7/10/2020

Industrial Building
Dzulkarnaen Ismail (Ptech, PhD)
Building Department

Contents:
• Introduction
• Types of Industrial Building
• Component of an industrial building
• Comparison between conventional and pre-engineered
industrial building
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Industrial Building

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Introduction
• An industrial building is any structure that is used to store raw
materials, house a manufacturing process, or store the furnished
goods from a manufacturing process.
• Industrial buildings can range from the simplest warehouse type
structure to highly sophisticated structures integrated with a
manufacturing system.
• These buildings are low rise steel structures characterized by low
height, lack of interior floor, walls, and partitions.

Introduction (cont’d)
• The roofing system for such a building is a truss with roof covering.
• Design of basic elements of the structure (Roof deck, Purlins, Girders,
Columns and Girts) is not difficult, but combining them into
functional and cost effective system is a complex task.
• In Industrial building structures, the walls can be formed of steel
columns with cladding which may be of profiled or plain sheets, GI
sheets, precast concrete, or masonry.
• The wall must be adequately strong to resist the lateral force due to
wind or earthquake.

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Types of Industrial Building

• There are two types of industrial building:

1) conventional 2) pre-engineered building

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Conventional Industrial Building

• Conventional steel buildings using traditional metal
structures constructed by rolled steel sections which are
designed individually and fabricated at the site
using cutting and welding.
• Each Components of Conventional industrial
building will be discussed further in the next
section.

1) Purlins
• Purlins are beams which are provided over trusses to
support roof coverings.
• Purlins spans between top chords of two adjacent roof
trusses.
• When purlin supports the sheeting and rests on rafter
then the purlins are placed over panel point of trusses.
• Purlins can be designed as simple, continuous, or
cantilever beams.
• Purlins are often designed for normal component of
forces.
• Purlins are of various sections such as Z purlin, channel
purlin, I section Purlin, Truss purlin etc. some sections of
purlins are shown below.

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2) Sag Rods
• These are round sections rods and are fastened
to the web or purlin.
• The roof covering in industrial buildings are not
rigid and do not provide proper support.
• Therefore, sag rods provided between adjacent
purlins to extend lateral support for purlins in
their weaker direction.
• A sag rod is designed as a tension member to
resist the tangential component of the resultant
of the roof load and purlin dead load.
• Therefore the sag rod should be placed at a
point where the resultant of these forces act.

Principle Rafter
• The top chord member of a roof truss is called as principal rafter.
• They mainly carry compression but they may be subjected to
bending if purlins are not provided at panel points.

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Roof Truss
• Roof trusses are elements of the structure.
• The members are subjected to direct stresses.
• Truss members are subjected to direct tension
and direct compression.

Gantry girders
• Gantry girders are designed as
laterally unsupported beams.
Overhead travelling cranes are used
in industrial buildings to lift and
transport heavy jobs, machines, and
so on, from one place to another.
• They may be manually operated or
electrically operated overhead
travelling crane.
• A crane consists of a bridge made up
of two truss girders which moves in
the longitudinal direction.

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Column and Column Base

• A column is a structural member which is
straight to two equal and opposite
compressive forces applied at the ends.
• Steel columns are normally supported over
concrete blocks.
• Therefore it is a normal practice to distribute
column loads to steel base plate which are
placed over these concrete blocks.
• In addition to transferring safely the column
loads, a base plate also maintains the
alignment of the column in plane, verticality
of the column and controls column and
frame deflection.

Girts rods
• These are beams subjected to
unsymmetrical bending.
• These support vertical dead load
from the sliding and horizontal
wind loads.
• Usually these are unequal angle
sections connected with the longer
leg to withstand the effect of wind.
• Girts are assumed to be
continuous.

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Bracing
• It is important to trace the longitudinal crane
forces through the structure in order to insure
proper wall bracing.
• For lightly loaded cranes, wind bracing in the
plane of the wall may be adequate for resisting
longitudinal crane forces.
• While for every large longitudinal forces, the
bracing is most likely to be required in the plane
of crane rail.
• When the wind acts in the direction normal to
the plane of industrial building bents, i.e., in the
longitudinal direction, then it becomes essential
to brace it to another to provide sufficient
stability against wind or other longitudinal force.
• Vertical column bracing transfers the longitudinal
force to the foundation.

Pre-engineered steel buildings

• Pre-engineered steel buildings are manufactured using steel built-up
sections which are designed and fabricated in the factory and
assembled at the site of construction using bolted connections.
• The buildings were pre-engineered because they rely upon standard
engineering designs for limited number configurations.
• Pre Engineered Buildings offers much advantage such as more
effective use of steel than in simple beams, easy extension at any
time in the future and ability to support heavy concentrated loads.
• Each Components of Pre-engineered industrial building will be
discussed further in the next section.

