR(t).

b)
PTR ( t ) = FTR ( t ) V ( t )

(1109.556+0.142
= t 2 ) × 0.468t 0.066t 3 +519.274t 0 ≤ t ≤ 19s (a=0.468m / s 2 )
=
=243.64 × 8.89 2165.96 19<t ≤ 38s (a=0)
When t=0, PTR(0)=0 W; When t=19s, PTR(19)=10322 W. The values of (0, 0), (19,10322)
should be marked on the figure of PTR(t).
 1200

X 19

X 0 Y 1160.82

Y 1109.56
1000

800
(N)

600
TR
F

400

X 19 X 38
Y 243.64 Y 243.64

200

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 19 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38
Time (s)

12000

X 19
Y 10322

10000

8000
(W)

6000
TR
P

4000

X 19 X 38
Y 2165.96 Y 2165.96

2000

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 19 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38
Time (s)
Problem 3:
An EV battery pack consists of four parallel sets of six series connected 12 V, 400 Ah lead acid batteries. One steady-
state motoring (discharge) cycle of battery current is shown in Figure (a). The steady-state regenerative braking
(charge) cycle of battery is shown in (b).

a) Suppose no regenerative braking is employed. How much time does it take to reach 80% DoD of the EV
battery pack?
b) If regenerative braking is employed such that for every 50 motoring cycles there is 1 regenerative braking
cycle, how much time does it take to reach 80% DoD?
(Note: In this problem, neglect variation of capacity with discharge rate. Assume that the practical capacity is equal to
the rated capacity.)

This is for one parallel set of the 400 Ah battery pack, and for 4 parallel sets, the time will be 4×6.4=25.6 h.

Similarly, here is the time for one parallel set of the 400 Ah battery pack, and for 4 parallel sets, the time will be
4×6.63=26.52 h.