Advanced Functions Exam - Part A

Hia Al Saleh
May 21st, 2024

Part A: Short Answer

1. List the asymptotes of the following:
a) y = 2+3x
6−x

V.A: x − 6 = 0, x = 6 (Denominator equals zero)

2
H.A: y = = −3 (Degree of numerator equals degree of denominator, ratio of leading coefficients)
−6

b) y = 2+3x
x2 +5x−14

2 + 3x
y= (Factor out the denominator)
(x + 7)(x − 2)
V.A: x = x + 7 = 0, x = −7, x − 2 = 0, x = 2 (Denominator equals zero)
H.A: y = 0 (Degree of denominator is greater than numerator)

x2 −5x
c) y = x−1

x(x − 5)
y= (Factor out numerator)
x−1
V.A: x − 1 = 0, x = 1 (Denominator equals zero)

x−4

2
x−1 x − 5x
− x2 + x
− 4x
4x − 4
−4

O.A: y = x − 4 (Long division since numerator degree is higher)

1
 2. Solve: 5 = 2+3x
6−x

5(6 − x) = 2 + 3x Expand using distributive property

30 − 5x = 2 + 3x Perform multiplication
30 − 2 = 5x + 3x Combine like terms
28 = 5x + 3x Subtract 2 from both sides
28 = 8x Combine like terms
28
x= Divide both sides by 8
8
7
x= Simplify the fraction
2

x3 −5x
3. Describe the function y = 6x7 −4x3 as even, odd or neither.

(−x)3 − 5(−x)
y(−x) =
6(−x)7 − 4(−x)3
−x3 + 5x
=
−6x7 + 4x3
x3 − 5x
=− 7
6x − 4x3
= −y(x)
Therefore, the function is odd.

4. An odd function has 3 vertical asymptotes, one is x = 3. What are the

other two?

For an odd function, the asymptotes should be symmetric about the origin.
Thus, if x = 3 is a vertical asymptote, then the other two are x = −3 and x = 0.

5. True or False? An even non-constant function that is continuous at x = 0

has a local max or min there.

True. By symmetry, an even function continuous at x = 0 has a local extremum at x = 0.

6. True or False? A reciprocal function has no roots.

1
True. A reciprocal function of the form y = is undefined where f (x) = 0.
f (x)

2
 7. Convert to radians
a) 225◦ exact
π
225◦ = 225 ×
180
225π
=
180
5π
=
4

b) 164◦ to 3 decimal places

π
164◦ = 164 ×
180
164π
=
180
41π
= ≈ 2.862
45

8. Convert to degrees
a) 7π
12

7π 7π 180
= ×
12 12 π
7 × 180
=
12
= 105◦

b) 2.34 (to 1 decimal place)

180
2.34 = 2.34 ×
π
2.34 × 180
=
π
≈ 134.1◦

9. Determine the angle x ∈ [0, 360◦ ] and θ ∈ [0, 2π]

a) sin x = −0.5
x = 210◦ , 330◦
7π 11π
θ= ,
6 6

3
 √
b) cot x = − 3
cos x √
cot x = =− 3
sin x
x = 120◦ , 300◦
2π 5π
θ= ,
3 3

c) sec x = 2.5 (to 1 decimal place)

1
sec x = = 2.5 =⇒ cos x = 0.4
cos x
x ≈ 66.4 , 293.6◦
◦

θ ≈ 1.16, 5.12

d) cos θ = √1
2

π 7π
θ= ,
4 4

e) csc θ = 2
1 1
csc θ = =⇒ sin θ =
sin θ 2
π 5π
θ= ,
6 6

f) cot θ = 2.5 (to 1 decimal place)

1 1
cot θ = =⇒ tan θ = = 0.4
tan θ 2.5
θ ≈ 0.38, 3.52

10. Solve for the angle x ∈ [0, 360◦ ] and θ ∈ [0, 2π]
a) csc2 x = 2
1 1
csc2 x = 2 =⇒ sin2 x = =⇒ sin x = ± √
2 2
◦ ◦ ◦ ◦
x = 45 , 135 , 225 , 315
π 3π 5π 7π
θ= , , ,
4 4 4 4

