What is Letter?

A written or printed sign or symbol which produces a sound when used

in speech is called a letter.

OR

Every written symbol which represents language is called a letter.

Remember: There are twenty six (26) letters in English Alphabet.

Kinds of letters

There are 02 kinds of letters.

1. Capital letters

Example: A, B, C, D, E, F, G etc.

2. Small letters

Example: a, b, c, d, e, f, g etc.

Important Note

From the point of view of sound, letters are divided into three parts or
categories.

Vowel letters: A vowel can be sounded by itself. Five letters of English

alphabet are considered as vowel letters, which are a, e, i, o, u.

Consonant letters: A consonant cannot be sounded without the help of

a vowel. Twenty one letters of English alphabet are considered as
consonant letters.

Semi-vowel letters: Two letters of English alphabet are considered as

semi vowel letters which are; w & y.

Note: Semi-vowel is also known as half vowel.

When w & y used in front of syllable or any word at that time, they used
as vowel.

Example: War, worship, yet etc.

Otherwise they used as consonant letter.

Example: Cow, Boy, Sky etc.

Why do we say w & y is semi vowel letters?

W & Y have two aspects, consonant & vowel letters, hence we say they
are semi vowel letters. When w & y take consonant letters, they
considered as consonant letters and when w & y take the vowel, they
considered as vowel letters.

Example: Write & cycle

Explanation 1: Here w & y precede consonant letters hence they are

consonant letters.

What is word?

A meaningful combination or collection of different & two or more

letters are called word.

A group or combination of letters, which makes complete sense, is called

word.

Example: How, Where, Which, When etc.

Kinds of Words

There are three kinds of words.

Simple Words: These are the words that are made up of only one word.

OR
Such words, which have own stand, are called simple word.

Example: Out, up, in, short, boy, catch, desk etc.

Compound Words: These are the words that are made of two or more
words.

OR

Such words, which can be formed by the help of more than one simple
word, are called compound words.

Example: Outward, Upon, Inside, Shortcut, Sister-in-law etc.

Derivative Words: Such words, which can be formed by adding suffix

and prefix, are called derivative words.

Example: Kindness, incomplete, movement, dislike, discount etc.

Suffix & Prefix

What is suffix?

A group of letters, which is added at the end of base word and formed a
new word is called suffix.

Examples: ness, ment, er, ly etc.

Explanation:

Base word Suffix New Word

Kind ness Kindness

Move ment Movement

Believe er Believer
 What is Prefix?

Such group of words, which is added to the beginning of the base word,
is called prefix.

Examples: Im, dis, re, un, ab etc

Explanation:

Prefix Base Word New Word

Im possible impossible

Dis honest dishonest

Un touch untouched

Re write rewrite

What is Phrase? ‫فقرو ڇا آهي؟‬

A group of words, which has sense but does not have complete sense is
called phrase. Phrase is considered as a short sentence.

Examples: Under the table, for you, over the wall, on the desk etc.

What is Syllable? ‫پد ڇا آهي؟‬

A part of word is called syllable. Syllable is a component or unit of a

word.

OR

A word or a part of it which can be uttered at once & by one articulation

is called a syllable.

Examples:

Up, Out, In, Short etc. (01 Syllable word)

Up-on, In-side, Short-cut etc. (02 syllable word)

Remember/Re-mem-ber (03 Syllable word)

Kinds of Syllable

There are four kinds of syllable

Mono/Uni-syllable: Such word, which has one part, is called mono

syllable.

Examples: Tall, high, man, so, go, on etc.

Bio/Bi-syllable: Such word, which has two parts, is called bio syllable.

Examples: Up-on, In-side, Short-cut

Tri-syllable: Such words, which has three parts, is called tri syllable.

Beau-ti-ful /Beautiful

Tech-ni-qal/Techniqal

Poly/Multi syllable: Such word, which has four or more than four parts
is called poly syllable.

En-cy-clo-pe-dia/Encyclopedia

Com-mu-ni-ca-t-on/Communication

What is Sentence?

A group of words which makes complete sense or gives complete

meaning is called a sentence.

OR

A sentence consists of one or more clauses and usually has at least one
subject and finite verb.

Examples:
He goes to garden.

What are you doing?

Alas! He is no more with us!

How to make a sentence?

The Components parts of a sentence ‫جملي جا ُجزا‬

Note: Every sentence has two parts called the subject & the predicate.

What is Predicate?

The part of the sentence which tells some thing about the subject is
called predicate.

OR

The part which tells something about the subject is called predicate.

Example:

You should word hard.

In this sentence you is used as subject & remaining part of sentence is

predicate.

The predicate always contains a verb.

What is Subject? ‫فاعل ڇا آهي؟‬

The subject is that part of the sentence that does some action or is shown
in a state. The main word in the subject is usually a noun or pronoun.

Example: He is waiting for me.

In this sentence "he" is used as subject.

Remember: A subject in a sentence may consist of one or more than one

words.
 Important Note

There are 03 main elements for making a sentence.

1. Subject ‫فاعل‬

2. Verb ‫فعل‬

3. Object ‫مفعول‬

Kinds of sentence with respect to their meaning

‫معنيٰ يا مفهوم جي لحاظ کان جملي جا قسم‬

Declarative/Assertive Sentences ‫بياني جمال‬

A sentence that makes a statement or assertion is called a Declarative or

Assertive sentence.

Examples

Interrogative Sentences ‫سوالي جمال‬

A sentence that asks a question is called Interrogative sentence.

Examples

How are you?

Where are you going?

Do you come here every day?

Imperative Sentences

Sentences of this kind express a command, a request an invitation or

some advice or make some prohibition.

Examples

Open the window. (Command)

Please, give me your book. (Request)

Respect your elders. (Advice)

Don't tell a lie. (Prohibition)

Exclamatory Sentences

A sentence, that expresses strong feeling of happiness, sorrow or

surprise.

Examples

Hurrah! I placed 1st position in class 8th! (Happiness)

What a wonderful scene is it! (Surprise)

Alas! He is no more with us! (Sorrow)

Optative Sentences

Sentences of this kind are used to express some wish.

Examples

May you live long!

May Allah bless you!

Kinds of sentences with respect to their Construction

‫بناوت جي لحاظ کان جملن جا قسم‬

Simple Sentences ‫مفرد يا سادو جملو‬

A sentence which has only one finite verb is called a Simple sentence.

Examples

Two and two makes four.

The sun sets in the west.

Compound Sentences ‫مرڪب جملو‬

Compound sentences has two or more co-ordinate clauses joined each

other by a conjuction is called a Compound sentence.

Examples

He is sitting and listening to me.

He as well as his sister is intelligent.

Complex Sentence ‫مرتب يا گڏيل جملو‬

A sentence which has a principal clause and one or more sub-ordinate

clauses is called a Complex sentence.

Examples

All is well that ends well.

Composed & Compiled by: Sadam Sagar

Army Model School & College Chachro