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Chapter 3 Equilibrium of A Particle

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14 views28 pages

Chapter 3 Equilibrium of A Particle

Uploaded by

OMAR TAREQ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mechanics I – Winter 2023

Dr. Ibrahim Nabil Eldesouky


Faculty of Engineering
German International University (GIU)

9 October 2023 Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky - Dr. Yehia Eissa 1


Learning outcomes

Objective: Topics:

The main purpose of this course is 1. General principles


to introduce the Mechanical 2. Force vectors
Engineering students to the 3. Equilibrium of a particle
mechanics of particles and rigid 4. Force system resultants
bodies in static equilibrium. 5. Equilibrium of a rigid body
6. Structural Analysis
7. Friction
8. Center of gravity
9. Moment of inertia

9 October 2023 Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky - Dr. Yehia Eissa 2


Chapter 3: Equilibrium of a particle

9 October 2023 Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky - Dr. Yehia Eissa 3


Learning outcomes

i. To comfortably draw the free-body diagram of a particle.

ii. To solve problems involving particles under equilibrium.

9 October 2023 Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky - Dr. Yehia Eissa 4


Coplanar force systems

• This is an example of a 2-D


coplanar force system.

• If the whole assembly is in


equilibrium, then particle A is
also in equilibrium.

• To determine the tensions in the


cables for a given weight of
cylinder, you need to learn how
to draw a free-body diagram and
apply the equations of
equilibrium.

9 October 2023 Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky - Dr. Yehia Eissa 5


Applications

• The crane is lifting a load.


• To decide if the straps holding
the load to the crane hook will
fail, you need to know the forces
in the straps.

Straps

9 October 2023 Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky - Dr. Yehia Eissa 6


Condition for the equilibrium of a particle

• A particle is said to be in equilibrium if it


remains at rest if originally at rest, or has a
constant velocity if originally in motion

• Static equilibrium normally refers to an


object at rest.

9 October 2023 Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky - Dr. Yehia Eissa 7


Condition for the equilibrium of a particle

• To maintain equilibrium, it is • In general, for a particle in


necessary to satisfy Newton’s equilibrium, the vector sum of
first law of motion, i.e., the all forces acting on the particle
resultant force acting on the must be zero:
particle must be zero.
•F=0
• A particle remains in its initial
state of motion, provided it is • In a 2-D space:
not subject to an unbalanced
force.
•  F xi +  F y j = 0 = 0 i + 0 j

9 October 2023 Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky - Dr. Yehia Eissa 8


The free-body diagram

• It is a drawing that shows all


external forces acting on the
particle.

• It is key to being able to write


the equations of equilibrium—
which are used to solve for the
unknowns (usually forces or
angles).

9 October 2023 Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky - Dr. Yehia Eissa 9


The free-body diagram (FBD)

1. Imagine the particle to be


isolated or cut free from its
surroundings.

2. Show all the forces that act on


the particle.
y
3. Identify each force and show FBD at A FB
all known magnitudes and 30˚
directions. FD A x
4. Show all unknown
magnitudes and / or directions FC = 392.4 N (What is this?)
as variables.
9 October 2023 Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky - Dr. Yehia Eissa 10
Three common types of supports in statics

9 October 2023 Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky - Dr. Yehia Eissa 11


Springs

• The length of the spring will change in the


direction proportional to the force acting on
it.

• The elasticity the spring is defined by its


spring constant k.

• The magnitude of the force exerted on a


linearly elastic spring stretched a distance s
measured from its equilibrium position is:

• F = k*s
• s = l − l0 (deformation)

• If s is positive, then the spring is elongated,


and if it is negative, then it is compressed.
9 October 2023 Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky - Dr. Yehia Eissa 12
Cables and pulleys

• Negligible weight

• Cannot be stretched

• Cable can support only a tension


or “pulling” force, and this force
always acts in the direction of
the cable.

9 October 2023 Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky - Dr. Yehia Eissa 13


Tilted Surfaces

• If an object rests on a smooth


surface, then the surface will
exert a force on the object that is
normal to the surface at the
point of contact.

30°

30° 60°

9 October 2023 Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky - Dr. Yehia Eissa 14


Example 3.2

• Determine the tension in cables


BA and BC necessary to support
the 60-kg cylinder shown in
figure.

9 October 2023 Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky - Dr. Yehia Eissa 15


Example 3.2 - Solution

9 October 2023 Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky - Dr. Yehia Eissa 16


Example 3.3

• The 200 kg crate in the figure is


suspended using the ropes AB and
AC.
• Each rope can withstand a
maximum force of 10 kN before
it breaks.