4
b) 3 sec2 θ − 4 = 0
4 3
3 sec2 θ = 4 =⇒ sec2 θ = =⇒ cos2 θ =
√ 3 4
3
cos θ = ±
2
π 5π 7π 11π
θ= , , ,
6 6 6 6

c) sin 2x = 0.5

2x = 30◦ , 150◦ , 390◦ , 510◦

x = 15◦ , 75◦ , 195◦ , 255◦
π 5π 13π 17π
2x = , , ,
6 6 6 6
π 5π 13π 17π
x= , , ,
12 12 12 12

11. Express as a simple trig function of the angle x.

a) sin π2 + x

= cos x (Using co-function identity)

b) sec(−x)

= sec x (Even function property of secant)

c) tan x − 3π


2

= cot x (Using period property of tangent)

12. Give the period, amplitude, phase shift and axis of y = 5 sin(3x − π) − 7

2π
Period: (Coefficient of x)
3
Amplitude: 5 (Coefficient of sine)
π
Phase shift: (Solving 3x − π = 0)
3
Axis: y = −7 (Vertical shift down 7 units)

5
 13. Simplify
a) sin 13 cos 25 + sin 25 cos 13
= sin(13 + 25) (Using sum-to-product identities)
= sin 38

b) 2 sin 50 cos 50
= sin 100 (Using double angle identity for sine)

c) cos2 x − 1
= − sin2 x (Using Pythagorean identity)

d) cos(α + 2b) cos(α + b) sin(α + b)

1
= [cos((α + 2b) − (α + b)) + cos((α + 2b) + (α + b))] sin(α + b) (Product-to-sum identity)
2
1
= [cos(b) + cos(2α + 3b)] sin(α + b) (Simplify the cosine arguments)
2
1 1
= cos(b) sin(α + b) + cos(2α + 3b) sin(α + b) (Distribute the sine term)
2 2

14. Give an exact value for csc 15◦

1
csc 15◦ = Definition of cosecant.
sin 15◦
1
= Expressing 15◦ as 45◦ − 30◦ .
sin(45◦ − 30◦ )
1
= Applying the subtraction formula for sine.
sin 45◦ cos 30◦ − cos 45◦ sin 30◦
1
= √ √ √ Substituting values for sine and cosine.
2 3 2 1
2 · 2 − 2 · 2
1
= √ √ Simplifying the expression in the denominator.
6− 2
4
√ √
4 6+ 2
=√ √ ·√ √ Rationalizing the denominator.
6− 2 6+ 2
√ √
4( 6 + 2)
= Simplifying after multiplication.
6−2
√ √
= 6+ 2 Final simplification.

6
 1000t2
15. The population of trout in a river is given by N (t) = 1000 + t2 +100 ,
t ≥ 0.

a) What size will the trout population be after a long time?

Initial Expression
1000
lim N (t) = 1000 +   (Evaluate the Inner Limit)
t→∞ 1 + limt→∞ 100t2
100
As t approaches infinity, the term 2 approaches 0.
  t
100
lim =0
t→∞ t2
Substitute the Inner Limit Result
 
100
Substitute 0 for lim in the initial expression.
t→∞ t2
1000
lim N (t) = 1000 + = 1000 + 1000
t→∞ 1+0
Final Result:
The limit of N (t) as t approaches infinity is 2000 Trout.
lim N (t) = 2000 Trout
t→∞

b) How many trout were in the river to begin with?

1000 · 02
N (0) = 1000 +
02 + 100
= 1000 + 0
= 1000

Therefore, the trout were in the river to begin with 1000

c) How fast is the trout population growing at three years?

1000 · 3 9000
N (3) = 1000 + 2
= 1000 + ≈ 1082.569
3 + 100 109

7
d) What is the average population growth for the first three years?

N (3) − N (0)
Average growth rate =
3−0
1000 · 32
N (3) = 1000 + 2
3 + 100
9000
= 1000 +
109
= 1000 + 82.57
= 1082.57
1082.57 − 1000
Average growth rate =
3
82.57
=
3
≈ 27.52 trout per year

16. The probability, P of hitting a target x feet away is graphed below.

a) What is the rate of change of P as player moves 10 ft to 90 ft away?

b) How fast is the probability changing when the participant is 50 ft away?

