4.

0 LOAD ASSESSMENT AND PRELIMINARY DESIGN

4.1 Load Assessment
Assessment of loads on the structural system thus planned is based on IS 875(part I-V):1987
and IS 1893 (part I):2016. The former code of practice is for design loads on building and
structures other than earthquake loads while the latter explicitly describes design earthquake
load on the building structure.
Load assessment is divided into two categories as aforementioned. However, a detailed
acknowledgement to each referred code and the computation based on those codes are done
in this section of the report.
4.1.1 Gravity Load Assessment on the Building
The gravity loads on the building are derived from IS 875 (part I) dead loads and IS 875
(part II) imposed loads. The details of materials chosen for design of structural members and
their unit weight, total loads on each structural member are tabulated below:
S.N. Material Used Unit Weight Type of Member
3
1. Cement Concrete for RCC 25kN/m Beams, Columns, Slabs.
3
2. Common Burnt Clay Bricks 20kN/m Infill & Partition Walls
3
3. Screed on floor 25mm 20kN/m All flooring spaces
3
4. Finishing in step 30 mm 20kN/m All flooring spaces
2
5. Floor finishing 1 kN/m Load on Slab

The details of imposed loads acting on the floors and roof of the building are also evaluated
from the type of building (RESIDENTIAL BUILDING) and type of occupancy, the details
of which are also tabulated below:
S.N. Live Loads on Specified Spaces Intensity Member Loaded
of Load
1. All rooms and kitchens 2.0 kN/m2 Live loads from
2. Toilet and bath rooms 2 kN/m2 building are acted on
3. Corridors, passages, staircases 3 kN/m2 floor slabs, roof slabs
including tire escapes and store and staircase slab.
Rooms

Further, these loads are used to determine the seismic weight of the building based on IS
1893 (part I):2016. For lateral load distribution in each story, we use lumped mass
approximation of structural elements in each floor, assumed to be lumped at respective floor
levels.
Lumping is done with beams, slabs at one floor level added with column and wall loads
distributed equally in both floors (upper and lower). These computations along with
calculation of center of mass and center of stiffness from the preliminary design sizes are
shown below.

23
Sample Calculations of Gravity Load Acting on the Structural Elements are shown
below:
1. Gravity Load Computation
I. Terrace Level
a. Roof Slab
Self-Weight of Slab = 3.75 kN/m2
25mm Screed = 0.50 kN/m2
Floor finishing = 1 kN/m2
Total Dead Load =5.25 kN/m2
Imposed Load = 1.5 kN/m2 (Access Provided)
Imposed Load for corridor and passage = 3 KN/m2

b.Beam
Dead load of main beam = 3.75kN/m

c. Column
Square Column = 6.25 kN/m

d.Wall
One Brick Thick Wall = 4.6kN/m2

II. Intermediate Level

a. Floor Slab
Self-Weight of Slab = 3.75kN/m2
25mm Screed = 0.5kN/m2
12 Floor finishing = 1 kN/m2
Total Dead Load =5.25 kN/m2
Imposed Load
1. All rooms and kitchens 2.0 kN/m2
2. Toilet and bath rooms 2 kN/m2
3. Corridors, passages, staircases including tire 3 kN/m2
escapes and store Rooms

b. Beam
Dead load of main beam = 3.75 kN/m
c. Column
Square Column = 6.25 kN/m

d.Wall
Brick Thick Wall = 4.6kN/m2

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Calculation of weight of building elements for determination of seismic weight for
design with size of the elements modified after SAP2000 analysis conforming to story
drift.

1. BEAM
The dimension of main beam from preliminary design is 300mm x 550mm. The total
length of main beam spanning in an intermediate floor level is different from that in the
roof level.

Main Beam
Size of Beam = 300mm x 500mm
Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m3
For ‘L’ span of Beam weight of Beam = 0.3*0.5*L*25 kN

2. COLUMN
Column dimensions from preliminary design are 500mm x 500mm.
Height of a single column is taken from mid height of lower storey column to mid
height of upper storey column. This height is 2.667m for Basement and 3.2004m for
other storey level.
Height of Column = 3.2004m
Size of Column = 500mm x 500mm
Unit Weight of Concrete = 25kN/m3
Weight of one column = 20.0025 KN

4. BRICK MASONRY WALL

The calculation for brick masonry wall is the same as in the preliminarily designed
building.

