Seismic Analysis of Structures

Ray D. Ramilo, M.Eng (C&S)

MASEP, MISSEP, LMPICE, MASCE,MGEP
Civil/Structural/Geodetic Engineer
 Seismic
Analysis
Procedure

LINEAR NONLINEAR
Structural Model have geometry or Structural Model have geometry or materials with
Materials with Elastic Behavior Non-Elastic Behavior
E,A,I L, are Constants E,A,I L, are not Constants
Stiffness K = constant Stiffness K not constant

STATIC ANALYSIS DYNAMIC STATIC ANALYSIS DYNAMIC

ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
(Static Loading) (Dynamic Loading) (Static Loading) (Dynamic Loading)

Equivalent Lateral Response Spectrum NSPs Nonlinear Response

Force (ELF) Analysis (RSA) (Pushover Analysis History Analysis
Procedure Procedure Methods) Procedure

Linear Response History Nonlinear Response

Analysis Procedure History Analysis Procedure
Linear Time History Nonlinear Time History
Analysis (THA) Analysis (THA)
Seismic Design Codes
There are several design methods suggested in seismic codes:
Equivalent static analysis
-commonly used for the seismic design of ordinary and “regular”
buildings and structures.
Response spectrum analysis (RSA)
Time history analysis (THA)
RSA and THA are dynamic analysis methods, required for “irregular”
buildings and structures, very important structures, and structures that
seismic response is not dominated by the fundamental vibration mode.
Irregularity of structures refers to irregular geometry, non-uniform
distribution of mass or stiffness, structural discontinuity, etc.
Vertical structural irregularities
Plan or horizontal structural irregularities
Chronology of Building Regulatory System in the Philippines

1573 – Law of Indies 1959 – Manila Aseismic

Design Standard
Basically regulation to resist
fire
1904 – Manila Building Code 1966 – ASEP proposed the
Basically regulation to resist adoption of UBC(SEAOC)
fire -Proposal adopted from the
USA.
1934 – Manila Land Use Plan
Industrial development
location of factories,
residential areas
 Chronology of Building Regulatory System in the Philippines

At 4:19 AM (local time) on August 02, 1968 an earthquake with an intensity of VIII in the Rossi-Forel Intensity Scale rocked
1968 – Ruby the town of Casiguran, Aurora. This was considered the most severe and destructive earthquake experienced in the
Tower Collapsed Philippines during the last 20 years. Two hundred seventy (270) persons were killed and 261 were injured as a result of the
earthquake. A six-storey building in Binondo, (Ruby Tower) Manila collapsed instantly during the quake while several major
The collapse of Ruby buildings near Binondo and Escolta area in Manila sustained varying levels of structural damages. The cost of property
Tower, a six-storey damage was several million dollars. Extensive landslides and large fissures were observed in the mountainous part of the
condominium building, in epicentral area. Tsunami was also observed and recorded as far as observation in tide gauge station in Japan.
the magnitude 7.3
(August 2,1968)
earthquake started the
call for better design and
construction practice.
That time, no structural
design code is available in
the Philippines.
Seismic lateral design
force is proportional to
the building weight.
V = 0.10 W
Chronology of Building Regulatory System in the Philippines

1970 – 1972 – National NSCB 1972 1977 – P.D. NSCP 1981

1096
R.A. 6541 Structural Code (UBC 1970) Adopting a 2nd Edition
for Buildings = ZKCW National
Ordaining Building Code of
& Divided the Phils. the Philippines (UBC 1979)
Into 3 zones with (NBCP), = ZICKSW
Instituting corresponding Amending R.A.
seismic zone 6541
a National
factors.
Building
Ductility
Code requirements
are still not
included from
1971 San
Fernando
Earthquake
Chronology of Building Regulatory System in the Philippines
1990 – Luzon Earthquake
NSCP 1986 The 1990 Luzon earthquake
struck the island of Luzon in the
3rd Edition Philippines at 4:26 p.m. on July 16
or 3:26 p.m. with an estimated
(UBC 1985) moment magnitude of 7.8 and a
maximum Mercalli intensity of IX
and produced a 125 km-long
= ZICKSW ground rupture that stretched from
Dingalan, Aurora to Kayapa,
Nueva Vizcaya.