P (x)

100 •
•
90

80 •
•70
60
•
50

40
•
•
20
•
•
x
-20 -10 10 20 40 60 80 100 120

8
a) The average rate of change of P from 10 ft to 90 ft is calculated as follows:
P (90) − P (10)
Average rate of change =
90 − 10
After plugging in the values from the graph, we get:
80 − 30 50
Average rate of change = = = 0.625
90 − 10 80
So, the average rate of change is 0.625 approximately.
b) The instantaneous rate of change of P at 50 ft is the derivative of P at
that point:
P (50 + h) − P (50)
P ′ (50) = lim
h→0 h

P (50 + h) − P (50)
P ′ (50) = lim
h→0 h
P (50) + P ′ (50)h − P (50)
= lim (Using the definition of the derivative)
h→0 h
P ′ (50)h
= lim (Canceling out P (50))
h→0 h
= lim P ′ (50)
h→0
= P ′ (50)
Or
d
P ′ (50) = P (x)
dx x=50

In simpler terms, we’re figuring out how fast the probability changes at 50
ft by looking at the slope of the curve at that point. We do this by drawing
a line that just touches the curve at 50 ft and finding its steepness. The
result is P ′ (50), which tells us the rate of change at that exact spot.

Change in y
Slope =
Change in x
−10
=
20
1
=−
2
Using the point-slope form of a line:
1
y − 35 = − (x − 40)
2
1
y − 35 = − x + 20
2
1
y = − x + 55
2

9
 So, the equation of the tangent line passing through the points (40, 35) and
(60, 25) is y = − 12 x + 55.

P (x)

100 •
•
90

80 •
•70
60
•
50 y = − 12 x + 55
40
•
•
20
•
•
x
-20 -10 10 20 40 60 80 100 120

10
 Advanced Functions Exam - Part B
Hia Al Saleh
May 23rd, 2024

Part B: Long Answer

1. Solve (θ ∈ [0, 2π])
a) 2x4 + 4x + 4 = x3 + 9x2

2x4 + 4x + 4 = x3 + 9x2 (Rearrange all terms to one side)

2x4 − x3 + 9x2 + 4x + 4 = 0 (Form polynomial equation)

b) x4 + x3 + 3x + 7 > 5x2 + 7

x4 + x3 + 3x + 7 > 5x2 + 7 (Rearrange all terms to one side)

x4 + x3 − 5x2 + 3x > 0
x(x3 + x2 − 5x + 3) = 0 (Factor out x)
x = 0 (One solution)

1
 x2
c) 2x2 −5x+3 + 2x
4x2 −9 = 5
4x3 −4x2 −9x+9

x2 2x 5
+ = 3
2x2 − 5x + 3 4x2 − 9 4x − 4x2 − 9x + 9
2x2 − 5x + 3 = (2x − 3)(x − 1)
4x2 − 9 = (2x − 3)(2x + 3)
x2 2x 5
+ =
(2x − 3)(x − 1) (2x − 3)(2x + 3) 4x3 − 4x2 − 9x + 9
x2 (2x + 3) 2x(x − 1) 5
+ =
(2x − 3)(x − 1)(2x + 3) (2x − 3)(x − 1)(2x + 3) 4x3 − 4x2 − 9x + 9
2x3 + 3x2 + 2x2 − 2x 5
=
(2x − 3)(x − 1)(2x + 3) 4x3 − 4x2 − 9x + 9
2x3 + 5x2 − 2x 5
=
(2x − 3)(x − 1)(2x + 3) 4x3 − 4x2 − 9x + 9
2x3 + 5x2 − 2x 5
=
(2x − 3)(x − 1)(2x + 3) (2x − 1)(x − 3)

d) −4x+1
x2 −4 < 2x+1
x+2

−4x + 1 2x + 1
<
(x − 2)(x + 2) x+2
−4x + 1 − (2x + 1)(x − 2)
<0
(x − 2)(x + 2)
−4x + 1 − 2x2 + 4x − 2x + 2
<0
(x − 2)(x + 2)
−2x2 + 3
<0
(x − 2)(x + 2)
r
3
x = ±2,
2
r
3
Test intervals:x ∈ (−∞, −2) ∪ (2, )
2

2
e) 8.72(0.93)x+3 + 17 = 22

8.72(0.93)x+3 = 5 (Isolate the exponential term)