5. LIFT MACHINE ROOM

The lift machine room is located on the roof with the provision of RCC Slab cover to
support the capsule lift by tension rope via pulley mechanism. The load of standard lift
machine and the load from the lift are assumed to be concentrated at the support on the
slab.
After assessment of all the loads, lumped mass for each floor is calculated and used in
determining the base shear which in turn is distributed as lateral load to the building
frames. The lumped mass calculation for the revised building after SAP2000 analysis is
presented in the table below and this load is used in calculation of lateral load.

25
Floor Level Terrace 7th floor Typical floor Ground floor
Dead Live Dead Live Dead Live Dead Live
Description load load load load load load load load
Wall 138.231 0.0000 1127.444 0 1978.426 0 1608.733 0
Column 72.390 0.0000 492.443 0.000 840.105 0.000 770.096 0.000
Beam 180.023 0.0000 1081.564 0.000 1081.564 0.000 1081.564 0.000
Corridor &
store room
slab 259.260 12.9630 78.190 15.638 384.818 76.964 502.690 100.538
Remaining
Slab 0.000 0.0000 1479.079 147.908 1172.451 156.327 1172.486 156.332
Floor
finish 69.136 0.0000 463.557 0.000 463.557 0.000 494.999 0.000
Parapet wall 161.540 0.0000 435.901 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Stair & lift 0.000 0.0000 181.070 36.214 181.070 36.214 181.070 36.214
Total 880.579 12.9630 5339.248 199.760 6101.991 269.504 5811.638 293.084
Dead + Live 893.542 5539.008 6371.496 6104.722

4.1.2 Lateral Load Assessment

4.1.2. Earthquake Load on the Super Structure:
Seismic weight is the total dead load plus appropriate amount of specified imposed load.
While computing the seismic load weight of each floor, the weight of columns and walls in
any story shall be equally distributed to the floors above and below the storey. The seismic
weight of the whole building is the sum of the seismic weights of all the floors. It has been
calculated according to IS 1893(Part I): 2002.IS 1893(Part I):2002 states that for the
calculation of the design seismic forces of the structure, the imposed load on roof need not
be considered.
With the results of mass center and stiffness center calculation, we follow IS 1893(part
1):2002 to compute the base shear and the corresponding lateral forces; the detailed
computation of which is shown in Annex 4. This calculation also incorporates calculation of
additional shear due to torsional coupling of building when CM and CS do not coincide.
Theory of Base Shear Calculation
According to IS 1893 (Part I): 2016 Cl. No. 6.4.2 the design horizontal seismic coefficient
Ah for a structure shall be determined by the following expression
ZISa
Ah =
2Rg
Where,
Z = Zone factor given by IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Table 2, Here for Zone V, Z = 0.36
I = Importance Factor, I = 1 for general purpose building
R = Response reduction factor given by IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Table 7, R = 5.0

26
Sa
= Average response acceleration coefficient which depends on approximate fundamental
g
natural period of vibration (Ta).
Sa
For Ta = 0.9121 second soil type III (Soft Soil) = 1.831
g
∴ The value of design horizontal seismic coefficient is
ZISa
Ah =
2Rg
0.36 ∗ 1 ∗ 1.831
=
2∗5
= 0.0659
According to IS 1893 (Part I):2002 Cl. No. 7.5.3 the total design lateral force for design
seismic base shear (VB) along any principle direction is given by
VB = Ah ∗ W
Where, W = Seismic weight of the building=50766.25KN
VB = 0.0659 ∗ 50766.25 = 3345.5 kN
According to IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Cl. No. 7.7.1 the design base shear (VB) computed
above shall be distributed along the height of the building as per the following expression:
𝑊𝑖 ℎ𝑖2
Qi = VB 𝑛
∑𝑖=1 𝑊𝑖 ℎ𝑖2
Where,
Qi = Design lateral force at floor i
Wi= Seismic Weight of floor i
hi = Height of floor i measured from base
n = No. of stories in the building
Q8 Distribution of Base Shear as Lateral
Loads Qi for ithStorey from ground
Q7 level.