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Main Frame
• Moment resisting frames provides lateral stability and transfer the roof and
wall load to the foundation through anchor bolts.
• Main frames are built up tapered or constant depth column and rafters.
• The tapered profile is based on the moment diagram of the structure,
which results in greater economy compare to any other structure.
• This is the main difference with respect to other structural steel frame
building where in straight columns and beams are used.
• The tapered sections are welded using automatic welding machine to
ensure high quality and rapid construction.
• Flanges are welded to the web by a continuous single side fillet weld.
• Splices using flange plate are usually provided at the zones of low moment
in the frame.

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Secondary Frame
• Purlins, girts and eves struts are secondary structural members used to
support the wall and roof panels.
• Purlins are used on the roof, girts are used on the walls and eave struts are
used at the intersection of the sidewall and the roof.
• Purlins and Girts provide lateral bracing to the building columns, rafter and
prevents lateral buckling of compression flanges.
• Purlins and Girts are usually Cold Rolled steel C or Z sections having
minimum yield strength of 345 Mpa.
• Z shaped purlins are usually adopted for PEB since this shape provides
greater advantage of being lapped at support points and nested together
to increase the stiffness.
• C section on the other hand lacks this capability.

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Exterior Cladding
• Exterior Cladding
provides a water tight
envelope.
• It transfers the
Structural loads i.e.
Wind and Live load to
the Secondary Framing.
• It provides lateral
bracing to the Purlin
and girt

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Comparison between conventional and pre-

engineered industrial building
Conventional Steel Buildings Pre-engineered Steel Buildings
Design: if Design of conventional buildings takes more Design : Design of Pre-engineered buildings (PEB) is well organized due to its integral
time and it offers fewer precision design aids. framing system.
Foundations: Heavy structural weight makes it very Computer Software: Computer programs are available for the design of PEB. Design,
difficult to design the foundation. Foundation must be drawings, detailing, estimation, etc. it can be generated within no time using this
very heavy enough to carry the loads. software.
Delivery Speed: It takes 20 to 26 weeks to construct 500 Structure Weight: Structural Members used are reduce built-up sections and are 10
MT conventional building after finalization of design to 20% lighter than conventional buildings.
Cost of Construction: Price per square meter is very much Foundations: Since the structural weight is low, Lightweight foundation with very
higher. simple design is enough.
Seismic Resistance: These cannot withstand against Delivery Speed: Pre Engineered building will fast delivery. It takes 5 to 7 weeks to
seismic forces because of their rigid heavy frames. construct 500 MT pre-engineered building after finalization of design.
Architecture: More research and time is needed. Cost also Cost of Construction: Price per square feet is 30% less than the cost of conventional
will increase. building.
Future Expansion of Building: It needs a heavy budget Seismic Resistance: These buildings offer excellent resistance against seismic actions
and also difficult to expand the building. or earth quack since it is made of Lightweight flexible members.
Performance: Components are designed individually and Architecture: Very impressive architectural options are available at low costs.
hence there is no guarantee about the performance of the Future Expansion of Building: easy to expand the pre-engineered building because
structure. of its simple connection design.
Responsibility: Multiple suppliers took the responsibilities Performance: Maximum efficiency can be achieved since all the components are
and issues like insufficient materials, different quality designed specially to act together as a system.
components etc. may arise. Responsibility: Only one supplier took the responsibility of complete project which is
good for minimizing construction risks.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Industrial building

Advantages Disadvantages
1. Speedy construction due to simplicity in geometry – consist of only 1) Thermal Conductivity: Steel is not known for its warmth, due to
columns and beams (or partially by the floor slab) as the main structural its high efficiency in conducting heat. The insulation value of walls
elements can be reduced by as much as half when heat is transferred away
2. Very rigid and stable – able to resist tremendous vertical (dead load) through
and steel studs, which is not good news for energy retention in a
lateral loads (wind) building.
3. Reduced dead load – absent of thick shear wall etc. Where steel frame construction is used, insulation measures need
4. Roofed over at an earlier stage – every floor slab being finished to be put in place to counter act the thermal conductivity of steel.
becomes 2) Reduced Flexibility On Site:
an cover to protect the lower floors from sun and rain The measurements of steel need to be precisely calculated in
5. Offer large unobstructed floor areas – without obstacle between advance, because a steel fabrication is delivered to site in its final
columns form, ready to be slotted into the building. This is of course one of
6. Flexible utilization of space the big advantages of Steel
7. Adaptable to almost any shape 3) Supporting Structures:
8. Easily altered within limits of frame – regular or non-regular grid Steel frame constructions rarely work on their own. They usually
system is very adaptable in spatial arrangement require drywall, sheathing, insulation and supplementary wooden
9. Offsite preparation possible – especially for prefabricated components to bring a building together.
construction using precast concrete or structural steel elements
10. May be designed to accommodate movement
11. Acceptable distribution of natural light – window openings can be
provided easily on eternal walls
12. Easy to design structurally including computer design – again, due
to simple geometry

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Thank You

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