Collapse of Hyatt Terraces Hotel in

Baguio City.
 Chronology of Building Regulatory System in the Philippines
NSCP 1992
NSCP 2001,
4th Editon (UBC 1988)
2010 & 2015
= W
 Inclusion of Seismic UBC 1997:
Zone Maps (Zone 2 &
4) A: Standard
 Introduction of Method
response
modification factors
or “R-Factors” B: Simplified Method
= W .
= W
= ℎ 3/ 4

.
Applied only:
≤ W a) to buildings of any occupancy (including
> 0.11 W
single family dwellings) not more than 3
storey in height excluding basements, that use
For Seismic Zone 4 light frame construction)
. b) Other buildings not more than two stories
> W in height excluding basements
When to use Static Lateral Force Procedure?
When to use Static Lateral Force Procedure?
Vertical (Elevation) & Horizontal (Plan) Irregularities of Structures
 THE Concept of Design Base Shear
FH = 0:
= m ag
= ag
A function of the following:
 Structure’s proximity to an identified fault
system.
= W  Seismic source (fault system) classification.
 Subsurface soil profile.
 Structural system and natural period.
 Structural irregularities.
2 :

F=ma
Design Base Shear(Equivalent Static Force Procedure )
NSCP 2001, 2010 & To Compute the Lateral Force
2015
UBC 1997:
n = number of storeys above ground level
A: Standard Ft = 0.07 VT ≤ 0.25V for T  0.7 sec.

Method Ft = 0 for T  0.7 sec.

F6 + Ft

F5
= W
F4
n F3

= ℎ 3/ 4 F2

. F1
≤ W
> 0.11 W
For Seismic Zone 4
.
> W
Design Base Shear(Equivalent Static Force Procedure
When to use Dynamic Lateral Force Procedure?
What is Structural Response?
• Structural Response is the dynamic behavior of the structure due to
lateral loading.
A typical undamped Single Degree Of Freedom (SDOF) System have three (3) kinds of structural responses:

1 =
̇
̈ 2 ℎ , ℎ ℎ
̇ = = elocity

3 ̇ ℎ , such that
2
̈ = 2
=

= ℎ
 Equation of Motion for Linear Elastic SDOF
̈+ =0

+ =0
ℎ w influenced the degree of repetition of motion or the rate
= of oscillation of the mass. It is called Natural Angular Frequency.
m ̈ ̈ It measures angular displacement per unit time.
2 + =0 ̇
ku w=
̈ ℎ
2 =−
Under Free Vibration: (No
external load) w2 =
 =0
− ̈− =0 = ± −w2

̈+ =0 = ± w complex and distinct roots

Equation with complex and distinct p p
ℎ : = = w = = 2p
roots a ± ib has a standard general
2 Solution:
+
2
=0
= cos + 2 sin
1
2
+ =0 Similarly, the roots 0 ± ib has a solution:
2

= cos w + sin w
Structural Response of SDOF (Free Vibration)

1 , 2 ℎ ℎ 3 ℎ ̈
̇ ℎ ℎ ℎ
ℎ . ℎ .
= cos w + sin w
2
̇ = = − wA sin wt + wB cos wt ̈ = 2
= − w2A cos wt − w2B sin wt

ℎ & ℎ . ℎ
ℎ ̇ o is applied at time t = 0 to equation (1) and equation (2):
= cos(w ∗ 0) + sin(w ∗ 0) ̇o = − w sin (w ∗ 0) + wB cos (w ∗ 0)
̇
A= ̇ o = wB (1); B = wo
̇
A= B = wo to equations (1), (2) and (3):

̇
= cos w + wo sin w ̇ = =−w sin wt + ̇ ocos wt ̈ = = − w2 cos wt − w ̇ osin wt
Structural Response of SDOF with Ground Excitation and Damping

+ + =
Dividing the equation by the mass, m
̈
̈+ ̇+ =− ̈ ( )

Total displacement , w2 = w= ; = 2 ; = 2z w
;
= + z=
̈ + 2zw ̇ + w2 = − ̈ ( )

1 + + = -m ̈
Effective Earthquake Force of Horizontal Ground Motion
How are Earthquakes Recorded
Accelerograph –uses accelerometer.

Seismograph –uses
displacement of a
mass
Response History
What is a Response Spectrum?