5
(0.93)x+3 =
8.72
 
x+3 5
ln((0.93) ) = ln
8.72
 
5
(x + 3) ln(0.93) = ln
8.72
5


ln 8.72
x+3=
ln(0.93)
5
ln( 8.72 )
x= −3
ln(0.93)
x ≈ 2.10

f) log12 (x − 3) + log12 (x + 1) = 1

log12 ((x − 3)(x + 1)) = 1

(x − 3)(x + 1) = 12
x2 − 2x − 3 = 12
x2 − 2x − 15 = 0
(x − 5)(x + 3) = 0
x = 5, −3
Check solutions:x = 5 (valid), x = −3 (invalid)

3
g) cos(2θ) + 5 = 4 sin2 (θ) + cos(θ) + 2
cos(2θ) + 5 = 4 sin2 (θ) + cos(θ) + 2
cos(2θ) = 2 cos2 (θ) − 1 (Double Angle)
2 cos2 (θ) − 1 + 5 = 4(1 − cos2 (θ)) + cos(θ) + 2
2 cos2 (θ) + 4 = 4 − 4 cos2 (θ) + cos(θ) + 2
6 cos2 (θ) − cos(θ) = 2
6 cos2 (θ) − cos(θ) − 2 = 0 (Let u = cos θ)
6u2 − u − 2 = 0
Solve quadratic in cos(θ)
√
1± 1 + 48
cos(θ) =
12
1±7
cos(θ) =
12
8 −6
cos(θ) = ,
12 12
2 1
cos(θ) = , −
3 2   
−1 2 −1 1
θ = cos , cos − =⇒ θ = 53.5◦ , 133.3◦
3 2

h) 2x − x2 = 0

6
y = 2x
y
y = x2

(2, 4)
4

x
−1 −0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Logarithmic form:
x log2 (2) = 2 log2 (x)
Integers Solutions:
x = 2, x = 4
More possible solutions can be found here. Lambert W function

4
2. Show that the line y = −10x + 20 is tangent to the curve y = x4 − 4x3 −
5x2 + 26x − 16
Given the functions f (x) = x4 − 4x3 − 5x2 + 26x − 16 and g(x) = −10x + 20,
we find:

f (x) − g(x) = x4 − 4x3 − 5x2 + 36x − 36

We factor f (x)−g(x) using synthetic division. Possible factors are ±1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 18, 36.
First, we try x = 2:

1 −4 −5 36 − 36
2 2 −4 − 18 36
1 −2 −9 18 0

This gives us (x − 2)(x3 − 2x2 − 9x + 18). We use synthetic division again

on x3 − 2x2 − 9x + 18:

1 −2 −9 18
2 2 0 − 18
1 0 −9 0
This results in:

(x − 2)2 (x2 − 9) = (x − 2)2 (x + 3)(x − 3)

Finally, we find the tangent line y = −10x + 20 at x = 2:

y = −10(2) + 20 = 0
∴ The tangent points are (2, 0).

Additional way using Calculus

This question seems to be a calculus question too, so I decided to start with the
curve:

First, find the first derivative of the curve:

′
y = 4x3 − 12x2 − 10x + 26
Then, set the derivative equal to the slope of the line:
− 10 = 4x3 − 12x2 − 10x + 26
4x3 − 12x2 − 10x + 36 = 0
Greatest Common Factor is 2:
2(2x3 − 6x2 − 5x + 18) = 0

5
I found possible numbers for this function is (x − 2) = 0, which is 2 because I
plugged and I got 0. Now, the next step comes the synthetic division,

2 −6 −5 18
2 4 −4 − 18
2 −2 −9 0

∴ 2(x − 2)(2x2 − 2x − 9) = 0
Verify the point using the original function:
y = x4 − 4x3 − 5x2 + 26x − 16 at x = 2
y = (2)4 − 4(2)3 − 5(2)2 + 26(2) − 16
y = 16 − 32 − 20 + 52 − 16 = 0
Point of tangency: (2, 0)

3. Assume the cosine addition formula has been proven graphically.

a) Prove the sine addition formula.