• If AB always remains horizontal,


determine the smallest angle θ to
which the crate can be suspended
before one of the ropes breaks.

9 October 2023 Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky - Dr. Yehia Eissa 17


Example 3.3 - Solution

9 October 2023 Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky - Dr. Yehia Eissa 18


Example 3.4

• Determine the required length of


cord AC shown in the figure, so
that the 8 kg lamp can be
suspended in the position shown.

• The undeformed length of spring


AB is lAB = 0.4 m, and the spring
has a spring constant of
k = 300 N/m.

• If the force in spring AB is known, the stretch of the spring can be found using F = ks.
• From the problem geometry, it is then possible to calculate the required length of AC.

9 October 2023 Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky - Dr. Yehia Eissa 19


Example 3.4 - Solution

9 October 2023 Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky - Dr. Yehia Eissa 20


Equations of 3-D equilibrium

• When a particle is in equilibrium, the vector sum of all the forces acting
on it must be zero ( F = 0 ) .

• This equation can be written in terms of its x, y and z components. This


form is written as follows.

• (Fx) i + (Fy) j + (Fz) k = 0


• This vector equation will be satisfied only when:
• Fx = 0
• Fy = 0
• Fz = 0

• These equations are the three scalar equations of equilibrium.


• They are valid for any point in equilibrium and allow you to solve for up
to three unknowns.

9 October 2023 Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky - Dr. Yehia Eissa 21


Exercise I

• Given: The four forces and geometry shown.

• Find: The force F5 required to keep particle O


in equilibrium.

• Plan:
1) Draw a FBD of particle O.

2) Write the unknown force in Cartesian vector


form as
F5 = {Fx i + Fy j + Fz k} N

3) Write F1, F2 , F3 , F4 , and F5 in Cartesian


vector form.

4) Apply the three equilibrium equations to


solve for the three
unknowns Fx, Fy, and Fz.

9 October 2023 Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky - Dr. Yehia Eissa 22


Exercise I – Solution

• F1 = {300(4/5) j + 300 (3/5) k} N


• F1 = {240 j + 180 k} N
• F2 = {– 600 i} N
• F3 = {– 900 k} N
• F4 = F4 (rB/ rB)
= 200 N [(3i – 4 j + 6 k)/(32 + 42 +
62)½]
= {76.8 i – 102.4 j + 153.6 k} N
• F5 = { F5x i – F5y j + F5z k} N

9 October 2023 Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky - Dr. Yehia Eissa 23


Exercise I – Solution

• Equating the respective i, j, k components to zero, we have


 Fx = 76.8 – 600 + F5x = 0 ; solving gives F5x = 523.2 N
 Fy = 240 – 102.4 + F5y = 0 ; solving gives F5y = – 137.6 N
 Fz = 180 – 900 + 153.6 + F5z = 0 ; solving gives F5z = 566.4 N

• Thus, F5 = {523 i – 138 j + 566 k} N

• Using this force vector, you can determine the force’s magnitude and
coordinate direction angles as needed.

9 October 2023 Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky - Dr. Yehia Eissa 24


Exercise II

• Given: A 600 N load is supported


by three cords with the geometry
as shown.

• Find: The tension in cords AB,


AC and AD.

9 October 2023 Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky - Dr. Yehia Eissa 25


Exercise II – Solution

• TB = TB (sin 30 i + cos 30 j) N


= {0.5 TB i + 0.866 TB j} N

• TC = – TC i N

• TD = TD (rAD /rAD)
= TD { (1 i – 2 j + 2 k) / (12 + 22 + 22)½ } N
= { 0.333 TD i – 0.667 TD j + 0.667 TD k } N

9 October 2023 Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky - Dr. Yehia Eissa 26


Exercise II – Solution

• Now equate the respective i, j, and k components to zero.


Fx = 0.5 TB – TC + 0.333 TD = 0
Fy = 0.866 TB – 0.667 TD = 0
Fz = 0.667 TD – 600 N = 0

Solving the three simultaneous equations yields


TD = 900 N
TB = 693 N
TC = 646 N (since it is positive, it is as assumed, e.g., in tension)

9 October 2023 Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky - Dr. Yehia Eissa 27


Any questions?

9 October 2023 Dr. Ibrahim Eldesouky - Dr. Yehia Eissa 28

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