MATHEMATICS WORKING MODEL
STUDENT’S PROFILE
NAME: YASHIKA.R.S
CLASS: XII - A
ROLL NO: 12121
SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS
TOPIC: INTEGRAL BOX
SUBMITTED TO: Tr. SREEJA RAMESH
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-2024
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I hereby express my gratitude to my Principal Mrs. Shylasree
Vasunath Mam , senior secondary Principal and Mathematics
teacher Mrs. Sreeja Ramesh Mam for their guidance
throughout my studies.
I also thank my parents who supported me in all my
endeavours. I also thank my classmates who have equally
worked hard to make my project a success.
And last but not the least I thank the almighty for everything
that I have achieved till now.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Mathematics working model titled
'Integral Box' has been successfully completed by
YASHIKA.R.S of class XII under the supervision and guidance
of mathematics teacher Mrs Sreeja Ramesh in partial
fulfilment of curriculum of Central Board of Secondary
Education (CBSE) leading to the award of annual examination
of the year 2023-24.
All the works related to the project is original and genuine
and has been completed solely, sincerely and satisfactorily by
the candidate to investigate about the subject matter.
INTRODUCTION
Differential Calculus is centred on the concept of the
derivative. The original motivation for the derivative was the
problem of defining tangent lines to the graphs of functions
and calculating the slope of such lines. Integral Calculus is
motivated by the problem of defining and calculating the area
of the region bounded by the graph of the functions.
If a function f is differentiable in an interval I, The functions
that could possibly have given function as a derivative are
called anti derivatives (or primitive) of the function. Further,
the formula that gives all these anti derivatives is called the
indefinite integral of the function and such process of finding
anti derivatives is called integration.
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Integrals have numerous practical applications across various
fields. Here are some common and important applications of
integrals:
1. Physics:
- Motion and Kinematics: Integrals are used to calculate
displacement, velocity, and acceleration of objects in motion.
- Work and Energy: Integrals help in calculating work done
by a force and determining the potential energy of a system.
2. Engineering:
- Electricity and Magnetism: Integrals are used to calculate
electric and magnetic fields in various configurations.
- Structural Analysis: Integrals help in determining
properties of structures, such as moment of inertia and center
of mass.
3. Economics:
- Marginal Cost and Revenue: Integrals are used in
economics to find marginal cost, revenue, and profit
functions.
- Consumer and Producer Surplus:Integrals are employed to
calculate consumer and producer surplus in economic models.
4. Biology and Medicine:
- Drug Dosage Calculations: Integrals help in determining
drug concentrations over time in pharmacokinetics.
- Population Dynamics:Integrals are used in modeling
population growth and decay in biology.
5. Computer Science:
- Image Processing: Integrals are used in image processing
techniques, such as blurring and edge detection.
- Algorithm Analysis: Integrals can be applied in the
analysis of algorithms and computational complexity.
6. Statistics:
- Probability and Statistics: Integrals are used to calculate
probabilities and cumulative distribution functions in
statistics.
- Expected Value: Integrals help in calculating expected
values of random variables.
7. Environmental Science:
- Pollution Modeling: Integrals are used in modeling the
spread and concentration of pollutants in air or water.
- Ecological Modeling: Integrals help in modeling
population dynamics and ecosystem interactions.
8. Finance:
- Option Pricing: Integrals are used in finance to calculate
option prices using models like the Black-Scholes formula.
- Portfolio Optimization: Integrals can be employed in
optimizing investment portfolios.
9. Geometry and Geography:
- Area and Volume Calculations: Integrals are used to find
the area of irregular shapes and the volume of three-
dimensional objects.
- Geographical Analysis: Integrals are applied in geographic
information systems (GIS) for spatial analysis.
The development of integral
calculus arises out of the efforts of solving the problems of the
following types:
(a) the problem of finding a function whenever its derivative
is given,
(b) the problem of finding the area bounded by the graph of a
function under certain
conditions.
These two problems lead to the two forms of the integrals,
e.g., indefinite and
definite integrals, which together constitute the Integral
Calculus.
Leibniz and Newton
The major advance in integration came in the 17th century
with the independent discovery of the fundamental theorem of
calculus by Leibniz and Newton.The theorem demonstrates a
connection between integration and differentiation. This
connection, combined with the comparative ease of
differentiation, can be exploited to calculate integrals. In
particular, the fundamental theorem of calculus allows one to
solve a much broader class of problems. Equal in importance
is the comprehensive mathematical framework that both
Leibniz and Newton developed. Given the name infinitesimal
calculus, it allowed for precise analysis of functions with
continuous domains. This framework eventually became
modern calculus, whose notation for integrals is drawn
directly from the work of Leibniz.
WORKING MODEL
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.www.wikipedia.com
2.Class 12 NCERT mathematics book
3.Art For You