cos(a) = cos(a + b − b)
= cos(a + b) cos(b) + sin(a + b) sin(b) (Subtracting b from both sides)
= (cos(a) cos(b) − sin(a) sin(b)) cos(b) + sin(a + b) sin(b) (Cosine addition formula)
= sin(a + b) sin(b) (Expanding)
Trig identity: cos(a) cos(b) − sin(a) sin(b) = sin(a + b) sin(b).
= cos(a) − cos(a) cos2 (b) + sin(a) sin(b) cos(b)
= (1 − cos2 (b)) cos(a) + sin(a) sin(b) cos(b) (Using identities)
= sin(b) · (cos(a) sin(b) + sin(a) cos(b)) (Substituting sin2 (b) = 1 − cos2 (b))

Hence,
sin(a + b) = cos(a) sin(b) + sin(a) cos(b)

Note: If sin(b) = 0, then b = π · n, where n is an integer. This implies

cos(b) = (−1)n , as cosine alternates between −1 and 1 at integer multiples
of π, effectively alternating between ends of the circle.
∴ sin(a+b) simplifies to (−1)n sin(a), which equals cos(b) sin(a). Hence,
the formula sin(a + b) = cos(a) sin(b) + sin(a) cos(b) still holds true.

6
 b) Derive the tangent addition formula.
sin(a + b)
tan(a + b) = (Definition of tangent)
cos(a + b)
sin a cos b + cos a sin b
= (Expansion of sine and cosine)
cos a cos b − sin a sin b
sin a cos b+cos a sin b
= cos a cos b
cos a cos b−sin a sin b
(Divide numerator and denominator by cos a cos b)
cos a cos b
sin a sin b
cos a + cos b
= sin a sin b
(Rewrite in terms of tangent)
1 − cos a cos b
tan a + tan b
= ∴ (Definition of tangent)
1 − tan a tan b

4. Stan invests $1000 at 3% compounded semi-annually and $1500 at 1.8%

compounded annually. When will the two investments be equal?
 r nt
A=P 1+
n
For $1000 compounded semi-annually:
 2t
0.03
A1 = 1000 1 +
2
2t
= 1000 (1 + 0.015)
For $1500 compounded annually:
t
A2 = 1500 (1 + 0.018)
= 1500(1.018)t
Set A1 = A2
1000(1.015)2t = 1500(1.018)t
1.0152t
 
1500
=
1.018t 1000
t
(1.015)2

= 1.5
1.018
 t
1.030225
= 1.5
1.018
(1.012085)t = 1.5
ln(1.5)
t=
ln(1.012085)
∴ t ≈ 34.56 years

5. Determine whether the following are equations or identities. If they are

equations, solve them; otherwise, prove the identity. x ∈ [0, 360◦ ]

7
a) 4 cos2 x = 3 − 2 sin2 x
4 cos2 x = 3 − 2 sin2 x
4 cos2 x + 2 sin2 x = 3
4 cos2 x + 2(1 − cos2 x) = 3
4 cos2 x + 2 − 2 cos2 x = 3
2 cos2 x = 1
1
cos2 x =
2
1
cos x = ± √
2
∴ x = 45◦ , 135◦ , 225◦ , 315◦

b) sin4 x + cos4 x = sin2 x(csc2 x − 2 cos2 x)

LHS RHS
sin x + cos x = sin2 x(csc2 x − 2 cos2 x)
4 4
 
2 1 2
= sin x − 2 cos x
sin2 x
1 − 2 cos2 x sin2 x
 
= sin2 x
sin2 x
= 1 − 2 cos2 x sin2 x
= sin4 x + cos4 x (Identity)
∴ RHS = LHS

c) 1−sin 2x
cos 2x = cos 2x
1+sin 2x
1 − sin 2x cos 2x
=
cos 2x 1 + sin 2x
(1 − sin 2x)(1 + sin 2x) = (cos 2x)2 (Cross-multiply)
1 − sin2 2x = cos2 2x
cos2 2x = cos2 2x (Identity)

d) (cot x)(csc x)(tan x)(cos x) = cos 2x + 2 sin2 x

cos x 1 sin x
(cot x)(csc x)(tan x)(cos x) = · · · cos x
sin x sin x cos x
cos x · 1 · sin x · cos x
=
sin x · sin x · cos x
= cos 2x + 2 sin2 x (Prove identity)