A response spectrum may be visualized as a

graphical representation of the dynamic
response of a series of progressively SDOF
oscillators with increasing natural periods
subjected to a common lateral seismic motion
of the base.
 Graphical Illustration of a Response Spectrum
A response spectrum
may be visualized as
a graphical
representation of
the dynamic
response of a series
of progressively
SDOF oscillators with
increasing natural
periods subjected to
a common lateral
seismic motion of 0

the base.
1

2
A variety of response spectra can be defined depending on the response quantity that is plotted.
Statistically smoothened (Constructed) Response Spectra

• In this figure, the absolute value

of the peak acceleration occurring
during the excitation for each
oscillator is represented by a point
on the acceleration spectrum
curve
The NSCP 2015 & UBC 1997 Design Response Spectrum
The NSCP 2015 & UBC 1997 Design Response Spectrum
e NSCP 2015 & UBC 1997 Design Response Spectrum
NSCP 2015 / UBC 1997 (Design Response Spectrum
NSCP 2015 / UBC 1997 (Design Response Spectrum
NSCP 2015 / UBC 1997 (Design Response Spectrum)
NSCP 2015 / UBC 1997 (Design Response Spectrum)
Site Specific Elastic Response Spectrum
Notes:
Numbers of modes:
The number of mode shall be that number of mode say n, where it shall
satisfy that at least 90% of the participating mass of the structure.
Estimated number of modes = dof * no. of floors, ( dof = 3 translational x, y,
z and 1 rotational)
Check the modal mass participating factor, PF.

Principal horizontal direction:

For regular structures the global x and y axis may be considered the
principal horizontal directions. But not in the case for irregular structures.

Modal Combination Method: Directional Combination Type

Absolute Sum (not realistic) SRSS

SRSS CQC3
CQC
 RSA IN ETABS
1. MODEL STRUCTURE IN ETABS (SAME PROCEDURE AS IN STATIC ANALYSIS)
2. DEFINE LOAD PATTERNS (SAME PROCEDURE AS IN STATIC ANALYSIS)

3. DEFINE MASS SOURCE (SAME PROCEDURE AS IN STATIC ANALYSIS)

4. DEFINE MODAL LOAD CASE
RSA IN ETABS

DEFINE > LOAD CASES

MODAL>MODIFY/SHOW CASE
 LOAD CASE NAME: Modal1

RSA IN ETABS
LOAD CASE TYPE: Modal
CASE SUB TYPE: Eigen

P-DELTA: iterative based on loads

Other Parameters:

Max No. of Modes: 12

Min No. of Modes:
1
Frequency Shift (Center): 0
Cutoff Frequency (Radius): 0
Convergence Tolerance: 1E-09

Click OK

Click OK
5. DEFINE RESPONSE SPECTRUM FUNCTION
RSA IN ETABS

DEFINE RESPONSE SPECTRUM FUNCTION

DEFINE> FUNCTIONS>RESPONSE SPECTRUM

Choose Function Type to Add : UBC97

Click to: Add New Function

RSA IN ETABS
FUNCTION NAME: RSA-UBC97

Function Damping ratio : 0.05

Parameters:
Seismic Coefficient, Ca = 0.36
Seismic Coefficient, Cv = 0.96

Click OK

CLICK OK
6. ADD NEW LOAD CASE: RSA-EQX
RSA IN ETABS
In addition to all
existing load cases:

DEFINE> LOAD CASES

>ADD NEW CASE

6. ADD NEW LOAD CASE: RSA-EQX
RSA IN ETABS
Load Case Data

Load Case Name: RSA-EQX

Load Case Type: Response Spectrum
Mass Source: Previous (MsSrc1)
Loads applied

Load Type Load Name Function Scale Factor

Acceleration U1 RSA-UBC97 1.15

SCALING: For the 1st RUN

∗
= Where:
R=8.5 (for RC MRSF)
I = 1.0 (Importance Factor)
∗ .
= g = (Acceleration due to gravity)
.
RSA IN ETABS

Load Case Data

Other Parameters:
Modal Load Case: Modal1
Modal Combination Method: CQC
Directional Combination Type: CQC3
Modal Damping: Constant at 0.05
Diaphragm Eccentricity: 0.05

Click OK
 RSA IN ETABS
7. ADD NEW LOAD CASE: RSA-EQY
Load Case Data

Load Case Name: RSA-EQY

Load Case Type: Response Spectrum
Mass Source: Previous (MsSrc1)
Loads applied

Load Type Load Name Function Scale Factor

Acceleration U2 RSA-UBC97 1.15

SCALING: For the 1st RUN

∗
= Where:
R=8.5 (for RC MRSF)
I = 1.0 (Importance Factor)
∗ .
= g = (Acceleration due to gravity)
.
 RSA IN ETABS

THESE ARE THE NEW SET OF LOAD CASES

AFTTER ADDING THE RSA-EQX & RSA-EQY
 RSA IN ETABS
NSCP 2015

Modal combination methods

1. ABSOLUTE SUM (ABSSUM)

2. SQUARE ROOT OF SUM OF SQUARES (SRSS)
3. COMPLETE QUADRATIC COMBINATION (CQC)
4. THREE DIMENSIONAL COMPLETE QUADRATIC COMBINATION (CQC3)
 RSA IN ETABS
“The CQC method should be used to combine modal maxima in order to minimize the introduction of
avoidable errors. The increase in computational effort, as compared to the SRSS method, is small compared
to the total computer time for a seismic analysis. The CQC method has a sound theoretical basis and has
been accepted by most experts in earthquake engineering. The use of the absolute sum or the SRSS method
for modal combination cannot be justified.