Q6

Q5

Q4

Q3

Q2

Q1

Q0

27
Calculation of base shear:

Floor Wi (KN) Hi Wi*hi*hi Qi (KN) Vi (KN)

8 893.54 27.9654 698806.92 183.82 183.82
7 5539.01 25.0698 3481237.99 915.73 1099.55
6 6371.50 21.8694 3047299.50 801.59 1901.14
5 6371.50 18.6690 2220667.40 584.14 2485.28
4 6371.50 15.4686 1524556.15 401.03 2886.31
3 6371.50 12.2682 958965.76 252.25 3138.56
2 6371.50 9.0678 523896.23 137.81 3276.37
1 6371.50 5.8674 219347.56 57.70 3334.07
Ground 6104.72 2.6670 43422.21 11.42 3345.50
50766.25 12718199.71 3345.50

4.2 Idealization of load and load diagram

Idealization of loads acting on the structure is assessed with respect to the application of load
and transfer of load in the elements separately. These idealizations are briefly explained in
details for individual elements with necessary load diagrams.
SLABS

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Loads acting on the slabs are idealized to act uniformly all over the entire area of the slab.
This load is then idealized to be transferred uniform to the frame by tributary method as
explained in IS 456:2000. For rectangular slabs, Coefficient Method can be followed for
analysis and design.
Strip loads/ concentrated loads acting on the slabs are analyzed by Piguead’s Method for
evaluation of responses.

BEAMS
Idealization of self-weight of the RCC beam is done as uniformly distributed load acting
along the centerline of the beam in the direction of gravity. Loads distributed from the slabs
are however acting as distributed loads that may be uniform or varying as shown in the
above figure in beams supporting the slab along the short and long edge.
COLUMNS
Load idealizations for wall and column supported slabs is shown in the figure below
Thus, depicted in the above figures are the idealizations of loads transferred from slabs to
beams to columns. This load in our structural plan transfers through a vertical load path to
the foundation at pile cap and distributed to the subsoil via piles.
This completes the idealization of loads with load diagrams.

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4.3 Preliminary design of R.C.C elements
1. Slab Design:
From IS 456:2000, clause 23.2.1
L/d ≤ αβγδλ
Where,
L = shorter span of the slab = 4114.8 mm
d = effective depth of the slab
α = 26
β=1
γ = 1.3 (assuming the tensile steel percentage as 0.3%)
δ = 1 for no compression steel
λ = 1 for no fanged beams

Now,
4114.8/d ≤ 26*1*1.3*1*1 =33.8
d = 122 mm
Adopt d = 125mm and D=150 mm with clear cover of 25mm.

2. Beam Design:
Serviceability criteria:
Length of the longest beam = 5029.2 mm
From IS 456:2000, clause 23.2.1
L/d ≤ αβγδλ
Where,
L = length of beam = 5029.2 mm
d = effective depth of the beam
α = 26
β=1
γ = 0.8 (assuming the tensile steel percentage as 1.2%)
δ = 1 for no compression steel
λ = 1 for no flanged beams
Now,
5029.2/d ≤ 26*1*0.8*1*1 =20.8
d = 242 mm
Adopt d=245 mm and D=275 mm with clear cover 30mm.

Flexural Criteria:
Adopt b=230 mm = 9” .
1. Moment due to wall and self-weight of beam:
Self-weight of the beam = 25*0.23*0.275*5.0292 = 7.95 KN
Weight of wall = 20*0.23*4.953*3.2*0.7=51.04 KN (let the opening be 30%)
Total load=58.49 KN