8
 6. If sin x = 13
12
, 0<x< π
2 and cos y = 45 , − π2 < y < 0, determine an
exact value for sin[2(x − y)].
12 5
sin x = , cos x =
13 13
4 3
cos y = , sin y = −
5 5
sin[2(x − y)] = sin 2x cos 2y − cos 2x sin 2y
= 2 sin x cos x · 2 cos2 y − 2 cos2 x · 2 sin2 y
   2  2  2
12 5 4 5 3
=2 · ·2 −2 ·2
13 13 5 13 5
120 32 50 18
= · − ·
169 25 169 25
3840 900
= −
4225 4225
2940
=
4225

7. A mass on the end of a spring is pulled so that its distance from the
rest position is initially 3cm. After being released, the mass oscillates while
the spring contracts and expands. The motion of the mass is sinusoidal with a
period of 3 seconds.
a) Give the theoretical equation for the mass if it is distance from rest in
terms of the time t, in seconds, assuming no energy is lost with each cycle.

 
2π
y(t) = 3 cos t
3

b) If the spring loses 5% of its energy with each cycle, give the equation for
this motion.
 
t 2π
y(t) = 3 (0.95) cos
3
t
3

8. The frets on a guitar are placed so that they make the correct vibrating
string length for the note of music. We are interested in how the vibrating string
length changes for each fret position. Below is the length from the bridge to
each fret position.

Fret Number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Length (mm) 660 623 588 555 524 494 467 440 416 392 370 350 330

9
Using one of the methods from class determine the relationship between the fret
number and the length
The formula to calculate the distance from the bridge to the nth fret (Dn )
is given by:
n
  12
1
Dn = D0 ×
2
Where:
• D0 is the scale length (the distance from the bridge to the nut, which is
the 0th fret).

• n is the fret number.

Using the given scale length of 660 mm, the lengths for the first few frets
are calculated as follows:

2
  12
1
D2 = 660 × ≈ 588.00 mm
2
5
  12
1
D5 = 660 × ≈ 494.00 mm
2
9
  12
1
D9 = 660 × ≈ 416.00 mm
2
  12
1 12
D12 = 660 × = 330.00 mm
2

In other words, the formula to calculate the distance from the bridge to the
nth fret (Dn ) is also can be log, which is:
−n
Dn = D0 × 2 12

Where:
• D0 is the scale length (the distance from the bridge to the nut, which is
the 0th fret).
• n is the fret number.
This can also be expressed using logarithms as follows:
n

Dn = D0 × 2log2 ( 2 )
1 12

Same thing, using the given scale length of 660 mm, the lengths for the first
few frets are calculated as follows:

10
 2

D2 = 660 × 2log2 ( 2 )
1
≈ 588.00 mm
12

D5 = 660 × 2log2 ( 2 )
1
≈ 494.00 mm
12

D9 = 660 × 2log2 ( )
1
≈ 416.00 mm
12
2

12

D12 = 660 × 2log2 ( 2 )

1
= 330.00 mm
12

Graph - Relationship between Fret Number and Length

Relationship between Fret Number and Length

Data points
600 Exponential Fit
Logarithmic Fit
400
Length (mm)

200

−200

−400
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Fret Number

9. I have $100 dollars to invest, and I want to know how to allocate it

between two possible entrepreneurs, Alpha and Beta, to maximize my total
annual return.
Alpha: If I give x dollars to Alpha, my annual return is A(x) = x(200−x)
1000 .
Beta: If I give the remaining (100 − x) dollars to Beta, my return is
B(x) = r(100 − x) dollars per year. That is, Beta simply pays me annual
interest at rate r.
a) Take r = 12% (that is, r = 0.12). Using the given formula for A(x), find
the allocation that maximizes the sum of my returns through Alpha and
Beta. Illustrate your solution on a graph.