In order for a structure to have equal resistance to earthquake motions from all directions, the CQC3 method
should be used to combine the effects of earthquake spectra applied in three dimensions. The percentage
rule methods have no theoretical basis and are not invariant with respect to the reference system. Engineers,
however, should clearly understand that the response spectrum method is an approximate method used to
estimate maximum peak values of displacements and forces and that it has significant limitations. It is
restricted to linear elastic analysis in which the damping properties can only be estimated with a low degree
of confidence. The use of nonlinear spectra, which are commonly used, has very little theoretical background
and should not be used for the analysis of complex three dimensional structures “

E. L. Wilson, A. Der Kiureghian and E. R. Bayo, "A Replacement for the SRSS
Method in Seismic Analysis," Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics,
Vol. 9, pp. l87-l92, 1981.
 RSA IN ETABS
8. RUN ANALYSIS
 RSA IN ETABS
9. CHECK IF NUMBER OF MODES IS SUFFICIENT

Check Mass Participation Ratio

Display>Show tables>Analysis Result

Structure Output>Modal Information>
Mass Participating Mass Ratios
 RSA IN ETABS
9. CHECK IF NUMBER OF MODES IS SUFFICIENT

Check Mass Participation Ratio

Display>Show tables>Analysis Result

Structure Output>Modal Information>
Mass Participating Mass Ratios
Click OK
RSA IN ETABS

Mode 12: SumRX = 0.8103 or 81.03% < 90%

Mode 12: SumUX = 0.9393 or 93.93% > 90% OK NOT OK
Mode 12: SumRY = 0.812or 81.20% < 90%
Mode 12: SumUY = 0.9382 or 93.82% > 90% OK NOT OK

Therefore: No. of Modes are insufficient

RSA IN ETABS

Increase No. of Modes from 12 (Default) to 50

10. RE- RUN ANALYSIS &
RE-CHECK
PARTICIPATING MASS RATIO

Mode 50: SumUX = 0.9995 or 93.93% > 99.95% OK

Mode 50: SumRX = 0.9922 or 99.22% > 90% OK

Mode 50: SumUY = 0.9976 or 99.76% > 90% OK

Mode 50: SumRY = 0.9982 or 99.82% > 90% OK

Therefore: No. of Modes are sufficient
11. CHECK Static Base Shear Vs. Dynamic Base
Shear RSA IN ETABS
 RSA IN ETABS
11. CHECK Static Base Shear Vs. Dynamic Base Shear
 RSA IN ETABS
11. CHECK Static Base Shear Vs. Dynamic Base Shear

Check BASE SHEARS

Display>Show tables>Analysis Result

Structure Output>Base Reactions>
Base Reactions
Click OK
11. CHECK Static Base Shear Vs. Dynamic Base Shear RSA IN ETABS
Code Require that
VRSA≥ Vstatic*90%

≥ %
Along X-axis

.
< . %
.

Along Y-axis

.
< . %
.

THEREFORE WE NEED TO SCALE UP THE VRSA

12. RE-SCALE SCALING: For the 2ND RUN

∗ ∗ %∗
= ∗

∗ . ∗ % ∗ .
= = .
. ∗ .

∗ . ∗ % ∗ .
== = .
. ∗ .
12. RE-SCALE

RSA SCALING: For the 2ND RUN

=
∗ ∗ %∗
∗

∗ . ∗ % ∗ .
= = .
. ∗ .

∗ . ∗ % ∗ .
== = .
. ∗ .
13. RE-RUN ANALYSIS & RE-CHECK
BASE SHEARS
Code Require that
VRSA≥ Vstatic*90%

≥ %
Along X-axis

.
= %
.

Along Y-axis

.
= %
.

THEREFORE VRSA IS ENOUGH FOR THE DYNAMIC

ANALYSIS
 RSA IN ETABS
14.RE-DEFINE THE LOAD COMBINATIONS

15.REPLACE EQX WITH RSA-EQX

16.REPLACE EQY WITH RSA-EQY

17. RUN ANALYSIS

18. CHECK STORY DRIFT Use RSA-EQX instead of EQX
19.CHECK STORY DRIFT Use RSA-EQX instead of EQY
20. DESIGN FRAMING ELEMENTS (same as static)