30
 M=W*l/8 = 37.08KNm
2.Due to slab:
Imposed load on slab = 2 KN/sq.m
Self-weight of slab = 25*0.15 = 3.75 KN/sq.m
Floor finish = 0.3 KN/sq.m
Total= 6.05 KN/sq.m
2.1. Due to slab 2-3-B-C:
Effective area of the slab=1/2*(5029.2+914.4)*2057.4=6.11 sq.m
Distributed load per m = 6.05*2.0574 = 12.45 KN/m
BM = 30.58 KNm
2.2. Due to slab 1-2-B-C:
Effective area of the slab=1/2 *(5029.2+1143)*1943.1=6 sq.m
Distributed load per m = 6.05*1.9431 = 11.76 KN/m
BM = 29.79 KNm
Total factored BM = (37.08+30.58+29.79)*1.5=146.18 KNm
We have,
Mu=0.36*Xu, max/d*(1-0.42*Xu, max/d) *b*d2*fck
146.18*10^6=0.36*0.46*(1-0.42*0.46)*230*d2*25
d= 436mm
Adopt D=475 with effective cover 25mm.
d=450mm
Then
Self-weight of the beam = 25*0.23*0.475*5.0292 = 13.74 KN
Weight of wall = 20*0.23*4.953*3.2*0.7=51.04 KN
Total load=64.79 KN
BM=40.74 KNm
Total factored BM = (40.74+30.58+29.79)*1.5=151.67 KNm
Mu=0.36*Xu,max/d*(1-0.42*Xu,max/d)*b*d2*fck
151.67*10^6=0.36*0.46*(1-0.42*0.46)*230*d2*25
d= 444mm < 450 mm (OK).
Let us provide the beam of size 300mm * 500 mm.

3. Design of column:
a. For column F7 :
Weight of beam=25*0.475*0.23*(1.6383*2)=8.95KN
Weight of slab=7.44KN
Floor finish=0.6KN
For balcony,
Slab weight=25*0.15*1.2192*1.8288=8.36KN
Wall weight=20*(1.2192+1.8288-0.23) *0.23*0.9144=11.85KN
Self-weight of column=25*0.381*0.381*3.2=11.61KN/floor
Weight of super structure wall= (1.6383-0.381/2) *2*3.0734*0.23*20*0.7=28.66KN

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Weight of basement wall=34.85/2=17.42KN
Imposed load=2*1.40832=3.97KN
Roof imposed load=6.69*0.7=4.68KN
For parapet
Slab weight=2.7432*0.6096*0.15*25=6.27KN
Wall weight= (0.6096-0.23+1.8288) *0.23*0.9144*20=9.29KN
Total load
=8.95*11+7.44*11+0.6*10+8.36*10+11.85*10+11.61*10+28.66*10+17.42+3.97*1
1+9.29+6.27 =872.38KN
Factored load=1308.57KN
Take % of steel=2%, M25 CONCRETE & Fe 500
Gross area of column required is 800cm20
Using square column, l=b=28.3cm
Provide 300mmX300mm column

b. For column E4:

Weight of beam=25*0.475*0.23*(2.3241+1.7526+1.4478+2.2098)
=21.12KN
Weight of slab= ((2.3241+0.151) (1.7526+0.151) +1.4478(1.7526+0.151)
+1.4478*2.2098) *25*0.15
=40.01KN
Floor finish=0.3*10.67=3.2KN
Self-weight=11.62KN/floor
Wall superstructure=
(2.3241+1.7526+1.4478+2.2098)*0.23*3.0734*20*0.7=98.41KN
Weight of basement wall= (2.3241+2.2098)*0.23*20*2.6162)/2=27.28KN
Imposed load=2*10.67=21.34KN
For top staircase cover
Weight of wall= (2.3241+2.2098) *0.23*20*2.7686=57.74KN
Weight of beam=12.38KN
Weight of slab= (2.3241+0.6016) (2.2048+0.6096) =8.27m^2
=31.02KN
Weight of Parapet = ((2.3241+0.6096+0.381) +(2.2098+0.6096+0.381))
*0.23*20*0.9144=27.4KN
Weight of water tank=1*1*1*9.81/4=2.45KN
For staircase,
Weight of landing=1.29542 *0.15*25=6.293KN
Weight of one triangular step=0.5*0.3048*0.1524*1.295*25=0.75KN
Weight of four triangular step=3KN
Weight of three triangular step=2.25KN
Weight of waist slab=6.66+5.36=12.02KN
Floor finish=0.3*1.295*(1.2192+1.295+0.9144) =1.332KN

32
 Live load=3*1.295(1.2192+1.295+0.9144) =13.32KN
Total staircase load=38.21KN
Total load on column=2225.1KN
Factored load=3337.52KN
Take % of steel=2%, M25 CONCRETE & Fe 500
Gross area of column required is 2000cm2
Using square column, l=b=44.72cm
Provide 500mmX500mm column.

Thus, the final result of preliminary design of structural elements is:

1. Slab 150mm

2. Beam 500mm*300mm (Main

Beam)
3. Column 500mm*500mm

33