11
 Total return: R(x) = A(x) + B(x)
x(200 − x)
= + 0.12(100 − x)
1000
200x − x2
= + 12 − 0.12x
1000
2
200x − x + 12000 − 120x
=
1000
−x2 + 80x + 12000
=
1000
x2 80x
=− + + 12
1000 1000
x2
=− + 0.08x + 12
1000
My next idea comes take derivative:
2x
R′ (x) = − + 0.08
1000
= −0.002x + 0.08
Set derivative to zero to find critical points:
0 = −0.002x + 0.08
0.002x = 0.08
0.08
x=
0.002
x = 40
Check second derivative:
R′′ (x) = −0.002
< 0 (Maximum)

∴ The optimal allocation is x = 40 dollars to Alpha and 60 dollars to

Beta.
b) In case the optimal allocation is split, find a formula for the optimal al-
location x in terms of the interest rate r. What interest rates r would
compel me to give everything to Beta?

12
 Total return: R(x) = A(x) + B(x)
x(200 − x)
= + r(100 − x)
1000
200x − x2
= + 100r − rx
1000
2
−x + (200 − 1000r)x + 100000r
=
1000
My next idea comes take derivative for this too:
2x 200 − 1000r
R′ (x) = − + (Divide)
1000 1000
= −0.002x + 0.2 − r
Set derivative to zero to find critical points:
0 = −0.002x + 0.2 − r
0.002x = 0.2 − r
0.2 − r
x=
0.002
200(0.2 − r)
x=
0.002
For x ≤ 0 :
0.2 − r ≤ 0
r ≥ 0.2
For x ≥ 100 :
0.2 − r ≥ 0.002 · 100
r ≤ 0.2

∴ If r ≥ 0.2, I should invest everything in Beta.

10. After you eat something that contains sugar, the pH or acid level in your
mouth changes. This can be modeled by the function
−20.4m
L(m) = + 6.5,
m2 + 36
where L is the pH level and m is the number of minutes that have elapsed since
eating. Find the average rate of change from 1.5 minutes to 3 minutes, and find
the instantaneous rate of change at 3 minutes.

13
 Average rate of change:
−20.4 · 3
L(3) = + 6.5
32 + 36
−61.2
= + 6.5
45
= −1.36 + 6.5
= 5.14
−20.4 · 1.5
L(1.5) = + 6.5
1.52 + 36
−30.6
= + 6.5
38.25
= −0.8 + 6.5
= 5.7
∴ Average rate of change:
L(3) − L(1.5)
=
3 − 1.5
5.14 − 5.7
=
1.5
−0.56
=
1.5
= −0.373
Instantaneous rate of change(Literally calculus):
 
d −20.4m
′
L (m) = + 6.5 (Find derivative)
dm m2 + 36
−20.4(m2 + 36) − (−20.4m) · 2m
= (Quotient rule)
(m2 + 36)2
−20.4m2 − 734.4 + 40.8m2
= (Simplify)
(m2 + 36)2
20.4m2 − 734.4
=
(m2 + 36)2
20.4(3)2 − 734.4
L′ (3) = (Plug 3)
(32 + 36)2
183.6 − 734.4
=
452
−550.8
=
2025
= −0.272

∴ Instantaneous rate of change is (3, -0.272).

14
 Advanced Functions Exam - Part C & D

Hia Al Saleh

May 23rd, 2024

Part C: Graphing
1. List the key properties of each graph. Use these to create a sketch. Indicate
at least two key points on each curve.
a) y = −2x3 − 6x2 + 8
• Cubic function with leading coefficient -2, facing downwards.
• Key points: (0, 8) (y-intercept), (−1, 0) (crosses x-axis).

b) y = 2x+4
x−5

• Rational function with vertical asymptote at x = 5.

• Key points: (0, −0.8) (y-intercept), (5, undefined) (vertical asymp-
tote).

1
c) y = 1
x2 −4

• Rational function with vertical asymptotes at x = ±2.

• Key points: (0, 0.25) (y-intercept), (2, undefined) (vertical asymp-
tote).

e) y = 3 tan(2x − π) + 4
• Tangent function with vertical asymptotes.
• Key points: ( π4 , 4), ( 3π
4
, 4).

f) y = 2 sec(0.5x)
• Secant function with vertical asymptotes.
• Key points: (0, 2) (y-intercept), (4π, 2).

g) y = 3−x + 5

2
 • Exponential function approaching y = 5 as x → ∞ and y = 6 as
x → −∞.
• Key points: (0, 6) (y-intercept), (1, 83 ).

h) y = x + cot(x)
• Sum of linear and cotangent functions.
• Key points: (0, 0) (origin), (π, π).

Mixed Graphs (All Together)